Optical properties of materials and their applications

659 Pages·2020·22.841 MB·English

by  Singh, Jai

OpticalPropertiesofMaterialsandTheirApplications
WileySeriesinMaterialsforElectronicand
OptoelectronicApplications
www.wiley.com/go/meoa
SeriesEditors
ProfessorArthurWilloughby,UniversityofSouthampton,Southampton,UK
DrPeterCapper,Ex-LeonardoMWLtd,Southampton,UK
ProfessorSofaKasap,UniversityofSaskatchewan,Saskatoon,Canada
PublishedTitles
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ThinFilmSolarCells:Fabrication,Characterization,andApplications,EditedbyJ.PoortmansandV.
Arkhipov
DielectricFilmsforAdvancedMicroelectronics,EditedbyM.R.Baklanov,M.Green,andK.Maex
LiquidPhaseEpitaxyofElectronic,OpticalandOptoelectronicMaterials,EditedbyP.CapperandM.Mauk
MolecularElectronics:FromPrinciplestoPractice,M.Petty
LuminescentMaterialsandApplications,A.Kitai
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PropertiesofSemiconductorAlloys:Group-IV,III—VandII—VISemiconductors,S.Adachi
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andA.Willoughby
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Taschuk,andMichaelJ.Brett
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InorganicGlassesforPhotonics:Fundamentals,EngineeringandApplications,AnimeshJha
AmorphousSemiconductors:Structural,OpticalandElectronicProperties,KazuoMorigaki,SandorKugler,
andKoichiShimakawa
MicrowaveMaterialsandApplications,Twovolumeset,EditedbyMailadilT.Sebastian,RickUbic,andHeli
Jantunen
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AsahiandYoshijiKorikoshi
MetalorganicVaporPhaseEpitaxy(MOVPE):Growth,MaterialsProperties,andApplications,Editedby
StuartIrvineandPeterCapper
Optical Properties of Materials and Their
Applications
Editedby
JaiSingh
CollegeofEngineering,ITandEnvironment
CharlesDarwinUniversity,Darwin,Australia
SecondEdition
Thiseditionfirstpublished2020
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Singh,Jai,editor.
Title:Opticalpropertiesofmaterialsandtheirapplications/editedby
JaiSingh(CollegeofEngineering,IT,andEnvironment,CharlesDarwin
University,Darwin,Australia)
Othertitles:Opticalpropertiesofcondensedmatterandapplications.|
Opticalpropertiesofcondensedmatterandapplications.
Description:Secondedition.|Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2020.|
Series:Wileyseriesinmaterialsforelectronicandoptoelectronic
applications|Previousedition:Opticalpropertiesofcondensedmatter
andapplications,2006.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2019023895(print)|LCCN2019023896(ebook)|ISBN
9781119506317(cloth)|ISBN9781119506065(adobepdf)|ISBN
9781119506058(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Condensedmatter–Opticalproperties.|Materials–Optical
properties.|Electrooptics–Materials.
Classification:LCCQC173.458.O66O682020(print)|LCCQC173.458.O66
(ebook)|DDC530.4/12–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019023895
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019023896
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImages:©mitchFOTO/Shutterstock
Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
ListofContributors xv
SeriesPreface xvii
Preface xix
1 FundamentalOpticalPropertiesofMaterialsI 1
S.O.Kasap,W.C.Tan,JaiSingh,andAsimK.Ray
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 OpticalConstantsnandK 2
1.2.1 RefractiveIndexandExtinctionCoefficient 2
1.2.2 nandK,andKramers–KronigRelations 5
1.3 RefractiveIndexandDispersion 7
1.3.1 CauchyDispersionRelation 7
1.3.2 SellmeierEquation 8
1.3.3 RefractiveIndexofSemiconductors 10
1.3.3.1 RefractiveIndexofCrystallineSemiconductors 10
1.3.3.2 BandgapandTemperatureDependence 11
1.3.4 RefractiveIndexofGlasses 11
1.3.5 Wemple–DiDomenicoDispersionRelation 14
1.3.6 GroupIndex 15
1.4 TheSwanepoelTechnique:Measurementofnand𝛼forThinFilms
onSubstrates 16
1.4.1 UniformThicknessFilms 16
1.4.2 ThinFilmswithNon-uniformThickness 22
1.5 TransmittanceandReflectanceofaPartiallyTransparentPlate 25
1.6 OpticalPropertiesandDiffuseReflection:Schuster–Kubelka–Munk
Theory 27
1.7 Conclusions 31
Acknowledgments 31
References 32
2 FundamentalOpticalPropertiesofMaterialsII 37
S.O.Kasap,K.Koughia,JaiSingh,HarryE.Ruda,andAsimK.Ray
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 LatticeorReststrahlenAbsorptionandInfraredReflection 40
2.3 FreeCarrierAbsorption(FCA) 42
vi Contents
2.4 Band-to-BandorFundamentalAbsorption(CrystallineSolids) 45
2.5 ImpurityAbsorptionandRare-EarthIons 48
2.6 EffectofExternalFields 54
2.6.1 Electro-OpticEffects 54
2.6.2 Electro-AbsorptionandFranz–KeldyshEffect 55
2.6.3 FaradayEffect 56
2.7 EffectiveMediumApproximations 58
2.8 Conclusions 61
Acknowledgments 61
References 62
3 OpticalPropertiesofDisorderedCondensedMatter 67
KoichiShimakawa,JaiSingh,andS.K.O’Leary
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 FundamentalOpticalAbsorption(Experimental) 69
3.2.1 AmorphousChalcogenides 69
3.2.2 HydrogenatedNano-CrystallineSilicon(nc-Si:H) 72
3.3 AbsorptionCoefficient(Theory) 74
3.4 CompositionalVariationoftheOpticalBandgap 79
3.4.1 InAmorphousChalcogenides 79
3.5 Conclusions 80
References 80
4 OpticalPropertiesofGlasses 83
AndrewEdgar
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 TheRefractiveIndex 84
4.3 GlassInterfaces 86
4.4 Dispersion 88
4.5 SensitivityoftheRefractiveIndex 90
4.5.1 TemperatureDependence 90
4.5.2 StressDependence 91
4.5.3 MagneticFieldDependence—TheFaradayEffect 92
4.5.4 ChemicalPerturbations—MolarRefractivity 94
4.6 GlassColor 95
4.6.1 ColorationbyColloidalMetalsandSemiconductors 95
4.6.2 OpticalAbsorptioninRare-Earth-DopedGlass 96
4.6.3 Absorptionby3dMetalIons 99
4.7 FluorescenceinRare-Earth-DopedGlass 102
4.8 GlassesforFiberOptics 104
4.9 RefractiveIndexEngineering 106
4.10 GlassandGlass–FiberLasersandAmplifiers 109
4.11 ValenceChangeGlasses 111
4.12 TransparentGlassCeramics 114
4.12.1 Introduction 114
4.12.2 TheoreticalBasisforTransparency 116
Contents vii
4.12.3 Rare-Earth-DopedTransparentGlassCeramicsforActive
Photonics 120
4.12.4 FerroelectricTransparentGlassCeramics 121
4.12.5 TransparentGlassCeramicsforX-rayStoragePhosphors 121
4.13 Conclusions 124
References 124
5 ConceptofExcitons 129
JaiSingh,HarryE.Ruda,M.R.Narayan,andD.Ompong
5.1 Introduction 129
5.2 ExcitonsinCrystallineSolids 130
5.2.1 ExcitonicAbsorptioninCrystallineSolids 133
5.3 ExcitonsinAmorphousSemiconductors 135
5.3.1 ExcitonicAbsorptioninAmorphousSolids 137
5.4 ExcitonsinOrganicSemiconductors 139
5.4.1 PhotoexcitationandFormationofExcitons 140
5.4.1.1 PhotoexcitationofSingletExcitonsDueto
Exciton–PhotonInteraction 141
5.4.1.2 ExcitationofTripletExcitons 142
5.4.2 ExcitonUp-Conversion 147
5.4.3 ExcitonDissociation 148
5.4.3.1 ConversionfromFrenkeltoCTExcitons 151
5.4.3.2 DissociationofCTExcitons 152
5.5 Conclusions 153
References 154
6 Photoluminescence 157
TakeshiAoki
6.1 Introduction 157
6.2 FundamentalAspectsofPhotoluminescence(PL)inMaterials 158
6.2.1 IntrinsicPhotoluminescence 159
6.2.2 ExtrinsicPhotoluminescence 160
6.2.3 Up-ConversionPhotoluminescence(UCPL) 162
6.2.4 OtherRelatedOpticalTransitions 163
6.3 ExperimentalAspects 164
6.3.1 StaticPLSpectroscopy 164
6.3.2 PhotoluminescenceExcitationSpectroscopy(PLE)and
PhotoluminescenceAbsorptionSpectroscopy(PLAS) 167
6.3.3 TimeResolvedSpectroscopy(TRS) 168
6.3.4 Time-CorrelatedSinglePhotonCounting(TCSPC) 171
6.3.5 Frequency-ResolvedSpectroscopy(FRS) 172
6.3.6 QuadratureFrequencyResolvedSpectroscopy(QFRS) 173
6.4 PhotoluminescenceLifetimeSpectroscopyofAmorphous
SemiconductorsbyQFRSTechnique 175
6.4.1 Overview 175
6.4.2 Dual-PhaseDoubleLock-in(DPDL)QFRSTechnique 176
viii Contents
6.4.3 ExploringBroadPLLifetimeDistributionina-Si:Hby
WidebandQFRS 178
6.4.3.1 EffectsofExcitationIntensity,Excitation,and
EmissionEnergies 179
6.4.3.2 TemperatureDependence 184
6.4.3.3 EffectofElectricandMagneticFields 185
6.4.4 ResidualPLDecayofa-Si:H 189
6.5 QFRSonUp-ConversionPhotoluminescence(UCPL)ofRE-Doped
Materials 192
6.6 Conclusions 197
Acknowledgments 198
References 198
7 Photoluminescence,PhotoinducedChanges,andElectroluminescencein
NoncrystallineSemiconductors 203
JaiSingh
7.1 Introduction 203
7.2 Photoluminescence 205
7.2.1 RadiativeRecombinationOperatorandTransitionMatrix
Element 206
7.2.2 RatesofSpontaneousEmission 211
7.2.2.1 AtNonthermalEquilibrium 212
7.2.2.2 AtThermalEquilibrium 214
7.2.2.3 DeterminingE 215
0
7.2.3 ResultsofSpontaneousEmissionandRadiativeLifetime 216
7.2.4 TemperatureDependenceofPL 222
7.2.5 ExcitonicConcept 223
7.3 PhotoinducedChangesinAmorphousChalcogenides 225
7.3.1 EffectofPhoto-ExcitationandPhononInteraction 226
7.3.2 ExcitationofaSingleElectron–HolePair 228
7.3.3 PairingofLikeExcitedChargeCarriers 229
7.4 RadiativeRecombinationofExcitonsinOrganicSemiconductors 232
7.4.1 RateofFluorescence 233
7.4.2 RateofPhosphorescence 233
7.4.3 OrganicLightEmittingDiodes(OLEDs) 234
7.4.3.1 Second-andThird-GenerationOLEDs:TADF 235
7.5 Conclusions 236
Acknowledgments 236
References 237
8 PhotoinducedBondBreakingandVolumeChangeinChalcogenideGlasses 241
SandorKugler,RozáliaLukács,andKoichiShimakawa
8.1 Introduction 241
8.2 Atomic-ScaleComputerSimulationsofPhotoinducedVolume
Changes 243
8.3 EffectofIllumination 244
8.4 KineticsofVolumeChange 245
Contents ix
8.4.1 a-Se 245
8.4.2 a-As Se 246
2 3
8.5 AdditionalRemarks 248
8.6 Conclusions 249
References 249
9 PropertiesandApplicationsofPhotonicCrystals 251
HarryE.RudaandNaomiMatsuura
9.1 Introduction 251
9.2 PCOverview 252
9.2.1 IntroductiontoPCs 252
9.2.2 NanoengineeringofPCArchitectures 253
9.2.3 MaterialsSelectionforPCs 255
9.3 TunablePCs 255
9.3.1 TuningPCResponsebyChangingtheRefractiveIndexof
ConstituentMaterials 256
9.3.1.1 PCRefractiveIndexTuningUsingLight 256
9.3.1.2 PCRefractiveIndexTuningUsinganApplied
ElectricField 256
9.3.1.3 RefractiveIndexTuningofInfiltratedPCs 257
9.3.1.4 PCRefractiveIndexTuningbyAlteringthe
ConcentrationofFreeCarriers(UsingElectric
FieldorTemperature)inSemiconductor-BasedPCs 257
9.3.2 TuningPCResponsebyAlteringthePhysicalStructure
ofthePC 258
9.3.2.1 TuningPCResponseUsingTemperature 258
9.3.2.2 TuningPCResponseUsingMagnetism 258
9.3.2.3 TuningPCResponseUsingStrain 258
9.3.2.4 TuningPCResponseUsingPiezoelectricEffects 259
9.3.2.5 TuningPCResponseUsingMEMSActuation 260
9.4 SelectedApplicationsofPC 260
9.4.1 WaveguideDevices 261
9.4.2 DispersiveDevices 262
9.4.3 Add/DropMultiplexingDevices 262
9.4.4 ApplicationsofPCsforLight-EmittingDiodes(LEDs)and
Lasers 263
9.5 Conclusions 265
Acknowledgments 265
References 265
10 NonlinearOpticalPropertiesofPhotonicGlasses 269
KeijiTanaka
10.1 Introduction 269
10.2 PhotonicGlass 271
10.3 NonlinearAbsorptionandRefractivity 272
10.3.1 Fundamentals 272
10.3.2 Two-PhotonAbsorption 275