Table Of Content

Fundamentals of Optical Networks and Components Fundamentals of Optical Networks and Components Partha Pratim Sahu First edition published 2020 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and p ublisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. 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ISBN: 978-0-367-26545-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-29376-4 (ebk) Typeset in Times by codeMantra To my family: My grand mother Sushila Sahu and my parents Harekrishna Sahu and Jyotsana Sahu, My wife Arpita Sahu, and my daughters Prakriti and Ritushree Sahu. Contents Preface....................................................................................................................xvii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................xxi Author ..................................................................................................................xxiii Chapter 1 Introductory Concept ...........................................................................1 1.1 Basic Communication Model ....................................................1 1.1.1 Local Area Network .....................................................2 1.1.1.1 OSI Model .....................................................2 1.1.1.2 TCP/IP Protocol ............................................3 1.1.2 Wide Area Network ......................................................5 1.1.2.1 Circuit Switching ..........................................5 1.1.2.2 Packet Switching ...........................................5 1.1.2.3 F rame Relay ..................................................6 1.1.2.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode ......................6 1.1.3 VSAT Network via Satellite .........................................6 1.1.4 Integrated Services Digital Network ..........................10 1.1.4.1 Narrowband ISDN ......................................11 1.1.4.2 Broadband ISDN .........................................11 1.2 Optical Fiber Principle ............................................................11 1.2.1 Optical Fiber ...............................................................12 1.2.1.1 Optical Transmission in Fiber ....................12 1.2.1.2 Difference between Single- and Multimode Fibers........................................15 1.2.2 Attenuation in Fiber ...................................................17 1.2.2.1 Absorption ..................................................17 1.2.3 Scattering Loss ...........................................................18 1.2.4 Dispersion in Fiber .....................................................19 1.2.5 Nonlinearities .............................................................21 1.2.6 Nonlinear Refraction ..................................................21 1.2.7 Stimulated Raman Scattering ....................................22 1.2.8 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering .................................22 1.2.9 Four-Wave Mixing ......................................................22 1.3 Optical Transmitters ................................................................22 1.3.1 Laser Action ...............................................................23 1.3.2 Semiconductor Diode Laser .......................................24 1.3.3 Multiple Quantum Well Laser ....................................25 1.3.4 Tunable and Fixed Lasers ...........................................25 1.3.4.1 Laser Characteristics ..................................25 1.3.4.2 Mechanically Tuned Lasers ........................26 1.3.4.3 Acoustooptically and Electrooptically Tuned Lasers ...............................................27 vii viii Contents 1.3.4.4 Injection-Current-Tuned Lasers ..................27 1.3.5 Laser Arrays ...............................................................28 1.4 Optical Receivers and Filters ..................................................29 1.4.1 Photodetector ..............................................................29 1.4.1.1 PIN Photodiode ...........................................30 1.4.1.2 Avalanche Photodiode ................................31 1.4.2 Tunable Optical Filters ...............................................32 1.4.2.1 Filter Characteristics ...................................32 1.4.2.2 Etalon ..........................................................33 1.4.2.3 Mach–Zehnder Chain .................................34 1.4.2.4 Acousto-optic Filters ..................................34 1.4.2.5 Electrooptic Filters .....................................35 1.4.2.6 Liquid Crystal Fabry–Perot Filters .............35 1.4.3 Fixed Filters ................................................................35 1.4.3.1 Grating Filters .............................................35 1.4.3.2 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) .......................35 1.4.3.3 Thin-Film Interference Filters ....................36 1.4.4 Comparison between Different Filters .......................36 1.5 Optical Modulation ..................................................................36 1.5.1 Digital-to-Digital Modulation ....................................37 1.5.1.1 NRZ ............................................................37 1.5.1.2 Bipolar AMI ...............................................37 1.5.1.3 P seudo Ternary AMI ..................................38 1.5.1.4 Biphase Coding ...........................................38 1.5.1.5 B8ZS Code ..................................................39 1.5.1.6 HDB3 Code.................................................39 1.5.2 Digital-to-Analog Modulation ....................................40 1.5.3 Analog-to-Analog Modulation ...................................41 1.5.3.1 A mplitude Modulation ...............................41 1.5.3.2 F requency Modulation ................................41 1.5.3.3 Phase Modulation .......................................42 Summary ............................................................................................43 Exercises .............................................................................................43 References ..........................................................................................45 Chapter 2 Different Optical Network Node .......................................................49 2.1 Non-Reconfigurable Node .......................................................49 2.1.1 Non-Reconfigurable Wavelength Router Node ..........49 2.1.2 Arrayed Waveguide Grating-Based Node ..................50 2.1.3 N ode Architecture of a Passive-Star WDM Network ...................................................................51 2.2 Reconfigurable Wavelength-Routing Node .............................53 2.2.1 Add/Drop Multiplexer-Based Reconfigurable Node in a Ring WDM Network .................................54 2.2.2 Wavelength Convertible Node Architecture ..............57