Optical Imaging of Neocortical Dynamics

299 Pages·2014·8.97 MB·English

by  Fritjof Helmchen, Bruno Weber (auth.), Bruno Weber, Fritjof Helmchen (eds.)

Neuromethods 85
Bruno Weber
Fritjof Helmchen Editors
Optical
Imaging
of Neocortical
Dynamics
N
EUROMETHODS
Series Editor
Wolfgang Walz
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, SK, Canada
For further volumes:
h ttp://www.springer.com/series/7657

Optical Imaging of Neocortical
Dynamics
Edited by
Bruno Weber
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Fritjof H elmchen
Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Editors
Bruno W eber Fritjof H elmchen
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Brain Research Institute
University of Zurich University of Zurich
Zurich , S witzerland Zurich, Switzerland
ISSN 0893-2336 ISSN 1940-6045 (electronic)
ISBN 978-1-62703-784-6 ISBN 978-1-62703-785-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-62703-785-3
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2013957690
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Series P reface
Under the guidance of its founders Alan Boulton and Glen Baker, the Neuromethods series
by Humana Press has been very successful since the fi rst volume appeared in 1985. In about
17 years, 37 volumes have been published. In 2006, Springer Science + Business Media
made a renewed commitment to this series. The new program will focus on methods that are
either unique to the nervous system and excitable cells or which need special consideration
to be applied to the neurosciences. The program will strike a balance between recent and
exciting developments like those concerning new animal models of disease, imaging, in vivo
methods, and more established techniques. These include immunocytochemistry and elec-
trophysiological technologies. New trainees in neurosciences still need a sound footing in
these older methods in order to apply a critical approach to their results. The careful applica-
tion of methods is probably the most important step in the process of scientifi c inquiry. In
the past, new methodologies led the way in developing new disciplines in the biological and
medical sciences. For example, Physiology emerged out of Anatomy in the nineteenth cen-
tury by harnessing new methods based on the newly discovered phenomenon of electricity.
Nowadays, the relationships between disciplines and methods are more complex. Methods
are now widely shared between disciplines and research areas. New developments in elec-
tronic publishing also make it possible for scientists to download chapters or protocols selec-
tively within a very short time of encountering them. This new approach has been taken into
account in the design of individual volumes and chapters in this series.
Saskatoon, SK, Canada Wolfgang Walz
v

Prefa ce
Optical methods for functional imaging are indispensible tools for modern neuroscience
due to their exceptional spatial and temporal sampling options and the large variety of pos-
sible functional read-outs ranging from voltage changes to metabolic states. As such, state-
of-the-art optical imaging techniques have emerged as pivotal approaches for advancing
our understanding of information processing in the mammalian neocortex, and many of
the most imperative issues have now become technically accessible. The main goal of the
present volume is to provide a collection of the most relevant optical methods currently
used for investigating neocortical circuit dynamics. We believe that we were able to share
our enthusiasm for this endeavor with a group of outstanding authors who have been
instrumental in advancing optical methods in the past years and who at the same time are
very successful users of those methods for interrogating the neocortex. We hope that the
volume is useful for students as well as neuroscientists interested in applying optical
approaches to answer their specifi c questions. The wealth of optical imaging methods that
are currently applied in the neurosciences has forced us to limit the range to methods that
(1) are applied in experiments in vivo, mainly in the rodent brain, and (2) measure the
functional properties on the spatial scale of cortical circuits. We have divided the volume
into three parts:
Part I is an introductory section that covers the physical fundamentals of optical i maging
and introduces the molecular tools and imaging devices used for in vivo optical imaging.
The fi rst chapter outlines the methodological concepts of using light to address current
questions in neuroscience. Next, two chapters treat the physical principles of imaging and
the optical properties of brain tissue, respectively, followed by two further chapters that
introduce functional indicators as well as light-controllable molecules. These fi ve chapters
thus provide a background for all the chapters in P arts II and III .
Part II covers the most relevant methods and their applications to investigate neuronal
activity in the neocortex across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Several chapters
present the advantages of two-photon microscopy to study neocortical dynamics, largely
using in vivo calcium imaging from individual neurons and their dendrites or from large
neuronal populations. Wide-fi eld voltage-sensitive dye imaging is demonstrated as a com-
plementary technique to reveal large-scale dynamics. In addition, the opportunities to
probe causal relationship between cellular and circuit mechanisms and behavior with opto-
genetic tools are explained.
Part III focuses on optical imaging methods used to probe signals that do not directly
refl ect neuronal activity but provide information on the metabolic state of the cortex. The
fi rst two chapters address methods for imaging signals that originate from astrocytes and
microglia. The remaining three chapters introduce techniques for measuring hemodynam-
ics as well as oxygenation of blood and tissue.
vii
viii Preface
Optical imaging is one of the most dynamic technological fi elds in neuroscience. Novel
techniques, such as new optical probes or imaging instruments, are continually emerging
and published in the most prestigious journals. In a way, this ever-changing fi eld is thus
very diffi cult to capture in a methods book, because the moment it is produced, the tech-
nological landscape may have changed again signifi cantly. We nevertheless hope that our
collection is useful even in the light of rapid changes, in part because some of the funda-
mental concepts remain unchanged.
Our main thanks go to all the authors for their outstanding contributions to this vol-
ume. We would also like to thank Michaela Thallmair and Ladan Egolf for their editorial
assistance.
Zürich , S witzerland Bruno Weber
Fritjof Helmchen
Contents
Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
PART I F UNDAMENTALS OF USING LIGHT TO STUDY
NEOCORTICAL DYNAMICS
1 Neocortex in the Spotlight: Concepts, Questions, and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Fritjof Helmchen and Bruno Weber
2 Principles and Fundamentals of Optical Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Frank Scheffold
3 Optical Properties of Neural Tissue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Andrew K. Dunn
4 Fluorescent Indicators for Functional Optical Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Walther Akemann, Hiroki Mutoh, and Thomas Knöpfel
5 Optogenetic Tools for Control of Neural Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Lief E. Fenno and Karl Deisseroth
PART II SHEDDING LIGHT ON CORTICAL ACTIVITY STATES
6 In Vivo Dendritic Mapping of Sensory Inputs in Cortical Neurons . . . . . . . . . 89
Hongbo Jia and Arthur Konnerth
7 In Vivo Population Imaging of Dendritic Integration in Neocortex. . . . . . . . . 107
Masanori Murayama and Matthew E. Larkum
8 Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging of Cortical Dynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Carl C.H. Petersen
9 Two-Photon Imaging of Neuronal Network Dynamics in Neocortex . . . . . . . 133
Benjamin F. Grewe, Fritjof Helmchen, and Björn M. Kampa
10 Chronic Two-Photon Imaging of Neural Activity
in the Anesthetized and Awake Behaving Rodent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
David J. Margolis, Henry Lütcke, Fritjof Helmchen,
Bruno Weber, and Florent Haiss
11 Neocortical Circuit Interrogation with Optogenetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Lief E. Fenno and Karl Deisseroth
ix