Optical imaging and spectroscopy

518 Pages·2008·7.841 MB·English

by  David J Brady

OPTICAL IMAGING AND
SPECTROSCOPY
OPTICAL IMAGING AND
SPECTROSCOPY
DAVID J. BRADY
Duke University,Durham,North Carolina
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Brady,DavidJones,1961-
Opticalimagingandspectroscopy/DavidJonesBrady.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-04823-8(cloth)
1. Opticalspectroscopy. 2. Imagingsystems. 3. Imageprocessing. 4. Opticalinstruments
I. Title.
QC454.O66B732008
621.36—dc22
2008036200
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
TotheTaxpayers of the
UnitedStatesofAmerica
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Acronyms xvii
1 Past,Present,and Future 1
1.1 ThreeRevolutions / 1
1.2 ComputationalImaging / 3
1.3 Overview / 6
1.4 TheFourthRevolution / 8
Problems / 9
2 Geometric Imaging 11
2.1 Visibility / 11
2.2 OpticalElements / 14
2.3 FocalImaging / 22
2.4 ImagingSystems / 28
2.5 PinholeandCodedApertureImaging / 31
2.6 ProjectionTomography / 41
2.7 ReferenceStructureTomography / 47
Problems / 50
3 Analysis 55
3.1 AnalyticalTools / 55
3.2 FieldsandTransformations / 56
vii
viii CONTENTS
3.3 FourierAnalysis / 59
3.4 TransferFunctionsandFilters / 64
3.5 TheFresnelTransformation / 67
3.6 TheWhittaker–ShannonSamplingTheorem / 72
3.7 DiscreteAnalysisofLinearTransformations / 75
3.8 MultiscaleSampling / 79
3.9 B-Splines / 89
3.10 Wavelets / 96
Problems / 100
4 WaveImaging 103
4.1 WavesandFields / 103
4.2 WaveModelforOpticalFields / 104
4.3 WavePropagation / 106
4.4 Diffraction / 109
4.5 WaveAnalysisofOpticalElements / 115
4.6 WavePropagationThroughThinLenses / 121
4.7 FourierAnalysisofWaveImaging / 124
4.8 Holography / 130
Problems / 141
5 Detection 147
5.1 TheOptoelectronicInterface / 147
5.2 QuantumMechanicsofOpticalDetection / 148
5.3 OptoelectronicDetectors / 153
5.3.1 PhotoconductiveDetectors / 153
5.3.2 Photodiodes / 159
5.4 PhysicalCharacteristicsofOpticalDetectors / 162
5.5 Noise / 165
5.6 Charge-CoupledDevices / 170
5.7 ActivePixelSensors / 176
5.8 InfraredFocalPlaneArrays / 178
Problems / 183
6 Coherence Imaging 187
6.1 CoherenceandSpectralFields / 187
6.2 CoherencePropagation / 190
6.3 MeasuringCoherence / 198
CONTENTS ix
6.3.1 MeasuringTemporalCoherence / 198
6.3.2 SpatialInterferometry / 201
6.3.3 RotationalShearInterferometry / 204
6.3.4 FocalInterferometry / 209
6.4 FourierAnalysisofCoherenceImaging / 216
6.4.1 PlanarObjects / 217
6.4.2 3DObjects / 219
6.4.3 TheDefocusTransferFunction / 224
6.5 OpticalCoherenceTomography / 227
6.6 ModalAnalysis / 231
6.6.1 ModesandFields / 231
6.6.2 ModesandCoherenceFunctions / 234
6.6.3 ModalTransformations / 236
6.6.4 ModesandMeasurement / 243
6.7 Radiometry / 245
6.7.1 GeneralizedRadiance / 245
6.7.2 TheConstantRadianceTheorem / 247
Problems / 248
7 Sampling 253
7.1 SamplesandPixels / 253
7.2 ImagePlaneSamplingonElectronicDetectorArrays / 255
7.3 ColorImaging / 268
7.4 PracticalSamplingModels / 272
7.5 GeneralizedSampling / 276
7.5.1 SamplingStrategiesandSpaces / 277
7.5.2 LinearInference / 282
7.5.3 NonlinearInferenceandGroupTesting / 284
7.5.4 CompressedSensing / 288
Problems / 294
8 Coding and InverseProblems 299
8.1 CodingTaxonomy / 299
8.2 PixelCoding / 304
8.2.1 LinearEstimators / 305
8.2.2 HadamardCodes / 306
x CONTENTS
8.3 ConvolutionalCoding / 308
8.4 ImplicitCoding / 310
8.5 InverseProblems / 319
8.5.1 ConvexOptimization / 320
8.5.2 MaximumLikelihoodMethods / 329
Problems / 331
9 Spectroscopy 333
9.1 SpectralMeasurements / 333
9.2 SpatiallyDispersiveSpectroscopy / 337
9.3 CodedApertureSpectroscopy / 341
9.4 InterferometricSpectroscopy / 349
9.5 ResonantSpectroscopy / 354
9.6 SpectroscopicFilters / 364
9.6.1 VolumeHolographicFilters / 365
9.6.2 Thin-FilmFilters / 371
9.7 TunableFilters / 380
9.7.1 LiquidCrystalTunableFilters / 381
9.7.2 AcoustoopticTunableFilters / 386
9.8 2DSpectroscopy / 389
9.8.1 CodedAperturesandDigitalSuperresolution / 391
9.8.2 EchelleSpectroscopy / 393
9.8.3 MultiplexHolograms / 398
9.8.4 2DFilterArrays / 401
Problems / 403
10 Computational Imaging 407
10.1 ImagingSystems / 407
10.2 DepthofField / 408
10.2.1 OpticalExtendedDepthofField(EDOF) / 410
10.2.2 DigitalEDOF / 416
10.3 Resolution / 424
10.3.1 BandlimitedFunctionsSampledoverFiniteSupport / 425
10.3.2 AnomalousDiffractionandNonlinearDetection / 439
10.4 MultiapertureImaging / 442
10.4.1 ApertureScalingandFieldofView / 443
10.4.2 DigitalSuperresolution / 450
10.4.3 OpticalProjectionTomography / 459
CONTENTS xi
10.5 GeneralizedSamplingRevisited / 465
10.6 SpectralImaging / 472
10.6.1 FullDataCubeSpectralImaging / 472
10.6.2 CodedApertureSnapshotSpectralImaging / 479
Problems / 487
References 493
Index 505