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Opposition in Eastern Europe PDF

329 Pages·1979·35.496 MB·English
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OPPOSmON IN EASTERN EUROPE By the same author B6la Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic Soviet Society and Politics in the 1970s ( ed. with H. W. Morton) Dissent in the USSR (ed.) Eurocommunism and Detente (ed.) OPPOSITION IN EASTERN EUROPE Edited by TOKES RUDOLF L. Professor ofP olitical Science University ofC onnecticut in association with Palgrave Macmillan Selection, editorial matter and Chapter 1 © Rudolf L. T~k~s 1979; Chapter 2 © VladimirV. Kusin 1979; Chapter 3 ©Jacques Rupnik 1979; Chapter 4 ©Werner Volkmer 1979; Chapter 5 ©George SchOpflin 1979; Chapter 6 © lvm Szel~nyi 1979; Chapter 7 ©Alex Pravda 1979; Chapter 8 ©Paul G. Lewis 1979 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1979 978-0-333-25971-9 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First published 1979 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Delhi Dublin Hong Kong Johannesburg Lagos Melbourne New York Singaport! Tokyo Phototypeset in Great Britain by Vantage Photosetting Co. Ltd, Southampton and London British Libnry Catalopblg In Publication Data Opposition in Eastern Europe 1. Europe, Eastern-Politics and government 2. Opposition (Political science) I. TlSk~. Rudolf L ll. St Antony's College 322.4'2'0947 DJK50 ISBN 978-1-349-04474-0 ISBN 978-1-349-04472-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-04472-6 This book is sold subject to the standard conditions of the Net Book Agreement Contents Preface vii Notes on the Contributors ix Introduction xiii 1 Human Rights and Political Change in Eastern Europe RudolfL . T8kes 1 2 Challenge to Normalcy: Political Opposition in Czechoslovakia, 1968-77 Vladimir V. Kusin 26 3 Dissent in Poland, 1968-78: the end of Revisionism and the rebirth of the Civil Society Jacques Rupnik 60 4 East Germany: Dissenting Views during the Last Decade Werner Volkmer 113 5 Opposition and Para-Opposition: Critical Currents in Hungary, 1968-78 George SchOpflin 142 6 Socialist Opposition in Eastern Europe: Dilemmas and Prospects Ivdn Szelenyi 187 7 Industrial Workers: Patterns of Dissent, Opposition and Accommodation Alex Pravda 209 8 Potential Sources of Opposition in the East European Peasantry Paul G. Lewis 263 Index 292 Preface This volume owes its origins to fortuitous circumstances and events that contributed to the decision to prepare a volume of original studies on the subject of political opposition in Eastern Europe in the 1970s. As the editor of another and, on the whole well-received, work, Dissent in the USSR (1975), and the recipient of much helpful advice from readers and reviewers, I became persuaded that the post-1968 record of dissident and open oppositionist politics of Eastern Europe warranted closer scrutiny and perhaps a book-length treatment as well. These initial thoughts became compelling concerns thanks to an intellectually rewarding six-month sojourn in 1976-7 as a Senior Associate Member of St Antony's College, Oxford, where I greatly benefited from stimulating discussions about communist politics with A. H. Brown, W. Bros, M. Kaser, R. Kindersley and other distin guished members of that University. While in England I also had the opportunity to read papers on questions of political dissidence and systemic stability at faculty seminars at Cambridge University, the London School of Economics, the University of Manchester and the Institute for Soviet and East European Studies, the University of Glasgow. I am indebted to friends and colleagues in those institutions for their searching critique and thoughtful advice about these matters. Aided by these preparations, I served as convenor of a panel on political opposition in Eastern Europe at the Ninth National Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic and East Europe Studies in October, 1977 in Washington, D.C. Contributions from members of the panel (F. C. Barghoorn, V. V. Kosin, G. Sch<Spflin, H. G. Skilling and S. Staron) and offers of assistance from several colleagues, some of whom have subsequently contributed chapters for this volume, finally made it possible to develop a concep tual framework for a book of original studies on this subject. Although indebted to many, my special thanks go to V. V. Kosin and G. Sch<Spflin for their encouragement and support; to the Editorial Board of the joint St Antony's-Macmillan publication programme for their agreement to publish this study under their auspices; to the Council of the University of Connecticut Research Foundation for its generous support of research and administration of the project, md to the staff of the Center for Slavic and East European Studies for many kinds of help and assistance. vii viii Opposition in Eastern Europe As an expression of our support for the freedom of speech through out the world, the authors and the editor dedicate this book to prisoners of conscience East and West and to Amnesty International, a steadfast defender of their cause. Rudolf L. T<'Skes Storrs, Connecticut July 1978 Notes on the Contributors VLADIMIR KUSIN was born in 1929 in Czechoslovakia. He is Director of the International Information Centre for Soviet and East European Studies, University of Glasgow, the Executive Secretary for the International Committee for Soviet and East European Studies and editor of the International Newsletter of ICSEES. He earned a First Degree in Modem Czechoslovak History and Politics at the Prague School of Political and Economic Sciences in 1953 and a Ph.D. at Charles University, Prague in 1968. Since coming to Britain in 1968 he has been a member of the Institute of Soviet and East European Studies, University of Glasgow. He is the translator into Czech of three books, and is the author of The Intellectual Origins oft he Prague Spring (1971), Political Grouping in the Czechoslovak Reform Movement (1972), and From DubCek to Charter 77: A Study of 'Normalisation' in Czechoslovakia 1968-1978 (1978). He has co-authored, edited and compiled other publications and written many articles and reviews. PAUL G. LEWIS, who was born in London in 1945, is Lecturer in Government at the Open University. He studied as an undergraduate and graduate student at the University of Birmingham (Centre for Russian and East European Studies) where he obtained his Ph.D. During the course of postgraduate study he also spent two years in Poland at the Universities of Poznan and Warsaw. The subject of his doctoral thesis was the politics of the Polish peasantry. He is the editor (with D. Potter and F. G. Castles) of The Practice of Comparative Politics (2nd ed., London, 1978). He has prepared a number of texts on comparative, Soviet and East European politics for publication by the Open Unive1sity and has written several articles on East European themes. ALEX PRAVDA was born in Prague in 1947, but was educated in England. After taking a degree in history as a scholar at Balliol College, Oxford in 1968, he completed a doctorate on the Czecho slovak Reform Movement at St Antony's College, Oxford, in 1972. He taught for a year in the Department of History and Politics at Rudders field Polytechnic before taking up a lectureship in politics at the University of Reading in 1973. Alex Pravda is author of Reform and Change in the Czechoslovak Political System: January-August, 1968 ix X Opposition in Eastern Europe (1975) and co-editor (with Andrew Oxley and Andrew Ritchie) of Czechoslovakia: the Party and the People (1973). He has published a number of articles on East European politics and is currently writing a comparative study of workers, trade unions and politics in Communist states. JACQUES RUPNIK was born in Prague in 1950 and is a researcher on East European Affairs for the BBC External Services in London. He studied history and politics at the University of Paris (Diplome du Cycle Su¢rieur d'Etudes sur l'URSS et l'Europe Orientale, Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris, 1972). Following this he earned an M.A. degree (1974) at Harvard University and was a Research Associate at Harvard University Russian Research Center in 1974 -5. The topic of his doctoral thesis at the Sorbonne was 'History of the Communist Movement in Czechoslovakia, 1918-1948', and it is scheduled for publication in Paris in 1979. He is the author of articles on the history of the international communist movement, and is co-editor of The WorkingClassinEastemEurope, 1945-1978(Paris, 1978}. GEORGE SCH0PFLIN was born in Budapest in 1939 and is Joint Lecturer in the Political Institutions of Eastern Europe at the London School of Economics and the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London. From 1957 to 1962 he studied at Glasgow University, where he graduated with M.A. and LL.B. de grees. After pursuing his studies at the College of Europe in Bruges, he joined the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London, moving to work at the Central Research Unit of the BBC External Services in 1967. During 1973-4 he was Hayter Fellow at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London. He is the editor of 'The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: a Handbook (London, 1970) and has contributed a number of articles to scholarly journals and symposia. IVA N SZE~NYI was born in Budapest in 1938 and is Professor of Sociology and Head of the Sociology Department in the School of Social Sciences, the Flinders University of South Australia. He took an M.A. in Economics at the Karl Marx University for Economics in Budapest and a Ph.D. in philosophy and sociology under the auspices of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He was a Research Fellow at the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and at the Institute of Socio logy, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Scientific Secretary and later

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