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Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications PDF

136 Pages·2009·2.86 MB·English
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Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12500.html OppOrtunities in neurOscience fOr future Army ApplicAtiOns Committee on Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications Board on Army Science and Technology Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12500.html The NaTioNal academies Press 500 Fifth street, N.W. Washington, dc 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract No. W911NF-07-C-0117 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-12740-0 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-12740-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009927221 Limited copies of this report are available from Additional copies are available from Board on Army Science and Technology The National Academies Press National Research Council 500 Fifth Street, N.W. 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Room 940 Lockbox 285 Washington, DC 20001 Washington, DC 20055 (202) 334-3118 (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) Internet, http://www.nap.edu Cover: Neuronal pathways in BrainBow mice. Neurons in the hippocampus, a brain area involved in memory, are labeled in different colors, with their neuronal outgoing projections pointing to the left. This is the first time so many different neurons have been separately visualized on such a large scale. Courtesy of Jean Livet, Joshua R. Sanes, and Jeff W. Lichtman, Harvard University, 2008. Copyright 2009 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12500.html The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its con- gressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advis- ing the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12500.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12500.html commiTTee oN oPPorTuNiTies iN NeuroscieNce For FuTure army aPPlicaTioNs FLOYD E. BLOOM, Chair, Professor Emeritus, The Scripps Research Institute RICHARD A. ANDERSON, Professor of Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology RONALD R. BLANCK, Vice Chairman, Martin, Blanck, & Associates EMERY N. BROWN, Professor of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital JOSEPH T. COYLE, Eben S. Draper Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Harvard University MARY “MISSY” CUMMINGS, Boeing Assistant Professor, Director of Humans and Automation Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology J. MARK DAVIS, Professor, Director of Psychoneuroimmunology, Division of Applied Physiology, University of South Carolina MICHAEL S. GAZZANIGA, Director, The Sage Center for the Study of the Mind, University of California at Santa Barbara RICHARD J. GENIK, II, Director, Emergent Technology Research Division, Wayne State University PAUL W. GLIMCHER, Professor of Neural Sciences, Economics, and Psychology, New York University PETER A. HANCOCK, Provost, Distinguished Research Professor, University of Central Florida STEVEN KORNGUTH, Director, Center for Strategic and Innovative Technologies, Professor of Pharmacy, University of Texas MARTIN P. PAULUS, Professor in Residence, Department of Psychology, University of California at San Diego JUDITH L. SWAIN, Executive Director, Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences; Lien Ying Chow Professor of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, University of California at San Diego PAUL J. ZAK, Director, Center for Neuroscience Studies, Professor of Economics and Clinical Professor of Neurology, Claremont Graduate University staff ROBERT J. LOVE, Study Director NIA D. JOHNSON, Senior Research Associate (through July 2008) JAMES C. MYSKA, Senior Research Associate ANGELA L. MARTIN, Senior Program Assistant v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12500.html Board oN army scieNce aNd TechNoloGy MALCOLM R. O’NEILL, Chair, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired), Vienna, Virginia ALAN H. EPSTEIN, Vice Chair, Pratt & Whitney, East Hartford, Connecticut DUANE ADAMS, Carnegie Mellon University (retired), Arlington, Virginia ILESANMI ADESIDA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign RAJ AGGARWAL, Rockwell Collins, Cedar Rapids, Iowa SETH BONDER, The Bonder Group, Ann Arbor, Michigan JAMES CARAFANO, The Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C. W. PETER CHERRY, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), Ann Arbor, Michigan DARRELL W. COLLIER, U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command (retired), Leander, Texas JAY C. DAVIS, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (retired), Livermore, California PATRICIA K. FALCONE, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California RONALD P. FUCHS, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington PETER F. GREEN, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor CARL GUERRERI, Electronic Warfare Associates, Inc., Herndon, Virginia JOHN J. HAMMOND, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired), Fairfax, Virginia M. FREDERICK HAWTHORNE, University of Missouri, Columbia MARY JANE IRWIN, Pennsylvania State University, University Park ELLIOT D. KIEFF, Channing Laboratory, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts LARRY LEHOWICZ, Quantum Research International, Arlington, Virginia ROBIN MURPHY, Texas A&M University, College Station RICHARD R. PAUL, Consultant, Bellevue, Washington EDWARD K. REEDY, Georgia Tech Research Institute (retired), Atlanta DENNIS J. REIMER, DFI International (retired), Arlington, Virginia JONATHAN M. SMITH, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia MARK J.T. SMITH, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana MICHAEL A. STROSCIO, University of Illinois, Chicago JUDITH L. SWAIN, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla WILLIAM R. SWARTOUT, Institute for Creative Technologies, Marina del Rey, California EDWIN L. THOMAS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge ELLEN D. WILLIAMS, University of Maryland, College Park JOSEPH YAKOVAC, President, JVM LLC, Hampton, Virginia staff BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director CHRIS JONES, Financial Manager DEANNA P. SPARGER, Program Administrative Coordinator vi Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12500.html Preface The study of the human brain, its capacities, and its who must make the hard decisions on which science and diseases remains one of the greatest scientific and philo- technology to pursue. sophical challenges ever undertaken. That said, compiling The committee examined the basis of new neuroscience- this report to consider aspects of what has been learned and based technologies and the likelihood that they could one day is being learned about the brain that can be useful to the have an impact on Army capabilities. I believe the report pro- operations of the U.S. Army has also proven to be extremely vides both a valuable snapshot of the nature of neuroscience challenging. First, the field of neuroscience is so dynamic today and a well-formulated conceptualization of how its that significant new findings are being announced almost growing number of facets could affect the Army. Although daily. The ability to define the systems of neurons that are the science is a moving target, actions could be taken now activated as a human learns, practices, and performs mental to track the progression of new concepts that will lead to tasks has allowed impressive integration of the constantly developments with high potential for Army use. accruing understanding of how neurons use their genes to I would like to thank the committee for its hard work create proteins that enable them to function together. The in interviewing numerous experts, assessing the pertinent ability to correlate brain images with function and behavior issues, and developing recommendations to address the has already translated into accelerated programs to develop many demands of its statement of task (see page 9). The yet more advanced imaging tools and techniques. I believe, committee, in turn, is grateful to the many Army personnel as many others do, that despite the almost constant growth engaged in related research and technology developments for of neuroscience over the past four decades, the future of the useful information they provided. We also greatly appre- neuroscience applications will grow at a rate that has not ciate the support and assistance of the National Research been seen since the birth of microprocessor-based personal Council (NRC) staff, which ably assisted the committee in computers. It was against this backdrop of a rapidly grow- its fact-finding activities and in the production of this report. ing science, and the even more rapidly changing translation In particular, I thank Robert Love and his staff, who success- of that science into useful applications, that the committee fully organized several major meetings in multiple locations. addressed the issues in this report. They also maintained a secure central Web forum, where our Second, along with the growing number of scientists guests’ messages accumulated, along with remote interviews engaged in neuroscience, the scope of neuroscience is also with people unable to attend our meetings, and through expanding at an ever-accelerating rate—so fast, in fact, that which we wrote, shared our expertises, and developed the scientists and engineers have difficulty reconciling their consensus for the report we present here. In addition, we also perceptions of what is and isn’t included. Several new sub- specifically recognize the essential role played by consulting disciplines have been created in the past few years, easily technical writer Robert Katt as he helped us communicate to identified by the “neuro-” prefix, linking neuroscience our intended audiences within the Army the richness of the knowledge with valuable applications and technologies both data and the often subtle nuances of how those data could be medical and nonmedical. Which of them have proven to be used by the Army for its current and future operations. substantive enough to be declared authentic components of The study was conducted under the auspices of the NRC applied neuroscience and to be deemed contributors to that Board on Army Science and Technology (BAST), which was future? Yet a third challenge has been to prepare a report established as a unit of the NRC in 1982 at the request of the that could satisfy and be understood by an audience of both U.S. Army. The BAST brings broad military, industrial, and generalists and specialists, as well as by those in the Army academic scientific, engineering, and management expertise vviiii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12500.html viii PRefACe to bear on technical challenges of importance to senior bers nominated and appointed to serve as formal members Army leaders. The Board is not a study committee; rather, of the study committee, asked to endorse the committee’s it discusses potential study topics and tasks; ensures project conclusions or recommendations, nor did they review final planning; suggests potential experts to serve as committee drafts of the report before its release. members or reviewers; and convenes meetings to examine strategic issues for its sponsor, the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology). Floyd Bloom, Chair Although the Board members are listed on page vi of this Committee on Opportunities in Neuroscience report, they were not, with the exception of any Board mem- for Future Army Applications Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12500.html acknowledgments This report has been reviewed in draft form by indi- Edward G. Jones (NAS), University of California, viduals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical Davis, expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the Michael M. Merzenich (NAS), University of California, National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The San Francisco, purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and Gregory J. Moore, Pennsylvania State University, and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its Daniel Schacter, Harvard University. published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, Although the reviewers listed above have provided and responsiveness to the study charge. The review com- many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not ments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the did they see the final draft of the report before its release. following individuals for their review of this report: The review of this report was overseen by Dennis W. Choi of Emory University and Richard M. Shiffrin of Indiana Huda Akil, University of Michigan, University. Appointed by the National Research Council, Michael Bennett (NAS), Albert Einstein College of they were responsible for making certain that an independent Medicine, examination of this report was carried out in accordance with John Cacioppo, University of Chicago, institutional procedures and that all review comments were David Dinges, University of Pennsylvania, carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of Stephen Drew, Science Partners, this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and Christopher Green, Wayne State University, the institution. ix Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Opportunities in Neuroscience for Future Army Applications http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12500.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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Advances and major investments in the field of neuroscience can enhance traditional behavioral science approaches to training, learning, and other applications of value to the Army. Neural-behavioral indicators offer new ways to evaluate how well an individual trainee has assimilated mission critica
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