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OPIATE FLOWS THROUGH NORTHERN AFGHANISTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA PDF

106 Pages·2012·2.38 MB·English
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OPIATE FLOWS THROUGH NORTHERN AFGHANISTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA A Threat Assessment May 2012 OPIATE FLOWS THROUGH NORTHERN    AFGHANISTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA:    A THREAT ASSESSMENT OPIATE FLOWS THROUGH NORTHERN AFGHANISTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA: A THREAT ASSESSMENT   CONTENTS  CONTENTS..............................................................................................................1 GLOSSARY...............................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................9 I. OPIATE SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN NORTHERN AFGHANISTAN............................ 17 Consumption in northern Afghanistan............................................................17 Consumption volumes..........................................................................................18 What is the source of supply?.........................................................................20 Heroin manufacture.............................................................................................20 Opium production................................................................................................22 Stockpiles, a potential supply source...................................................................24 Trafficking.......................................................................................................25 Is opium trafficked to northern Afghanistan from other regions?......................25 What is the source of the heroin trafficked to northern Afghanistan?...............29 Internal flows........................................................................................................31 Seizures in northern Afghanistan.........................................................................33 Profits and beneficiaries.................................................................................35 Profits...................................................................................................................35 Beneficiaries.........................................................................................................36 Insurgency in northern Afghanistan................................................................39 II. TRAFFICKING FROM NORTHERN AFGHANISTAN INTO AND   THROUGH CENTRAL ASIA.................................................................................. 45 Breaching the frontline...................................................................................45 Turkmenistan........................................................................................................49 1 OPIATE FLOWS THROUGH NORTHERN AFGHANISTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA: A THREAT ASSESSMENT  Uzbekistan............................................................................................................53 Tajikistan..............................................................................................................58 To Kyrgyzstan.......................................................................................................72 To Kazakhstan.......................................................................................................77 A general decreasing trend?................................................................................82 Profits and beneficiaries.................................................................................85 Profits...................................................................................................................85 Beneficiaries.........................................................................................................86 RESPONSE............................................................................................................. 91 The way forward.............................................................................................91 ANNEX.................................................................................................................. 95 I. Methodology...............................................................................................95 II. Uzbekistan Airways route network.............................................................96 III. Tajikistan international air routes..............................................................97 IV. Reported railway seizures in Uzbekistan, 2011..........................................98 V. Selected opium seizures in Afghanistan, 2010‐2011....................................99 VI. Selected heroin seizures in Afghanistan, 2010‐2011................................100 2 OPIATE FLOWS THROUGH NORTHERN AFGHANISTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA: A THREAT ASSESSMENT   GLOSSARY    ADB Asian Development Bank AGE Anti-Government Elements AOTP Afghan Opiate Trade Project AREU Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit BCP Border Crossing Point BOMCA Border Management Programme for Central Asia CAREC Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation CARICC Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre CJTF Criminal Justice Task Force CNPA Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization DCA Drug Control Agency EU European Union EurAsEc Eurasian Economic Community FDCS Federal Drug Control Service of the Russian Federation GBAO Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast 3 OPIATE FLOWS THROUGH NORTHERN AFGHANISTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA: A THREAT ASSESSMENT  GDP Gross Domestic Product ISAF International Security Assistance Force IMU Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan ISAF International Security Assistance Force OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ROCA Regional Office for Central Asia SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization SSDC State Service on Drug Control (Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan) TIR Transports Internationaux Routiers (International Road Transport) UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDSS United Nations Department of Safety and Security UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific USAID United States Agency for International Development 4

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Customs Service of Tajikistan, the Drug Control Agency of Tajikistan and the State Transport) UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission to Afghanistan
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