Ophthalmology: Expert Consult: Online and Print, 4e

1733 Pages·2013·169.63 MB·English

by  Myron Yanoff MD

Fourth Edition
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Content Strategist: Russell Gabbedy
Content Development Specialist: Sharon Nash
Content Coordinator: Trinity Hutton
Project Manager(s): Caroline Jones, Joanna Souch
Design: Christian Bilbow
Illustration Manager: Jennifer Rose
Illustrator: Antbits
Marketing Manager(s) (UK/USA): Gaynor Jones/Abigail Swartz
Original cover image SS OCT: Courtesy James G. Fujimoto PHD
Fourth Edition
OPHTHALMOLOGY
LEAD EDITORS
Myron Yanoff MD Jay S. Duker MD
Professor and Chair Director, New England Eye Center
Department of Ophthalmology Chairman and Professor of Ophthalmology
Drexel University College of Medicine Tufts Medical Center
Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology Tufts University School of Medicine
University of Pennsylvania Boston, MA, USA
Philadelphia, PA, USA
SECTION EDITORS
James J. Augsburger MD Michael H. Goldstein MD MBA Alfredo A. Sadun MD PhD
Professor and Chairman Co-Director, Cornea and External Diseases Flora Thornton Chair of Vision Research
Department of Ophthalmology Service Professor of Ophthalmology and
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine New England Eye Center Neurological Surgery
Cincinnati, OH, USA Tufts Medical Center Doheny Eye Institute
Boston, MA, USA USC-Keck School of Medicine
Dimitri T. Azar MD MBA Director, Neuro-Ophthalmology
Dean of the College of Medicine David Miller MD Vice Chair, Education
Los Angeles, CA, USA
University of Illinois at Chicago Associate Clinical Professor of
Chicago, IL, USA Ophthalmology
Harvard Medical School Joel S. Schuman MD FACS
Sophie J. Bakri MD Boston, MA, USA Eye and Ear Foundation Professor and
Chairman, Department of Ophthalmology
Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Director of Vitreoretinal Surgery Fellowship Narsing A. Rao MD University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Director, UPMC Eye Center Professor of
Vitreoretinal Diseases and Surgery Professor of Ophthalmology and Pathology,
Bioengineering
Mayo Clinic Doheny Eye Institute
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Rochester, MN, USA University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Janey L. Wiggs MD PhD
Gary R. Diamond MD
Former Professor of Ophthalmology and Emanuel S. Rosen MD FRCS FRCOphth Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Harvard Medical School
Pediatrics Private Practice
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Drexel University School of Medicine Co-editor of the Journal of Cataract &
Boston, MA, USA
Philadelphia, PA, USA Refractive Surgery
Manchester, UK
Jonathan J. Dutton MD PhD
Professor and Vice Chair
Department of Ophthalmology
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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First edition 1999
Second edition 2004
Third edition 2009
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Chapter 4.30: ‘Endothelial Keratoplasty: Targeted treatment for corneal endothelial dysfunction’
by Francis W. Price, Jr., Marianne O. Price
Marianne O. Price and Francis W. Price Jr. retain copyright of the video accompanying this chapter.
Chapter 6.5: ‘Contact B-Scan Ultrasonography’ by Yale L. Fisher, James M. Klancnik Jr, Hanna
Rodriguez-Coleman, Antonio P. Ciardella, Nicole E. Gross, David Y. Kim
Yale L. Fisher retains copyright of the video accompanying this chapter. The remainder of this
lecture as well as additional lectures on ophthalmology can be found at www.OphthalmicEdge.org.
Chapter 7.2: ‘Mechanisms of uveitis’ by Igal Gery, Chi-Chao Chan
This chapter is in the Public Domain.
Chapter 7.23: ‘Masquerade Syndromes: Neoplasms’ by H. Nida Sen, Chi-Chao Chan
This chapter is in the Public Domain.
Notices
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ISBN: 978-1-4557-3984-4
e-book ISBN: 978-1-4557-5001-6
International Edition ISBN: 978-1-4557-3983-7
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
User Guide
COLOR CODING ExpertConsult.com Website
Ophthalmology is organized into 12 parts, which are color-coded as ■ Fully searchable
follows for quick and easy reference: ■ Full reference lists for each chapter
■ Additional online content including text, figures & video clips
Part 1: Genetics
Part 2: Optics and Refraction
Part 3: Refractive Surgery
Part 4: Cornea and Ocular Surface Diseases
Part 5: The Lens
Part 6: Retina and Vitreous
Part 7: Uveitis and Other Intraocular Inflammations
Part 8: Intraocular Tumors
Part 9: Neuro-ophthalmology
Part 10: Glaucoma
Part 11: Pediatric and Adult Strabismus
Part 12: Orbit and Oculoplastics
v
Video Contents
Video available at
Part 3: Refractive Surgery
Chapter 3.5 LASIK Chapter 6.11 Vitrectomy
3.5.1 iLASIK 6.11.1 Vitrectomy for Non-Clearing Vitreous Hemorrhage
Chapter 3.7 Phakic Intraocular Lenses Chapter 6.31 Macular Hole
3.7.1 Cachet Lens 6.31.1 Macular Hole Surgery
3.7.2 Artiflex Lens
Chapter 6.32 Epiretinal Membrane
Part 4: Cornea and Ocular Surface Diseases 6.32.1 Epiretinal Membrane Removal
Chapter 4.30 Endothelial Keratoplasty: Targeted Treatment for Corneal
Chapter 6.33 Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome
Endothelial Dysfunction
6.33.1 Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome
4.30.1 DSEK Pull Through
4.30.2 DMEK Donor Preparation Chapter 6.38 Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
4.30.3 Descemet’s Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK) 6.38.1 Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling for Primary Rhegmatogenous Repair to Reduce
Postoperative Macular Pucker
Part 5: The Lens
Chapter 6.40 Choroidal Hemorrhage
Chapter 5.6 Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery
6.40.1 Transconjunctival Trocar/Cannula Drainage of Suprachoroidal Fluid
5.6.1 Standard Technique for Sub-Tenon’s Anesthesia
5.6.2 “Incisionless” Technique for Sub-Tenon’s Anesthesia Chapter 6.42 Posterior Segment Ocular Trauma
6.42.1 Intraocular Foreign Body Removal
Chapter 5.9 Small Incision and Femtosecond Laser Cataract Surgery
6.42.2 Intraocular Foreign Body Removal with Rare Earth Magnet
5.9.1 Unexpected Subluxation
5.9.2 Micro Incision Phaco Part 7: Uveitis and Other Intraocular Inflammations
5.9.3 Micro Incision Refractive Lens Exchange
Chapter 7.13 Posterior Parasitic Uveitis
5.9.4 700 Micron Phaco
7.13.1 Intraocular Gnathostomiasis
Chapter 5.11 Combined Procedures Part 10: Glaucoma
5.11.1 Combined Phaco and Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSEK)
Chapter 10.7 Optic Nerve Analysis
5.11.2 Combined Phacovitrectomy
10.7.1 Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Optic Nerve Head
Chapter 5.13 Pediatric Cataract Surgery
Chapter 10.28 Minimally Invasive and Nonpenetrating Glaucoma Surgeries
5.13.1 Congenital Cataract Surgery
10.28.1 iStent G1 Implantation
Chapter 5.14 Complications of Cataract Surgery 10.28.2 Key Steps in Trabectome Surgery
5.14.1 Artisan Implantation 10.28.3 Canaloplasty
10.28.4 SOLX Gold Shunt Implantation
Part 6: Retina and Vitreous
Chapter 6.3 Retinal and Choroidal Circulation Chapter 10.29 Trabeculectomy
6.3.1 Retinal and Choroidal Circulation 10.29.1 Bleb Leak Detection Using Concentrated Fluorescein Dye
10.29.2 Trabeculectomy with Mitomycin C
Chapter 6.5 Contact B-Scan Ultrasonography
10.29.3 5-Fluorouracil Subconjunctival Injection
6.5.1 Examination Techniques for Contact B-Scan Ultrasonography
Chapter 10.31 Drainage Implants
Chapter 6.10 Scleral Buckling Surgery
10.31.1 Placement of the New Molteno 3 Glaucoma Draining Device into a Supra-Tenon Pocket
6.10.1 Scleral Buckle
6.10.2 Suture
Total running time approximately 130 minutes
6.10.3 Drain
vvii
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xii 3.9 Intrastromal corneal ring segments and collagen crosslinking . . . . . . . . . .147
Preface to First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii Takashi Kojima, Jonathan D. Primack, Dimitri T. Azar
List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiv 3.10 Surgical correction of presbyopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiii Jorge L. Alió, Dimitri T. Azar, Kalliopi Stasi, Felipe A. Soria
Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiii
PART 4: CORNEA AND OCULAR SURFACE DISEASES . . . . . . . . . . . 163
PART 1: GENETICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
SECTION 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES
1.1 Fundamentals of human genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
4.1 Corneal anatomy, physiology, and wound healing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
Janey L. Wiggs
Ayad A. Farjo, Matthew V. Brumm, H. Kaz Soong
1.2 Molecular genetics of selected ocular disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
4.2 Corneal topography and wavefront imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Janey L. Wiggs
Michael J. Taravella, Richard S. Davidson
1.3 Genetic testing and genetic counseling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Janey L. Wiggs SECTION 2: CONGENITAL ABNORMAILITIES
4.3 Congenital Corneal Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
Joel Sugar, Hormuz P. Wadia, Roshni A. Vasaiwala
PART 2: OPTICS AND REFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
SECTION 3: EXTERNAL DISEASES
2.1 Visible light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
4.4 Blepharitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
David Miller, Stephen K. Burns
Neha Gadaria-Rathod, Karen B. Fernandez, Penny A. Asbell
2.2 Physical optics for clinicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
4.5 Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
Edmond H. Thall
Gene Kim, Majid Moshirfar
2.3 Light damage to the eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
David Miller, Clifford A. Scott SECTION 4: CONJUNCTIVAL DISEASES
2.4 Principles of lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 4.6 Conjunctivitis: infectious and noninfectious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
Neal H. Atebara, Edmond H. Thall Jonathan B. Rubenstein, Anjali Tannan
2.5 Optics of the normal eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 4.7 Allergic conjunctivitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
David Miller, Paulo Schor, Peter Magnante† Jonathan B. Rubenstein, Anjali Tannan
2.6 Testing of refraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 4.8 Tumors of conjunctiva and cornea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196
Clifford A. Scott James J. Augsburger, Zélia M. Corrêa
2.7 Contact lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 4.9 Pterygium and conjunctival degenerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Paul F. White, Clifford A. Scott Roni M. Shtein, Alan Sugar
2.8 Ophthalmic instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 4.10 Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid/Mucous membrane pemphigoid . . . . . . . . .206
David Miller, Edmond H. Thall, Neal H. Atebara Ahmed R. Al-Ghoul, Gene Kim, Alex Mammen, Deepinder K. Dhaliwal
2.9 Perspectives on aberrations of the eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
SECTION 5: SCLERAL AND EPISCLERAL DISEASES
Edmond H. Thall, David Miller 4.11 Episcleritis and scleritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Debra A. Goldstein, Sarju S. Patel, Howard H. Tessler
PART 3: REFRACTIVE SURGERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
SECTION 6: CORNEAL DISEASES
4.12 Bacterial keratitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
3.1 Current concepts, classification, and history of refractive surgery . . . . . . . . .81
Jeremy D. Keenan, Stephen D. McLeod
Suphi Taneri, Tatsuya Mimura, Dimitri T. Azar
4.13 Fungal keratitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
3.2 Preoperative evaluation for refractive surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Jeremy D. Keenan, Stephen D. McLeod
Joshua H. Hou, Joshua A. Young, Ernest W. Kornmehl, Jose de la Cruz
4.14 Parasitic keratitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228
3.3 Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Jeremy D. Keenan, Stephen D. McLeod
Sandeep Jain, Sapna Tibrewal, Natalia Y. Kramarevsky, David R. Hardten
4.15 Herpes simplex keratitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
3.4 Laser subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) and Epi-LASIK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
Sonal S. Tuli, Anup A. Kubal
Leonard P.K. Ang, Dimitri T. Azar
4.16 Peripheral ulcerative keratitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238
3.5 LASIK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Sarkis H. Soukiasian
Patricia B. Sierra, David R. Hardten, Elizabeth A. Davis
4.17 Noninfectious keratitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242
3.6 Wavefront-based excimer laser refractive surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Amy Lin, Charles S. Bouchard
Faisal M. Tobaigy, Daoud Fahd, Wallace Chamon
4.18 Keratoconus and other ectasias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
3.7 Phakic intraocular lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Joel Sugar, Priti Batta
Ramon C. Ghanem, Norma Allemann, Dimitri T. Azar
4.19 Anterior corneal dystrophies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
3.8 Astigmatic and radial incisional keratotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
vii
Michael H. Goldstein, Joel Sugar, Amy T. Kelmenson, Hormuz P. Wadia,
Kerry K. Assil, Joelle A. Hallak, Dimitri T. Azar
Bryan Edgington
†Deceased
C 4.20 Stromal corneal dystrophies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 5.16 Secondary cataract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
o
n Joel Sugar, Hormuz P. Wadia, Roshni A. Vasaiwala Liliana Werner
t
e 4.21 Corneal endothelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 5.17 Epidemiology, pathophysiology, causes, morphology, and visual
n
t Noel Rosado-Adames, Natalie A. Afshari effects of cataract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
s
4.22 Corneal degenerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 Mark Wevill
Maria A. Woodward, Shahzad I. Mian, Alan Sugar
4.23 Dry eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 PART 6: RETINA AND VITREOUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Naveen K. Rao, Michael H. Goldstein, Elmer Y. Tu
SECTION 1: ANATOMY
SECTION 7: MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS 6.1 Structure of the neural retina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419
4.24 Contact lens-related complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280 Hermann D. Schubert
William Ehlers, Jeanine Suchecki, Thomas L. Steinemann, Peter Donshik
6.2 Retinal pigment epithelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423
4.25 Corneal and external eye manifestations of systemic disease . . . . . . . . . . . .290 Michael F. Marmor
Priti Batta, Hormuz P. Wadia, Joel Sugar
6.3 Retinal and choroidal circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426
Caio Vinícius Saito Regatieri, Shiyoung Roh, John J. Weiter
SECTION 8: TRAUMA
4.26 Acid and alkali burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 6.4 Vitreous anatomy and pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430
Naveen K. Rao, Michael H. Goldstein J. Sebag
SECTION 9: SURGERY SECTION 2: ANCILLARY TESTS
4.27 Corneal surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 6.5 Contact B-scan ultrasonography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437
Lana Srur, Lisa Martén, Ming X. Wang, Robert P. Selkin, Carol L. Karp Yale L. Fisher, James M. Klancnik Jr, Hanna Rodriguez-Coleman,
Antonio P. Ciardella, Nicole E. Gross, David Y. Kim
4.28 Excimer laser treatment of corneal pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308
Lana Srur, Robert P. Selkin, Dimitri T. Azar, Lisa Martén, Ming X. Wang, 6.6 Fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography . . . . . . . . . .440
Carol L. Karp Raul Velez-Montoya, Jeffrey L. Olson, Naresh Mandava
4.29 Conjunctival surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312 6.7 Optical coherence tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448
Lana Srur, Lisa Martén, Ming X. Wang, Robert P. Selkin, Carol L. Karp Miriam Englander, David Xu, Peter K. Kaiser
4.30 Endothelial keratoplasty: Targeted treatment for corneal endothelial 6.8 Electrophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458
dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 Darin R. Goldman, Elias Reichel
Marianne O. Price, Francis W. Price Jr
SECTION 3: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RETINAL SURGERY
4.31 Surgical ocular surface reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320
6.9 Light and laser injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461
Matthew J. Weiss, Victor L. Perez
Caroline R. Baumal, Michael Ip, Carmen A. Puliafito
4.32 Management of corneal thinning, melting, and perforation . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
6.10 Scleral buckling surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467
Nicoletta Fynn-Thompson, Michael H. Goldstein
Lisa J. Faia, George A. Williams
6.11 Vitrectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471
PART 5: THE LENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Michael Engelbert, Stanley Chang
6.12 Intravitreal injections and medication implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476
5.1 Basic science of the lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
Ryan W Shultz, Sophie J. Bakri
Jonathan Schell, Michael E. Boulton
5.2 Evolution of intraocular lens implantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331 SECTION 4: DYSTROPHIES
Liliana Werner, Andrea M. Izak, Suresh K. Pandey, David J. Apple† 6.13 Progressive and ‘stationary’ inherited retinal degenerations . . . . . . . . . . . . .480
5.3 Patient workup for cataract surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334 Catherine A. Cukras, Wadih M. Zein, Rafael C. Caruso, Paul A Sieving
Frank W. Howes 6.14 Macular dystrophies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .491
5.4 Indications for lens surgery/Indications for application of different David G. Telander, Kent W. Small
lens surgery techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343 6.15 Choroidal dystrophies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502
Frank W. Howes Sandeep Grover, Gerald A. Fishman, Mohamed A. Genead
5.5 The pharmacotherapy of cataract surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351 6.16 Hereditary vitreoretinopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508
Steve A. Arshinoff, Yvonne A.V. Opalinski, Dominik W. Podbielski Alan E. Kimura
5.6 Anesthesia for cataract surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
SECTION 5: VASCULAR DISORDERS
Keith G. Allman
6.17 Hypertensive retinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514
5.7 Phacoemulsification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361 Adam H. Rogers
David Allen
6.18 Retinal arterial obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518
5.8 Refractive aspects of cataract surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365 Jay S. Duker
Emanuel S. Rosen
6.19 Venous occlusive disease of the retina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .526
5.9 Small incision and femtosecond laser cataract surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371 Darin R. Goldman, Chirag P. Shah, Michael G. Morley, Jeffrey S. Heier
Mark Packer
6.20 Retinopathy of prematurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535
5.10 Manual cataract extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378 Amir H. Kashani, Kimberly A. Drenser, Antonio Capone Jr
Frank W. Howes
6.21 Diabetic retinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541
5.11 Combined procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382 Jennifer I. Lim, Brett J. Rosenblatt, William E. Benson
David Allen, David H.W. Steel
6.22 Ocular ischemic syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551
5.12 Cataract surgery in complicated eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386 Jorge A. Fortun, Matthew T.S. Tennant, Arunan Sivalingam,
Gary S. Schwartz, Stephen S. Lane Gregory M. Fox, Gary C. Brown
5.13 Pediatric cataract surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390 6.23 Hemoglobinopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555
Elie Dahan Michael D. Tibbetts, Allen C. Ho
5.14 Complications of cataract surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395 6.24 Coats’ disease and retinal telangiectasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
Thomas Kohnen, Marko Ostovic, Li Wang, Neil J. Friedman, Diana V. Do, Julia A. Haller
Douglas D. Koch
6.25 Radiation retinopathy and papillopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565
5.15 Outcomes of cataract surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404 Ahmet Kaan Gűndűz, Carol L. Shields
viii Mats Lundström
6.26 Proliferative retinopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .570
Jeevan R. Mathura Jr, Srilaxmi Bearelly, Lee M. Jampol
6.27 Retinal arterial macroaneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .575 7.9 Infectious endophthalmitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .723 C
Clement C. Chow, William F. Mieler, Robert A. Mittra, John S. Pollack Yevgeniy (Eugene) Shildkrot, Dean Eliott o
n
t
e
SECTION 6: MACULAR DISORDERS SECTION 4: INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF UVEITIS – FUNGAL n
t
6.28 Age-related macular degeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580 7.10 Histoplasmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .729 s
Renata Portella Nunes, Philip J. Rosenfeld, Ramana S. Moorthy
Carlos Alexandre de Amorim Garcia Filho, Zohar Yehoshua, 7.11 Fungal endophthalmitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .733
Adam Martidis, Matthew T.S. Tennant Dimitra Skondra, Dean Eliott
6.29 Secondary causes of choroidal neovascularization:
Conditions associated with breaks in Bruch’s membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600 SECTION 5: INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF UVEITIS – PROTOZOAL AND PARASITIC
Richard F. Spaide 7.12 Ocular toxoplasmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .738
Daniel Vitor Vasconcelos-Santos
6.30 Central serous chorioretinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .605
Jose S. Pulido, Anna S. Kitzmann, William J. Wirostko 7.13 Posterior parasitic uveitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .744
Jyotirmay Biswas
6.31 Macular hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .610
Andrew A. Moshfeghi, Jay S. Duker
SECTION 6: UVEITIS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC DISEASE
6.32 Epiretinal membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .614 7.14 Uveitis related to HLA-B27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .748
T. Mark Johnson, Mark W. Johnson Carlos E. Pavesio, Nicholas Jones
6.33 Vitreomacular traction syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .620 7.15 Sarcoidosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .753
William E. Smiddy Claude L. Cowan Jr
6.34 Cystoid macular edema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .625 7.16 Behçet’s disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758
Matthew T. Witmer, Szilárd Kiss Annabelle A. Okada
6.35 Coexistent optic nerve and macular abnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .632 7.17 Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761
Odette M. Houghton, Gary C. Brown, Melissa M. Brown Narsing A. Rao
SECTION 7: RETINAL DETACHMENT SECTION 7: TRAUMATIC UVEITIS
6.36 Peripheral retinal lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .638 7.18 Phacogenic uveitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764
William Tasman Julie Gueudry, Bahram Bodaghi
6.37 Retinal breaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .642 7.19 Sympathetic uveitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767
Craig M. Greven Veena Rao Raiji, Narsing A. Rao
6.38 Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
SECTION 8: UVEITIS OF UNKNOWN CAUSES
Rajesh C. Rao, Gaurav K. Shah
7.20 Idiopathic and other anterior uveitis syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .770
6.39 Serous detachments of the neural retina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .653
Olivia L. Lee
Benjamin J. Thomas, Thomas A. Albini
7.21 Pars planitis and other intermediate uveitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .774
6.40 Choroidal hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .660
Aliza Jap, Soon-Phaik Chee
Michael A. Kapusta, Radwan S. Ajlan, Pedro F. Lopez
7.22 Posterior uveitis of unknown cause – White spot syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . .778
6.41 Proliferative vitreoretinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .665
Rukhsana G. Mirza, Ramana S. Moorthy, Lee M. Jampol
David G. Charteris, G. William Aylward
SECTION 9: MASQUERADE SYNDROMES
SECTION 8: TRAUMA
7.23 Masquerade syndromes: Neoplasms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .788
6.42 Posterior segment ocular trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .670
H. Nida Sen, Chi-Chao Chan
John W. Kitchens, Patrick E. Rubsamen
6.43 Distant trauma with posterior segment effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .678
PART 8: INTRAOCULAR TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Jason Hsu, Carl D. Regillo
6.44 Retinal toxicity of systemically administered drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .683 SECTION 1: MALIGNANT AND INTRAOCULAR TUMORS
Ravi S. Singh, David V. Weinberg 8.1 Retinoblastoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793
James J. Augsburger, Norbert Bornfeld, Zélia M. Corrêa
PART 7: UVEITIS AND OTHER INTRAOCULAR 8.2 Uveal melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
INFLAMMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 James J. Augsburger, Bertil E. Damato, Norbert Bornfeld, Zélia M. Corrêa
8.3 Metastatic cancer to the eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .810
SECTION 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES
James J. Augsburger, Rudolf Guthoff, Zélia M. Corrêa
7.1 Anatomy of the uvea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .687
8.4 Lymphoma and leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .815
Monica Evans
James J. Augsburger, William G. Tsiaras, Zélia M. Corrêa
7.2 Mechanisms of uveitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
8.5 Medulloepithelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .819
Igal Gery, Chi-Chao Chan
James J. Augsburger, Zélia M. Corrêa
7.3 General approach to the uveitis patient and treatment strategies . . . . . . .694
Russell W. Read SECTION 2: BENIGN INTRAOCULAR TUMORS
8.6 Uveal nevus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .821
SECTION 2: INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF UVEITIS – VIRAL
James J. Augsburger, J. William Harbour, John R. Gonder, Zélia M. Corrêa
7.4 Herpes and other viral infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700
8.7 Choroidal hemangiomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .825
P. Kumar Rao
James J. Augsburger, Rajiv Anand, George E. Sanborn, Zélia M. Corrêa
7.5 Ocular infections with cytomegalovirus (CMV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704
8.8 Choroidal osteoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .830
Ehud Zamir
James J. Augsburger, Rudolf Guthoff, Zélia M. Corrêa
SECTION 3: INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF UVEITIS – BACTERIAL 8.9 Astrocytoma of retina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .833
7.6 Syphilitic and other spirochetal uveitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .709 James J. Augsburger, Alan F. Cruess, Zélia M. Corrêa
Julie H. Tsai
8.10 Hemangiomas of retina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .836
7.7 Tuberculosis, leprosy, and brucellosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716 James J. Augsburger, Norbert Bornfeld, Zélia M. Corrêa
Amod Gupta, Reema Bansal, Vishali Gupta
8.11 Combined hamartoma of retina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .840
7.8 Cat scratch and Whipple’s disease: bartonella-related James J. Augsburger, Sanford M. Meyers, Zélia M. Corrêa
infectious uveitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
8.12 Hypertrophy of retinal pigment epithelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .842 ix
Robert C. Wang
James J. Augsburger, James P. Bolling, Zélia M. Corrêa