Ophthalmology and the Ageing Society

229 Pages·2013·3.173 MB·English

by  Emily C. Fletcher, Hendrik P. N. Scholl (auth.), Hendrik P.N. Scholl, Robert W. Massof, Sheila West (eds.)

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Essentials in Ophthalmology

Hendrik P.N. Scholl (cid:129) R obert W. M assof
Sheila West
Editors
Arun D. Singh
Series Editor
Ophthalmology and
the Ageing Society
Editors
Hendrik P.N. Scholl Sheila West
Wilmer Eye Institute Wilmer Eye Institute, Dana Center
John Hopkins University for Preventive Ophthalmology
Baltimore , Maryland John Hopkins University
USA Baltimore , Maryland
USA
Robert W. Massof
Lions Vision Research and Rehabilitation
Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute
John Hopkins University
Baltimore , Maryland
USA
Series Editor
Arun D. Singh
Cole Eye Institute
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Cleveland , Ohio
USA
ISBN 978-3-642-36323-8 ISBN 978-3-642-36324-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-36324-5
Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013939843
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Preface
The ageing of the world’s population is one of the major achievements of
modern society. By 2050, an estimated two billion people will be aged
60 years or over.
But ageing poses major challenges and this is especially true for the fi eld
of ophthalmology. In actual fact, the major eye diseases, age-related macular
degeneration, glaucoma and cataract, predominantly affect the elderly.
The challenges of ophthalmology in the ageing society have not been
addressed in a comprehensive way, although there are common denominators
of the various eye diseases by which an elderly population is affected. This
book provides such a comprehensive overview including epidemiology, risk
factors, current treatment and prophylaxis, disability, co-morbidity and the
impact on quality of life.
Experts in their respective fi elds provide state-of-the-art knowledge on the
geriatric aspects of ophthalmology and thus may help to improve our man-
agement of this growing patient population.
We are grateful to all the contributors for their work in making this book
possible, and we are also grateful to the editorial and production staff at
Springer for their commitment to the publication of our book.
Special thanks go to our colleagues at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine. We are surrounded by excellence in
the ophthalmic fi eld including research, teaching and patient care. We have
the privilege to work at a unique place where cutting-edge research is being
performed addressing many of the issues covered in this book – within the
fi eld of ophthalmology and beyond. The constant exchange of knowledge and
ideas has very much stimulated the idea to publish on the subject and later the
process of working on this book and strongly contributed to its quality.
Baltimore, Maryland Hendrik P.N. Scholl
Robert W. Massof

Sheila K. West
v

Contents
1 Ophthalmic Disease in the Ageing Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Emily C. Fletcher and Hendrik P.N. Scholl
Part I Epidemiology of Eye Diseases in Older Populations
2 Blindness and Visual Impairment: Global Perspective . . . . . . . 13
Sheila K. West
3 Blindness and Visual Impairment: High-Income
Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Robert P. Finger and Hendrik P.N. Scholl
Part II Risk Factors, Genetics, Gene-Environment Interactions
and Prophylaxis
4 Cataract, Age-Related Macular Degeneration,
and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: Risk Factors. . . . . . . . . . 33
Paulus T.V.M. de Jong
5 Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Primary
Open-Angle Glaucoma: Genetics
and Gene-Environment Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Gabriëlle H.S. Buitendijk, Henriët Springelkamp, Lintje Ho,
and Caroline C.W. Klaver
6 Preventive Therapies for Age-Related Macular
Degeneration: Current Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Naima Jacobs-El, Catherine Meyerle, and Emily Y. Chew
Part III Current Treatment of the Major Eye Diseases
of the Elderly
7 Innovations in Cataract Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Oliver K. Klaproth, Marko Ostovic, and Thomas Kohnen
8 Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration:
Rationale for Current Treatment Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Connie J. Chen and Neil M. Bressler
vii
viii Contents
9 Dry Eye Syndrome in the Elderly: Challenges
and Treatment Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Fabiana Kimie Kashiwabuchi, Murilo Wendeborn Rodrigues Jr.,
and Peter J. McDonnell
Part IV The Impact of Visual Disability on Daily
Life in Older Populations
10 Cataract and Diabetic Retinopathy: Impact
on Quality of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Ecosse L. Lamoureux, Eva Fenwick, and Konrad Pesudovs
11 Glaucoma and Quality of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Suzanne W. van Landingham and Pradeep Y. Ramulu
12 Impact of Early and Late Age-Related Macular
Degeneration on Quality of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Robert P. Finger, Eva Fenwick, and Ecosse L. Lamoureux
13 Vision and Driving Performance in Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Lisa Keay and Sheila K. West
14 Depressive and Cognitive Disorders in Patients with AMD . . . 207
Robin J. Casten and Barry W. Rovner
15 Visual Disability in the Elderly: Implications
for Visual Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Robert W. Massof, Maureen G. Maguire, Duane R. Geruschat,
James T. Deremeik, Judith E. Goldstein, Mary Warren,
Ann-Margret Ervin, Joan A. Stelmack, Pradeep Y. Ramulu,
Barbara S. Hawkins, and Kevin D. Frick
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
1
Ophthalmic Disease
in the Ageing Society
Emily C. Fletcher and Hendrik P. N. Scholl
1.1 Introduction studies have provided prevalence data (Fig. 1 .2 )
which identi fi es a sixfold risk of developing AMD
The diverse range of ophthalmic disease covers at the age of 70–79, increasing to 25-fold in those
every ocular structure, function, ethnic group, over 80 in comparison to the 55–69 age range
mode of inheritance and of course every age (Smith et al. 2001 ) . Other factors such as smoking
range. Certainly, in the developed world, a and genetic susceptibility are also associated with
signi fi cant proportion of disease is multifactorial increased risk, however none as profound as increas-
in origin; however, in a large majority of cases, ing age. The growth of research into the subject of
the underlying risk includes that of increasing ageing as an entity has boomed in recent years
age. Indeed, by 80 years old, more than 80 % of boosted by the suggestion of genetic aetiology.
the main causes of blindness are due to age-
related conditions such as cataract, glaucoma and
age-related macular degeneration (AMD ) (Finger 1.2 History of Ageing
et al. 2 011b ) (Fig. 1 .1 ).
As a result, the impact of our growing elderly Senescence, the biological deterioration with age,
population has led to expansion of resource allo- is thought to be an inevitable process in human
cation for screening, treatment and monitoring of development. In 1882 the evolutionary biologist
these potentially blinding conditions. August Weismann (Ljubuncic and Reznick 2 009 )
Epidemiological studies in AMD such as the theorized that ageing was a result of programmed
Rotterdam, Blue Mountains and Beaver Dam Eye cell death ensuing a limited number of somatic cell
divisions, affording it a limited lifespan. The evo-
lutionary bene fi t of a limited lifespan was thought
E. C. Fletcher to pertain to prevention of competition for food
Wilmer Eye Institute , Johns Hopkins University ,
and space with younger individuals, who are still
1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore,
in their reproductive prime. In this circumstance, it
Maryland 21287, USA
was recognized that the process of reproduction is
Gloucester Royal NHS Foundation Trust,
an essential requirement in order to maintain the
Gloucester Royal Hospital,
Great Western Way, species in a population that ages and degrades. As
Gloucester, GL1 3NN , UK such, reproduction and fertility were concluded to
e-mail: emily. fl [email protected]
be a greater factor in the evolutionary drive, and as
H. P. N. Scholl (*) in nature most animals did not reach old age, his
Wilmer Eye Institute , Johns Hopkins University ,
theories were initially disregarded. Not until the
1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore,
1950s did the ageing debate resurface, producing
Maryland 21287, USA
e-mail: [email protected] three key theories on the evolution of ageing:
H.P.N. Scholl et al. (eds.), Ophthalmology and the Ageing Society, Essentials in Ophthalmology, 1
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-36324-5_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013