Operative Techniques and Recent Advances in Acute Care and Emergency Surgery PDF
Preview Operative Techniques and Recent Advances in Acute Care and Emergency Surgery
Daniel J. Mollura Matthew P. Lungren Michael R.B. Evans Operative Techniques Editors and Recent Advances in Clinical Medicine Acute Care and Covertemplate Emergency Surgery SPuabotloit lAes feonri CLluinciiacnalo M Deed Cicairnlies Covers T3_HB Alessandro Mazzola Second Edition Antonino M. Grande Editors 112323 Operative Techniques and Recent Advances in Acute Care and Emergency Surgery Paolo Aseni • Luciano De Carlis Alessandro Mazzola • Antonino M. Grande Editors Operative Techniques and Recent Advances in Acute Care and Emergency Surgery Editors Paolo Aseni Luciano De Carlis Dipartimento di Emergenza Urgenza School of Medicine ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda University of Milano-Bicocca, Niguarda Hospital Milan, Milano Milan, Milano Italy Italy Alessandro Mazzola Antonino M. Grande Department of Cardiac Surgery Department of Cardiac Surgery IRCCS MultiMedica IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo Milan, Milano Pavia Italy Italy ISBN 978-3-319-95113-3 ISBN 978-3-319-95114-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95114-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018966517 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland “Ancora imparo” I’ m still learning. (Michelangelo at 87) Foreword Across the globe, trauma systems and approaches to the care of critically injured patients vary widely. The emerging paradigm of “acute care surgery” has provided grounds for discussion and debate in the surgical community. First, there appears to exist some confusion related to the underlying terminology. In essence, acute care surgery is defined as a service line that encompasses trauma surgery, emergency general surgery, and surgical critical care. Based on this pragmatic definition, many US surgeons argue that their European colleagues do not truly practice acute care surgery, as the component of surgical critical care has been largely out- sourced to intensivists and anesthesiologists in European institutions. There is also an argu- ment that many trauma centers in the United States have indeed been practicing the acute care surgery paradigm for decades, dating back to the pioneering work by John Border in the 1970s. Similarly, European countries have historically endorsed the analogy of the “combat surgeon” model which evolved in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. In the twentieth century, Germany took a leadership position as a driver of integrated trauma care. This “European model” is reflective of the notion that trauma represents a disease of its own, rather than just the sum of specific injuries, and should therefore be managed by one single special- ist—the trauma surgeon. The “Hannover school” founded by Harald Tscherne in the 1970s was further refined under Otmar Trentz in the 1990s who established trauma as a true scientific research-based discipline with an impressive measurable impact on the quality of trauma care and on patient outcomes. Academic institutions in Italy have recently taken a leading position in Europe by driving best practice guidelines in trauma and acute care surgery. In support of this statement, this first-edition textbook is preeminently written by Italian authors and edited by four distinguished experts from renowned institutions in Italy. The groundbreaking work provides a compelling testimonial on the current state of research and innovation in the field. This essential textbook will hopefully contribute to the prioritization and optimization of multi-disciplinary protocols and standardized processes for managing the vulnerable popula- tion of critically ill and severely injured patients. The editors have to be commended for mas- tering the gargantuan task of providing a compelling overview on all pertinent disciplines in trauma, acute care surgery, and emergency general surgery, by integrating these distinct enti- ties in an elegant fashion into a new and invaluable “bible” for clinicians. Philip F. Stahel Rocky Vista University, College of Osteopathic Medicine Parker, CO, USA Ernest E. Moore Department of Surgery University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center Denver, CO, USA vii Contents Part I G eneral Principles 1 Surgical Education and Training for Emergency Surgery and Surgical Specialties ................................................. 3 Antonello Forgione and Salman Y. Guraya 2 Pathophysiology of Acute Illness and Injury ............................ 11 Sergio Arlati 3 Shock States in Acute Care Surgery ................................... 43 Sergio Arlati 4 Preoperative Assessment of the Acute Critically Ill Trauma Patient in the Emergency Department ........................................ 55 Bianca M. Wahlen and Andrea De Gasperi 5 Invasive and Noninvasive Hemodynamic Monitoring ..................... 69 Stefano Orsenigo and Marco Pulici 6 Point-of-Care Ultrasound Management and Monitoring in Critical Care .... 81 E. Storti and S. Rossi Part II Trauma 7 Critical Care Resuscitation in Trauma Patients: Basic Principles and Evolving Frontiers .............................................. 101 Cherisse Berry, Ronald Tesoriero, and Thomas Scalea 8 Prehospital Care and In-Hospital Initial Trauma Management ............ 111 Riccardo Pinciroli, Giacinto Pizzilli, Emanuele Vassena, Simone Checchi, Monica Ghinaglia, and Gabriele Bassi 9 From Trauma Scoring System to Early Appropriate Care ................. 129 Anna Mariani, Gianpaolo Casella, and Paolo Aseni 10 Airway Management in Trauma Patients ............................... 141 Michal Barak, Yoav Leiser, and Yoram Kluger 11 Emergency Resuscitation Procedures in Major Trauma: Operative Techniques ............................................... 155 Paolo Aseni, Sharon Henry, and Thomas Scalea 12 Modern Management of Maxillofacial Injuries .......................... 177 Gabriele Canzi, Davide Sozzi, and Alberto Bozzetti 13 Modern Management of Ophthalmic Injuries ........................... 195 Paolo Arpa, Marco Azzolini, and Luca Biraghi ix x Contents 14 Advances in Traumatic Brain Injury Care: A Problem-Solving Approach for a Heterogeneous Syndrome ....................................... 207 Arturo Chieregato 15 Emergent Management of Neck Trauma ............................... 217 Benjamin D. Nicholson, Ron Medzon, and Niels K. Rathlev 16 Vascular Injuries of the Neck ......................................... 229 Stefano Pirrelli, Pietro Quaretti, Lorenzo Moramarco, Vittorio Arici, Antonio Bozzani, and Riccardo Corti 17 Update on Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury .............................. 253 Carolina Rouanet and Gisele Sampaio Silva 18 Modern Strategies for the Management of High-Energy Pelvic Fractures in the Twenty-First Century .......................................... 261 Philip F. Stahel and Ernest E. Moore 19 Chest Wall and Diaphragmatic Injuries ................................ 273 Filippo Antonacci, Stephane Renaud, Alessandra Mazzucco, Giulio Orlandoni, and Nicola Santelmo 20 Pleural, Lung and Tracheal Injuries ................................... 281 Francesco Guerrera, Filippo Antonacci, Stéphane Renaud, and Alberto Oliaro 21 Blunt Trauma to the Heart and Great Vessels ........................... 295 Antonino M. Grande and Paolo Aseni 22 Penetrating Cardiac Injury .......................................... 307 Antonino M. Grande and Alessandro Mazzola 23 Damage Control and Open Abdomen in Abdominal Injury ................ 319 Antonio Tarasconi, Hariscine K. Abongwa, Gennaro Perrone, Giacomo Franzini, Arianna Birindelli, Edoardo Segalini, Federico Coccolini, Roberto Cirocchi, Alberto Casati, Gregorio Tugnoli, Fausto Catena, and Salomone Di Saverio 24 Basic Operative Techniques in Abdominal Injury ........................ 329 Paolo Aseni, Antonino M. Grande, Federico Romani, Arianna Birindelli, and Salomone Di Saverio 25 Current Management of Urinary Tract Injuries ......................... 357 Nicolaas Lumen and Florence Desmidt 26 Operative Techniques in Vascular Injuries of Extremities ................. 369 A. Lista, F. Riolo, A. G. Rampoldi, P. A. Rimoldi, I. D’Alessio, and F. Romani Part III Non-traumatic Emergency Surgery 27 Point-of-Care Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Acute Abdominal Pain .............................................. 383 Francesca Cortellaro, Cristiano Perani, Linda Guarnieri, Laura Ferrari, Michela Cazzaniga, Giovanni Maconi, Maddalena Alessandra Wu, and Paolo Aseni 28 Updates in Diagnosis and Management of Acute Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ........................................ 403 Alberto Tringali and Silvia Gheda Contents xi 29 Updates in Gastrointestinal Emergencies: Inflammatory Conditions and Obstructions ......................................... 425 Pietro Gambitta, Emilia Bareggi, Francesca Iannuzzi, Domenico Lo Conte, Alessandra D’Alessandro, Alessandro Ballerini, Stefano Pallotta, Antonio Armellino, and Paolo Aseni 30 Updates in the Management of Acute Pancreatitis ....................... 445 Giampaolo Perri, Giovanni Marchegiani, and Claudio Bassi 31 Updates in the Management of Cholecystitis, Cholangitis, and Obstructive Jaundice ............................................ 455 Mattia Garancini, Alessandro Redaelli, Marco Dinelli, Davide Leni, Davide Fior, and Vittorio Giardini 32 Updates in Non-traumatic Urological Emergencies ...................... 469 Angelo Naselli, Stefano Paparella, and Pierpaolo Graziotti 33 Updates in the Management of Ob-Gyn Emergencies .................... 483 Antonio Ragusa, Alessandro Svelato, Mariarosaria Di Tommaso, Sara D’Avino, Denise Rinaldo, and Isabella Maini 34 Acute Aortic Syndrome ............................................. 513 Antonino M. Grande, Alessandro Mazzola, Stefano Pirrelli, Adele Valentini, and Eloisa Arbustini 35 Update in the Management of Non-t raumatic Thoracoabdominal Vascular Emergencies ....................................................... 543 Stefano Pirrelli, Alessandro Mazzola, Giulia Ticozzelli, Isabella Maria Bianchi, Maria di Matteo, and Pietro Quaretti 36 Updates in the Management of Non-t raumatic Abdominal Vascular Emergencies (Abdominal Aortoiliac Aneurysms, Intestinal Ischemia, Splanchnic Aneurysms) ............................................. 559 P. Tracanelli, M. T. Occhiuto, R. Vercelli, A. Rampoldi, and F. Romani 37 Mechanical Complications of Acute Myocardial Infarction ................ 583 Antonino M. Grande and Alessandro Mazzola 38 Updates in the Management of Cardiogenic Shock in Acute Coronary Syndrome ................................................ 595 Maurizio Ferrario, Tiziana Spezzano, Marco Ferlini, Antonio Sciortino, Fabrizio Gazzoli, and Antonino M. Grande 39 Emergency Management of Infective Endocarditis ....................... 603 Antonio Fiore, Alessandro Mazzola, and Antonino M. Grande 40 Updates in the Management of Esophageal Emergencies (Caustic and Iatrogenic Injuries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 Monica Gualtierotti, Elio Treppiedi, Giovanni Ferrari, and Christophe Mariette 41 Updates in the Management of Foreign Bodies of the Gastrointestinal Tract ............................................... 629 Marta Bini 42 Updates in the Management of Anorectal Abscess and Inflammatory or Thrombotic Process ................................................ 645 Andreas Ommer, Markus Noll, and Alois Fürst xii Contents 43 Open Abdomen: Indications, Surgical Management, and Critical Care ...... 659 Stefania Cimbanassi and Osvaldo Chiara 44 Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections (NSTI) .............................. 665 Stefania Cimbanassi and Osvaldo Chiara Part IV S urgical Critical Care and Special Topics 45 Advances in Sepsis Management ...................................... 675 Daniele Coen 46 Initial Resuscitation of Hemorrhagic Shock and Massive Transfusion Protocol ................................................ 685 Lucio Bucci 47 Nutrition Support in Critically Ill Surgical Patients ...................... 695 Lee-anne Chapple and Marianne Chapman 48 Management Strategies in Geriatric Trauma Care ....................... 707 Maurice F. Joyce, Justin Benoit, and Ruben J. Azocar 49 Acute Compartment Syndrome ....................................... 715 Fabio Ferla, Arianna Ciravegna, Anna Mariani, Vincenzo Buscemi, Riccardo De Carlis, and Paolo Aseni 50 Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome After Trauma: Update 2017 ........ 727 Andrea DeGasperi, Lucio Bucci, and Bianca M. Wahlen 51 Acute Respiratory Failure: Ventilatory Support and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) ....................... 733 Riccardo Pinciroli, Alfio Bronco, Alberto Lucchini, and Giuseppe Foti 52 Mechanical Circulatory Support: LVAD in Heart Failure ................. 749 Aldo Cannata and Claudio Francesco Russo 53 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in Trauma .............. 759 Antonino M. Grande, Antonella Degani, Antonio Fiore, and Paolo Aseni 54 Hyper-Urgent Liver Transplantation for Posttraumatic and Surgical Iatrogenic Acute Liver Failure ............................ 767 Andrea Lauterio, Stefano Di Sandro, Riccardo De Carlis, Arianna Ciravegna, Paolo Aseni, and Luciano De Carlis 55 The Potential Organ Donor: Current Trends and Management 773 Riccardo De Carlis, Marinella Zanierato, Giorgio Antonio Iotti, Paolo Aseni, and Luciano De Carlis 56 Periprocedural Iatrogenic Injuries and Death in Emergency and Trauma Surgery: A Forensic Perspective ........................... 783 Antonio Osculati, Silvia D. Visonà, and Matteo Moretti 57 Selective Use of Endovascular Techniques in the Damage Control Setting ............................................. 789 Fabiane Barbosa, Ruggero Vercelli, Marco Solcia, Carmelo Migliorisi, and Antonio Rampoldi 58 Answers to Quizzes for “Case Scenario” ............................... 799 Paolo Aseni
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