Operation X - India's untold story of India's Covert Naval War In East Pakistan PDF
Preview Operation X - India's untold story of India's Covert Naval War In East Pakistan
To the people of Bangladesh, who fought and won a heroic battle against extinction. The inheritors of Sonar Bangla, the land of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s dreams. In Memoriam Captain M.N.R. Samant, Maha Vir Chakra (1930–2019) Sailor, submariner, covert warrior, war hero CONTENTS FOREWORD DRAMATIS PERSONAE PROLOGUE 1. GENERAL GENOCIDE 2. THE EMPEROR, KING COBRA AND THE WATER RAT 3. CAMP PLASSEY 4. NO MAN LIKE SOMAN 5. SECTOR X 6. JACKPOT 7. GUNBOATS ON THE GANGA 8. BEHIND ENEMY LINES 9. SAMMY’S TURTLES 10. FORCE ALFA 11. LAST BOAT SAILING 12. JOY BANGLA NOTES EPILOGUE TIMELINE 1971 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PHOTOGRAPHIC INSERTS ABOUT THE BOOK ABOUT THE AUTHOR Copyright FOREWORD M uch is known about the excesses of the Pakistan Army in 1971 in what was then the eastern half of the country. This was a period when an estimated three million Bangladeshis were killed during the Pakistan Army’s onslaught on its own citizens in East Pakistan. The Bangladesh military conflict between India and Pakistan in 1971 was the inevitable consequence of this genocide and the pressure of tending to the over eight million refugees who had fled to India. The war finally resulted in the formal surrender by the Pakistan Army on 16 December 1971, and close to 93,000 Pakistani nationals surrendering as Prisoners of War to a joint command of the Indian Army and the ‘Mukti Bahini’ Bangladesh freedom fighters. While much has been written about the land and air battles that led to the liberation of Bangladesh, there has been an impression that, except for operations by carrier-based aircraft in the Bay of Bengal and an attack on Karachi during the conflict, the Indian Navy had little or no role in the developments leading to the liberation of Bangladesh. More than four decades after Bangladesh was liberated, this impression has finally been corrected, thanks to this book written by Captain M.N.R Samant, who was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra for exceptional bravery in the conduct of covert commando operations in Bangladesh. These operations were undertaken well before the actual declaration of war in December 1971. The book is co-authored by Sandeep Unnithan, who has been one of India’s foremost writers on issues related to defence and national security. It also sheds light on how Prime Minister Indira Gandhi personally approved and regularly monitored the covert naval operations in Bangladesh, which were undertaken under the supervision of the then naval chief, Admiral S.M. Nanda and the director of naval intelligence, Captain (later Vice Admiral) M.K. Roy. The case for a naval role in the developments within Bangladesh emerged on humanitarian grounds. But what gave the idea impetus was a virtual rebellion within the Pakistan Navy just after the Bangladesh uprising commenced. Eight Bengali naval personnel deployed in a recently acquired French built submarine, the PNS Mangro , decided to desert the Pakistan Navy and join the freedom struggle after hearing horrific details of the Pakistan Army’s brutal killings in East Pakistan. The submariners found their way to the Indian Embassy in Madrid, seeking India’s help in returning to their homeland. These sailors formed the base upon which the Indian Navy built its whole offensive, and played a key role in contacting and providing local support for the covert Indian operations that were aimed at destroying logistical facilities across the coastal areas of Bangladesh, weeks before actual military operations by India began. The book spells out how covert operations on foreign soil are conducted and the constant danger that those involved in these operations face to their lives, every moment they are operating on foreign soil. That, for me, is what makes this book such a gripping read. I was also happy to see that it is able to place the whole situation in an international setting by defining the contours of the difficult diplomatic situation that India’s leadership faced in dealing with the emergence of a virtual US–China alliance which had been built with Pakistan acting as the intermediary. US President Richard Nixon’s aversion for India and its leadership, and the US’s keenness to turn a blind eye to the brutal suppression of the Bangladeshis – despite the superpower’s avowed love for democracy as well as Sheikh Mujibur Rehman’s rightful claim to power – failed to make matters easier for India. The entire strategic scenario across India’s eastern borders has changed after the epochal conflict of 1971. Bangladesh, which was then virtually written off as a potential economic basket case, forever leaning on international aid for its existence, has proved the sceptics wrong. Largely self- sufficient in meeting its food needs, the country has now emerged as a leading player in exports worldwide of textiles and textile products. While its military did play a role in the initial years after independence, Bangladesh is today a vibrant democracy. Even long-standing differences with India over its land and maritime borders have been amicably resolved. The reality today is that it is not Bangladesh, but Pakistan that has emerged as an ‘international basket case’, heavily dependent on foreign aid to make both ends meet. Already one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies, Bangladesh is poised to overtake Pakistan’s GDP in the next few years. Captain Samant was given a hero’s welcome whenever he visited Bangladesh and met friends and admirers who looked back on what happened in 1971 with justifiable pride. He lived a full, heroic life, and it pains me immensely that he could not be here to witness the adulation this wonderful book would receive. However, it gives me satisfaction that he was able to recount to readers the real story of the covert naval operation that birthed Bangladesh, and to finally give us a glimpse into the lives of the unknown heroes who made the bigger campaign possible. While this book is a celebration of the Indian heroes, it would be remiss of us if we forgot the role of the eight brave Bangladeshi submariners – M. Rahmatulla, S.M. Hussain, Aminullah Sheikh, A.W. Chowdhury, M.B. Alam, M.A. Rehman, A.R. Mian and M. Ahasanullah – who were prepared to sacrifice their lives for the cause of freedom and dignity of their fellow countrymen. G. Parthasarathy New Delhi May 2019 DRAMATIS PERSONAE INDIAN NAVY OFFICER DESIGNATION Admiral Sardarilal Mathradas ‘Charles’ Chief of the Naval Staff Nanda Capt Mihir Kumar Director Naval Intelligence ‘Micky’ Roy Commander M.N.R. Staff Officer (Naval Operations X) ‘Sammy’ Samant Officer in Charge, C2P, Plassey (June–Nov Lt Cdr George Martis 1971) Officer in charge, C2P (April– June), Second- Lt Vijai Prakash Kapil in-Command (June– Dec 1971) Lt Samir Das Instructor, Training Coordinator C2P Plassey Officer in Charge Naval Detachment, Delta Lt Cdr Ashok ‘Aku’ Roy Sector (July– Oct 1971) Lt Cdr Jayanto Kumar Roy Commanding Officer MV Palash , Squadron Choudhury Commander C2H Lt Suvesh Kumar Mitter Commanding Officer MV Padma Lt Cdr Vishnu Kumar Chief Squadron Technical Officer, C2H Raizada (Electrical) Lt Cdr C.S. Menon Staff Officer to Cdr Samant (May– Oct 1971)
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