Opera Aperta

327 Pages·1997·11.201 MB·327\327

by  Umberto Eco

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OPERA APERTA
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OPERAA PERTA
APOCALITIIEC IIN TEGRATI
LA STRUTIURAASSENTE
COMES IF AU NAT ESDII LA UREA
ILS UPERUOMOD IM ASSA
LECTORI NF ABULA
ILN OME DELLRAO SA
SETIEANNIDI D ESIDERIO
SUGLSIP ECCHI
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ILP ENDOLOD IF OUCAULT
DALLA PERIFERDIEAL L'IMPERO
DIARIMOI NIMO
ILS ECONDOD IARIMOI NIMO
INTERPRETAZIOEN SEO VRAINTERPRETAZIONE
SEIP ASSEGGIANTEEI B OSCHNIA RRATIVI
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ISBN8 8-452-1998-4
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OPERAA PERTAI:L T EMPO,L A SOCIETA'
Dallpaa rtdee ll'autore
"Trila1 95e8i l1 95i9ol avoraallvaRo a id iM ilanDou.ep iani
sopraalm iou fficiol os ct'ueddriiaof onolomguisai caallel,o ra
diredtatL ou ciaBneor iCoi.p assavMaondoe rna, PBoouusl­ez,
seuSrt,o ckhaeurstaeu nt,ut nos ibidlaifr ree queunnzr eu,m ore
dio ndqeu aderd ei s uobniia ncIhnqi u.e tie mpiios tavlaov o­
randsouJ oycees ip assalvasa e raac asdai B erimoa,n giavamo
lac ucianram endaiC athBye rbereis ailn e ggeJvoay cEe d.i l 1
è natuon e sperimseonntoilor c ou tii toolroi gienraOalm ea ggio
aJ oycuen,as ordtiat rasmissione driqa udairoafmnoitnnaiu c­a
tii nc usii i nizilaevgag, einlcd aop it1o1dl eol Ulloy ss(eqsu el/o
dettdoe lSlier enuen,' ordgiio an omatoep aelel itterianz ioni),
trlei ngiunei ,n glenseellv,ae rsifornaen cee isneq ueliltaa lia­
na;m ap ois,i ccoJmoey cset esasvoe vdae ttcoh es trutdteulr a
capiteorlaao f ugpae rc ano.QeBme,r iion iziaa svoav rappo"e
i/ erat mio dod if ugpar,i mla' ingsluelsle' inpgolile 'sien,g lese
suflr ancee csoes vli au,n as pecdiieF raM artiCnaom panaro
polilien rgaubee laicsoinga rnaon,ed fif etti o(rmcahee rsat rali
sempree s olvoo ce umea nian)f iBneer iloa vorsauvlta e sto
inglseosle(o l doi ceCvaat hBye rberfiialnt)r caenrdftooi n emi,
sinaoc hen ev ennfeu ourniac omposimzuisoinceva elreea p ro­
priqau,e lclhaec ircionld ai sscoot ltoos testsiot oOlmoa,g gio
a Joycmea,n onh ap iùn ulal ca hev edecroenl aJ rasmissione,
chei nveecreac ritico-died caosmcmaelnitclaaevo ap erazioni
passpoe rp assBoe.n ei,nq uesattam osfieomr iaa ccorgcehveo
lee sperideenimz ues icisti eel deetltlNraeo uneMi ucsii,ik n
generraep,p resenitlma ovdaenlopl ioùc ompiduitu on at enden­
zac omunael lvea rairet- ie scopraifvfoi cnointp àr ocedimen­
tid ellsec ienczoen tempo.r.Ia.nn be ree vqeu,a ndnoe l1 959
Berimoic hieusnea rticpoelrlo as uar iviIsnJcao nmtursii cali
(solqou aJtnruorn, eriint uttmoa, s torirciip)r,ue nsaic omu-
V
\\'\Vw.scrih<l.11c1ToilosofiniI al a
nd�c1Fa i!lozonfsecio heaaie vn eivzfaoias atcnitre oi1l1? v5 lpe8 r�r i!eCm s ooan1 �ggs0grs. IOo dnp�tc� era rpnearztiao,n ale
poii lsc eonod,p iuùn as erdiine o tlelrpeeo lemi(cteh .ue1 u r:a
violeen atpap assidoinsacnutsecs 9inFo en�ee Dl'eA m.i..c) o.
C9nt utctioiò on onp ensaanvcoo arll� 1 �Crtop :� nIstòalCoal ­
vinco? lee sils sea ggdiiIo n co�Inm tu�1cael.m i� c k.1 esseve a :
levtoi rafrnueo qruia lcpoesEram audIto.d 1sdsts1 � c,h eet
avrreiif lestut eu dtaoa lloirnai zai paiia nifuincl airber o
moltcoo mple�snsaso o rdtiasu mmas istemsautclio cnac etto
dia perteui rnaf,a pnutbab licaalvtsora ig sguiVl,e rrsiu,lRi l­a
visdtiEa s teteicccae,tI enriazn.ie a'li5 9e,n e1l9 6e2r aon cora
ina ltmoa rIen.q uell'VaanlneonB toimnpoi acnoinc, ul ia vo­
ravom,id iscsheae v repbubbeb livcoalteona tliceudrniiqi u esti
sagcghiae v elvae ie/i oo,p enscahiei ,na /ldeesllai b'rvoe ro'
potecvoom irneca im aettienrsei uenml ei bersop lorVaotlaie vo.
voi ntit'ooFlramreali on determinneallpzeoi eotniceco hnet em­
poranmeaeB 'o. mpiacnhihe,a s emparveu tfoiu pteoir t itoli,
aprenudnoap agiqnuaa as cia rdoi scshese id ovecvhai amare
Oper·aA peIrotd ai.sd sini o c,h see mmai deosvseLev'raoep era
aperetp aor ii serivtlai vtoao u lnol ibpriocù o mplLeutdioi .s se
chqeu anadvoe sfsaitu tnol ibpriocù o mplaevtrote rio vuant o
alttriot omlapo e,ir lm omenitlto i tgoiluose trOoap eraap erta,
senazrat icAollloom.ri am isaic ompleitlra argegs iuJo o yce,
chep repsoeui n am etdàe lli baru on,i figclasirc er iptre-te-­ic
dentai f,a rleap refa.z.Bi.ro enveile l,i bursoce l m i accorsi
chen ona vrmeaii p isùc rilt'taolp terroc,lh 'éa rgonmoenn to
consenutnti rvaat tmaaat pop,u nutnlo i bdriso a gdgiip ropo­
staIl. t itdoilvoe nne Es iloho ogn aenci.a ssetti dcie ntinaia
schepdeeqr u elli bcrhone o nh om aip isùc r.i tto
"Ancpheer cqhuéa npdooOi p eraap erutsadm it rovcaoii nvol­
toi nu nl avodriao t taecd cifoe scah sei p rotrpaesqrsu ea lche
annDoa.u nl atgola im idceiVl e rriiln, u cldeeofl u tu'rGotu f>­
po6 Y ches ir iconionbm boel tdee lmlieep osizitoenoir iche,
dall'laaltgtolra iol t Nroinh. o m aiv isttaon gtean otfef ecossal .
Sembrcahvaeav eisnssiu lltela otrmooa mmeD.i cevcahnneoo n
èc oscìh sei p ardleal l'Mairc toep.r idrico onnot umFeulri,oen.o
anndiig randdiev ertimento.
•Queesdtiaz iiotnaelp iearnn?Jao nr ipotrut/lafa sa e comnedtaà
diO peraap erotrai giene ailaile�l unsgaog gsiuJo o ycceh,ie n
segupirleofs oer mdiav oluams eé I.nc ompernascoc oagnlcihee
ill unsgaog g'iDoem lo ddoi f ormcaormeei mpegsnuolr leaa ltà'
cheer uas ciatf oi1n1 e9 62n,eM le nabnòu mecrion qQuuee.s to
sagghiauo n al uneg aav ventsutroorsViaia t.t oarvienfviaa t to
ilMe nabnòu meqruoa /dterdoi caan 'dionldou esl ter/itae ratu­
ram'a,n esle ncshode e nia "atnoornsi p erimreanctcaolnit avano
stordiive i tian dustProiiVa iltet.o dreicnidisi ae ff ronilt are
VI
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probldeaum naa ltlraotc oo:m leas ituaiznidounseti rnifalluei va
sumio dsit edseslisl car it-tou sresa iv uoillp er obldeemlal o
srerimentoavlvieslrmeoot ,t ereaa ltiuernaa oz ainocnocero,am e
i linguargegaigoai:r clelr ae alctaàp itaIlnissotmiumcnaab ,.e l
noddoi p roblaeffmrio nptraotpinr eimloo dcoh aeq uetie mpi
nonp iacaelvslaia n i'sutlfriad aanlceo'cr,ra o ciena enoar ealista.
(Comaen notamzairognienc aisl ive t,d ecvoanV i ìtoqruiansii
ognsie rnae llliab.r Aelrdirao v,a nVedi ittoarvienvsiao titlo
braclcafi oon oldoigT"ir au betvcaogishjei:n tsottriu tturalistici
nealr/.i').a ..B ened,au nl atsot amveot teVnidtot oirnci onni·
tatctooan l cudneciio llabodrefalut tournriuo m edrioM enabò
(SanguiFniel/iipC,po ilnoim,pb eori, c utie satvie vsoc ritto
anchdee lblree ivnit roduez diaolnli')pa rletpraori.al mv ioo
intervpeanstsoa,b imlomnesntNtroeen f. u u nao perazfiaocnie­
len,o nd icpoe mre ,m ap eVri ttofruiu nnai t,t doic oraggio
dap arsiueae ,t uti.t vie"c acmhiilc oia ccusadvita rnaod imento,
anzdio vestctrei avlecruepn aeg idniie n troduazlni uomneer o
inc umie ttleevm aa naiv an(tnior ni cosreld uooi C alvpianro­
laropnoori i dednid' oc ordsoannei ttanrdiios'p enAsnacbhiel e).
/}f uu nag rapno lemci'cear,pa ondioe dii batat Riotmiad ove
glaim i'csip erir7Jentael pii't,t iosnrctire,ir tvtedonericivi asnio
a menalreme a nmia,n onc omaeit .�mdpefiiu turpiesdrti i­,
fespae,r cehréa vagmuoa rdmaatlii ssMiirm ioc.o crhdVeoi tto.
rio Saltinii,lm i roie ncteenrsdveeeMnlned tnooa bsòu ll'Espres­
so( /'Esparlelseosrrolaa a r occadfeolrlt'ea ntisperimentalismo),
mib ecscuòu naf rilisnce u aip prezuznav veord sioC endrars
dovseip aragonlaedv oannnoae m atae d esie mafsoortilt ao
pioggei oas,s erpvraevsas acphoeic oeo r toi pdoa a verreea ­
zioenrio tiscohlseou sie mafpoàrc iu,ni e dli batitogi ltrioi ­
spondcehvaeou nac ritciocssalip oteovbab ietstoaliron ev f­
tandaom laon dasrumsaio reQluleas.pt eOdr i rielc lima.
•Intasnitdnoa l19 60A,n dér Boucoureacvhelvtiare avd otto
perl aN ouveRlelveu Fer ançias iasgedg iiI nconmtursii cali.
Lil essqeureodl ilT ie Qlu ecl,hs et anvaas ceinnqd uoe galnin i
e guardacvoannm oo ltion teraelsls'ea vanigtuaalrieda inaa ,
cosaiv emmipo r irmaip poNret1li9 .6T 2e Q!u emli p ubblicava
ind uep untuantc eo ndendsiqa uteol clhoes aredbibvee ntato
ils aggsiuJo o ycienO peraap erDtaag.al rit iscuollNRFli a
nacqaunec hle' intedriF ersasneçW oaihsld ,e lEldei tidoun s
Seuichlme,i c hiedsite r aduirll riebp rriom aa ncocrhafe o sse
appairnsI ot alCioasl.lat raduziinoinszeui bòi mtaop ,r etsree
annei f ur ifaItrtveao ltceo,nW ahlc hel as eguriivgapa e r
rigaan,zp eir o gnrii gmaim andauvnaal ettdeitr rape a gine
foldtiqa u estoipopnuiir,oae n daavP oa riadg iis cueta enrdeò,·
avanctoids inalo 1 965F.u u nae speripernezzaii onvs aar i
:ensi.
VII
\\'\Vw.scrih<l.11c1ToilosofiniI al a
"Er icocrhdWeoa bmli d iccehveear cau ricohsiepo r oblemi
chioe s vilupppaarvtoed,na dltole ao dreilal 'infeod ramla­zione
las emanatmiecrai (cM aonrarR iisc,h aerrdargn)lo,si t ecshsei
interesasila ivnagnufoir satnice e asgils,it ruttuer mail isti,
chiseesc eo noscevo LNéovnni eaS vtermvaaouli se sin./u ol l•,
ep ersSianuos lsoua rveel veog giupceccrhu iraito(osg iutaàr da
casion,t erpeisaùsB aevrapi eoir,s uopir obldeifm oin ologia
music-aalnezc ir ecdhole a c opdieaCl o urcsh heo a ncora
inl ibrseiqraui eacl hlneao gnl hiom arie stiBteuniseto,ol )l.e ci­
tatdoaW abmli m isais tudqiuaer'sest tir ul/(unraat/uirsatli­'
menctoen osgcieBàva or tchoemsae,m iecc oo maeu tomraile ,
Bartsheemsi oel sotgrou·/ /vuireafnlueio sdrteiaf initivamente
ne1l9 64n,en lu me4r doiC ommunkati"!odnes b)b tirs eh ock,
tutptiioù m enion toarl1n 9o6 3l:aP ensésea uvadgieL évi­
Straiur rasgd,gi Ji a kobpsuobnb ldiaMc iantuiei tfi o rmalisti
rus(snioc n1 earnac olrata r adudziiT oondeo rco'ves,ro alil o
claslsiibdcreool E lrol icchshet afvaoc etnrdaod puerBrro em ­
pianEi c)o.sl i' edifzriaonndceee 1ls9 e6 (5 chèep olia p re­
senetdei ziitoanlei iannsaen)re ilvnlaoe tv ea rrii ferimenti ai
problleimnig usitsrtui/cMliau O rpaelraiap .e rteal ,os iv ede
ancsheen elrleav ishioso cnreiq tutaolv cohle't sai gnief icante
signifniacsacitenouv 'naa, m bidtiov eLar scoo.n siudnfe ar.o
vorpor e.semeii ontfisacitoo tc:ic udpipa r oblace ummiii s to
riavvicsionloaorn ald,eo n tamdeonpatove e,cr o mpiiulbt ao­
gnot eornieclol a semioEt imcean tsgroeenn roei croanloe·.
sceanltB ea rtdheegEsll iem endtess émiolnogoinmei e ntusia­
smop eirlB artdhee·lsP laidsui tre xtpee rc(hnéa turalmente
counn sac rimtatguirsat mreanltcerr)ee,d d ise u pelraat reem a­
tisceam ioltari icpaoal,r p tuan dtaoc uiioe rpoa rt(ieit nco u i
sim uoveavnacl hueai q uetie mpbie)l:sl foo drizroce hu en
/erètu on maa cchdiign oad im(ecnhtèe po o cio mdei rcehè e
uneas peraipeenrzitalpa r)o,b lèed misa m ontialcr oen gegno.
E ioi nO peraap erntao nl of aceavbob astDainczesavo.ol o
chce' era.
•Naturaaldmeesqnsutoae l cpuontor ecbhbiee dseeor rmraia rei
ing raddiro i scrOipevreaapr eer atla lluacd ee lm/ieee s perien­
zes emiotmioscthrefa,in ndaol cmoemnfetu en zili coonnag egno.
Suq uesstaorm òo litmop udeend teec,iL s'ohg.oi fàa tStio .
tradtetslaa g'gGieon erdaimz eisosnaeeg sgtiei tnui nclaii ngua
edencihcèear 'i porntemalil looi bLref oo rmdee lc ontenuto,
1971S.o nsoo lsoe dpiacgii mnaen ,o nc recdios iaal tdrao
dire.•
VIII
\YWW.scribd.comifiilno_sIotfai a
DaJlpaa rtdee lJcar itica
O.Au.s dn egli ug'n6oA2 .s fogilr iiatrasegt laims piva e de
chsec,a rtlaenn odtois zuliiie bi rnai r reil vero i prodduezii oni
comuneidciattoilr epi railsmioe,s tanrzeicoesnaesp ipoanriv ero
tutttrela u gela igoo sEtuog:e Mnoinot aElueg,e Bnaitot isti,
AngeGluog liEel/imPoia ,g liaArlalrnaii a.p earuttuurnan ale
fansneog uEimtiolG iaor rRoennia,B taor iGlilain,f rCaonrc·o
sinLia,m bePritgon oPtatoiMl,io l aBnrou,nZ oe veic,c etera.
Considecrhaaeln ld'odi engialzniinS oie ssiaq nutoat indoina ni
dedicaavncaonaroila i blr'ia ttecnhdzeei doinceoa gng(oiiS lO ·
los upplesmeetnttiome arqnaua elldeli Po a esSee rav)a,l utan.
doc hael lloarn ao tordieeltlà' earulati omrieat laclteaar chia
delie ttdoiur nias erdiire i visspteec iaqluiezszrtaaatp ei,d ità
dii ntercvreinttdioic moo scthrieal l ibsrtoa tvoac caunnd o
qualpcuhnetn oe vralSges iucdod.i viidp iraiimmnoit erventi
criitnit crciea teg(oirr iiceo nospcoismieltneirt viiip ,uv lisoe·
lene tleed iscuissspiioarnu ainti aen qudiieatlae dtotbibciaa)·,
mor iconocshicen et ruete tt iri ec aOs.iA s.iè i mpocsotmoe
l'indiiuz ndi iob acthtaeiv troe ibnbvee lsatsi otcoic eutlàt urale
italdieaganlnainS ie sseaa nvtrae pbobtier ovias tuoom io men·
tip icùa lcdoiln ' usdceiMlte naa b5ò e l ep rismoer tdietle
"Grup6p3o"N .e lblree nvoitc eh see gunoonn soi p otdraàr
condtito u tgtliiin terevl eedn itsic ussusO i.Ao.cn,hif e o rma­
nou nd ossdiiae lrm eunnco e ntidniaa ritoi cciso ill ii:m iterà
pertaans tcoe glailecrupenr eed siep osizione esemplari.
I conseInlsr ie.c odritd e mpesstpievati Ettuaàg eBnaitot isti
chceo n" Piteti unrfao rma(zIiMIoo nndeo1"�1 ·7-a6n2n)u n·
ei"au ndoe vio lupmiisù c otctoamnietm ip ostdaezgiulolint ei ·
mia nniE"g.la iv vecrhtneee lvliatc au ltupreaurln eas, o rta
dic ompensianztieo"rnipn era o blcehmneio nv engosnulfoi ·
cientetmreantittneua ntsaie d(ei qnu esctaosg oli is tidtiu ti
stodreilal 'saurstceid)ti,as ncou saslitornoIenvq eu"e.sc taos o
èl 'estcehgteei tcntaua o lvuac seuf ie nomdeenlil c'oanrtteem ­
poranBeaat.ti instteicg ornaa l cuanceuo tses ervlaenz oio-.n i
ziodniEi c oe,du nac arattdeerpiir sitiminict ae rdvice onnt·i
senès por opqruieos stipa a:r dtaell i bcroom set im'opleor
allairlgd iasrceTo irspoii.cnq o u essteoni sllo u nagrot idcio lo
Angelo Guglie/mcio m(oe"p Lea'rpaaer rtTteea m"dp,'o o ggi
preselnutge,l io ch1ie9n 6i2z")iS aqe:u esltioba rvoe ssimo
avultaof ortcuonmaae,v remdmeos ide(Jjrs actroi,vn eoril o
(scei oaèv esspiomtoua tffor onntoacir,oel n a s tecsosmap eten­
zae ricchdeiiz nzfao rmagzluiiro pn.,oem,ne envlt!Jo imJ et rai·
fataiv)r emamvov ercth'ieot gog deiqt uteoss atgisg oi.n .oq. u ei
fenomeinnci u.pi.i c.ùh iaratmreanstpea re,l esa ttrturta·v erso
turdee ll'oiplse urgag,e rdiemleln'tiom prdoibu anbsait lriuttà·
IX
\V\.Y\V.scribd.com:Filions_olftiaa
turdae mlo nd•o.La' paroilnca o rseirviaon terpdoal ata
Guglinee/tlme isd tiEo c oe;l 'artciocnotliomn eutatveain nd o
evidecnozmlaeap osizdiiOo .nAef. o sasnec orraaz ionalistica
ec lassietc einsttaainsccsaode rir a i cupaetrtarraelv,ale ertstou ­
rad elolpee dr'ea dr'taev anguunaa"r vdiisaid,oe nlel"' universo,
lrl dovleac arattdeerliclsuatl itccuoarn at empoqruaasnliee a ,
espraitmter alv'eardrsiato ve a nguèal r'daisads,ieo n gzn•aiv i­
sio•n set ruttiulnr oant-am,do ide os seirlre i,f iduiot gon i
codioc ree goNloans. it raotrtdaai a ffronttuatrgtelai ir g0.o
menmteis isngi i odcaGo u glivea/rmprieà:rl òap endain ota­
rec omleas ulae ttduiOr .aAs .ip onaelp oleos trdeiam lot re
chvee donneoll i burnopa r edsipa o siziirornaez iolnaa listica,
rinuan ocginagi i udei zoiago no ir diln'eo,p porsaidziiconael e
traar tde' avang(ubaurodneia aa)r tter adiz(icohniaeu lsea
cattiCvoan)tq.ru oe ssteem plifaidciarzGaiutogenl,ii -e/mi
sipau rienn ega-ticvoog ilnlie es dsico o nticnhuieill ti àb ro
ine ffestist fio rdzipa ov"ate r iav amroid eil,a bonerclao tris o
desie codlii in,t enld'eorpdee' raacr otmeme e ssaagpgeiraot o
differienntteir prmeats aezmiporrneeit d taol egsgtir utturali
chien q ualmcohdepo o nevvainnoce od liir ezailollneait tura.
II problèec moala tnoc dhaeE liPoa gli(aD"raavnaian /tli' O.A.
ille ttdoirveec notaau tIolGr ieo"r,n1 o-,8 -c6h2ne)o tsau bito
com"ed aurnefa o ramlad isorcdiio'nèue n,i foirlcm aaroèes ',
das emplrame a ssfiumnaz idoenleN nteallnectshtee"o l"';a pe.
rao rdincahtnere ir cies uèol vtvai amuenpn rtoed ostttoor ico".
Quesitlto e mdaiu nl ibcrhope u òe ssdeirsec umtail bo�i le
ap rogrammatpircoavmoecnatteo,Cr hiaeim lle inbptrreoo" v.o ­
chedreàl dlies cuasvsvieornstiuo bnFioit loi bMeerntn(oaF ilm
selezsioentet,e 1m9b6r2Ge)i ,o rDgeiM oa ri(Iacl a ffèo,t to­
br1e9 6'2P:r icmhaBe o mpipaunbib lilc'aOs.dsAiUe. m berto
Ecoi,ld iscsourlslod' 'aarvtaen geuraaanr cdoiuranda i scorso
inp arnteeb u.l.Mo.as o or cah le' O.cA'..è.d .i ffsiacrpiàel re
l'ardtiia svtaan gucahriduidnaee rslsu i'o p artiec duilraer:e '
'io nonc 'eon"'t)rE,m ilSieor va(dAninoali di Neuropsichia­
triea P sicoanIa,1l 9i6si3W,)a ,l tMearu r(oM omensteor a,
agos1t9o6 2":èu nl ibdreos tipneacrte ora tsip eat ftair e
epoeca a r ivoluuznibaou noapnraaer dteelp loee tciocnhtee m­
poranGeieu•s)e,Tp apreo( zCziin edmoam annio,v em1b9r6e2 :
•es ei s olodneilfi llao snoofsiat rtaonrac erlaab noncoac a
ceratcic ostaac meernpttreio ,f anaac zeirmotenilia ,n (gceso me
queltlaonp,te ofr a ruene sempdieolm,la at emaqtuiacnat istica
e dell'esbtueoptnei lrco ar)o,B• r)u,nZ oe v(iL 'Architettura,
otto1b9r6e2e )c,c etera.
Ung rupdpiso t udiinodsiiv iindfuiialpn uen ntood aelc ei,o è
lan ovidteàl l'impmoesttoadzoilEoomngie,il Gciaao". o (nPia e-­
seS er-aL ibr1i61- 10n-o6tc2ah) ie ll ibpraord liea s teitni ca
termiinncio naspureetinildd ios cdoerlsloa' q auretdleliv o a rie
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