Opening Science: The Evolving Guide on How the Internet Is Changing Research, Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing

325 Pages·4.66 MB·English

by  Sonke Bartling & Sascha Friesike

Sönke Bartling & Sascha Friesike
The Evolving Guide on How the Internet is Changing Research,
Collaboration and Scholarly Publishing
Opening Science
Sönke Bartling Sascha Friesike
•
Editors
Opening Science
The Evolving Guide on How the Internet
is Changing Research, Collaboration
and Scholarly Publishing
123
Editors
SönkeBartling SaschaFriesike
GermanCancer Research Center Alexander vonHumboldtInstitute
Heidelberg forInternet and Society
Germany Berlin
Germany
and
InstituteforClinical Radiology
and Nuclear Medicine
Mannheim UniversityMedical Center
Heidelberg University
Mannheim
Germany
ISBN 978-3-319-00025-1 ISBN 978-3-319-00026-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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(cid:2)TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andtheAuthor(s)2014
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Preface
InitiallytheInternetwasdesignedforresearchpurposes—sowastheWorldWide
Web.Yet,societydeviatedfromthisintendeduseandassuchmanyaspectsofour
daily lives have changed drastically over the past 20 years. The Internet has
changedourwaysofcommunicating,watchingmovies,interacting,shopping,and
travelling. Many tools offered by the Internet have become second nature to us.
Atfirst,thenetwasdesignedasaplaindatatransfernetworkforresearchers,yetit
hassincemorphedintoavivid,transforming,livingnetwork.Theevolutionofthe
Internetcamewithbarelyforeseeableculturalchanges,affectingcoreelementsof
oursociety,suchascollaboration,government,participation,intellectualproperty,
content, and information as a whole.
Novel online research tools pop up constantly and they are slowly but surely
findingtheirwayintoresearchculture.Aculturethatgrewafterthefirstscientific
revolution some 300 years ago and that has brought humanity quite far is on the
verge of its second profound metamorphosis. It is likely that the way that
researchers publish, assesses impact, communicate, and collaborate will change
more within the next 20 years than it did in the past 200 years.
This book will give researchers, scientists, decision makers, politicians, and
stakeholdersanoverviewonthebasics,thetools,andthevisionbehindthecurrent
changesweseeinthefieldofknowledgecreation.Itismeantasastartingpointfor
readers to become an active part in the future of research and to become an
informed party during the transition phase. This is pivotal, since research, as a
sensitive, complex process with many facets and millions of participants, hierar-
chies, personal networks, and structures, needs informed participants.
Many wordsare used todescribe thefuture ofresearch:‘Science 2.0’, ‘Cyber-
science 2.0’, ‘Open Research’, ‘Open Science’, ‘Digital Humanities’, ‘eScience’,
‘Mode2’,etc.…Theymaytriggerfeelingsofbuzzwordism,yetatthesametimethe
struggleforprecisedefinitionshighlightsthecurrentuncertaintyregardingtheseand
showsthemanypossibleoutcomesthecurrentchangesinresearchmightbring.
It seems contradictory in itself to publish a ‘traditional’ book on this topic—
why don’twesimplygoonline?Thebookisandwillbeanimportantmedium in
research, just as papers and abstracts, and most importantly human interactions,
will continue to be. However, all will be supplemented by novel tools, and
accordinglysoisthisbook.Youcanfind,download,andevenedittheentirebook
online at www.openingscience.org. It is published under the Creative Commons
v
vi Preface
license,andeveryoneisinvitedtocontributetoitandadoptandreuseitscontent.
The book was created using a collaborative authoring tool, which saved us many
meetingsandtedioussynchronizationsoftextsamongauthors.Wemadethisbook
alivingexampleofthecommunicationcultureresearchcanhave—notonlyinthe
future—but already today.
We thank all authors; their contributions and invested efforts are highly appre-
ciated. The authors participated in the review process of the book. Besides our
authors,manythanksgotoourdiscussionpartnersandreviewersofourwork,andto
those who have not (yet) contributed a particular text, who are Annalies Gartz,
Ayca-Nina Zuch, Joeseph Hennawi, Prof. Fabian Kiessling, Christine Kiefer,
ThomasRodt,KerstenPeldschus,DanielSchimpfoessl,SimonCurtHarlinghausen,
Prof.WolfhardSemmler,ClemensKaiser,MichaelGrasruck,CarinKnoop,Martin
Nissen,JanKuntz,AlexanderJohannesEdmonds,AljonaBondarenko,Prof.Marc
Kachelrieß, Radko Krissak, Johannes Budjan, Prof. Henrik Michaely, Thomas
Henzler,Prof.ChristianFink,Prof.StefanO.Schönberg,TillmannBartling,Rajiv
Gupta,andmanyothers…
Heidelberg Sönke Bartling
Berlin Sascha Friesike
Contents
Part I Basics/Background
Towards Another Scientific Revolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Sönke Bartling and Sascha Friesike
Open Science: One Term, Five Schools of Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Benedikt Fecher and Sascha Friesike
Excellence by Nonsense: The Competition for Publications
in Modern Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Mathias Binswanger
Science Caught Flat-Footed: How Academia Struggles with Open
Science Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Alexander Gerber
Open Science and the Three Cultures: Expanding Open Science
to all Domains of Knowledge Creation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Michelle Sidler
Part II Tools
(Micro)Blogging Science? Notes on Potentials and Constraints
of New Forms of Scholarly Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Cornelius Puschmann
Academia Goes Facebook? The Potential of Social Network
Sites in the Scholarly Realm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Michael Nentwich and René König
Reference Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Martin Fenner, Kaja Scheliga and Sönke Bartling
vii
viii Contents
Open Access: A State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Dagmar Sitek and Roland Bertelmann
Novel Scholarly Journal Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Peter Binfield
The Public Knowledge Project: Open Source Tools for Open
Access to Scholarly Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
James MacGregor, Kevin Stranack and John Willinsky
Part III Vision
Altmetrics and Other Novel Measures for Scientific Impact . . . . . . . . 179
Martin Fenner
Dynamic Publication Formats and Collaborative Authoring . . . . . . . . 191
Lambert Heller, Ronald The and Sönke Bartling
Open Research Data: From Vision to Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Heinz Pampel and Sünje Dallmeier-Tiessen
Intellectual Property and Computational Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Victoria Stodden
Research Funding in Open Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Jörg Eisfeld-Reschke, Ulrich Herb and Karsten Wenzlaff
Open Innovation and Crowdsourcing in the Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Thomas Schildhauer and Hilger Voss
The Social Factor of Open Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Tobias Fries
Part IV Cases, Recipes and How-Tos
Creative Commons Licences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Sascha Friesike
Organizing Collaboration on Scientific Publications:
From Email Lists to Cloud Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Sönke Bartling
Contents ix
Unique Identifiers for Researchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Martin Fenner and Laure Haak
Challenges of Open Data in Medical Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Ralf Floca
On the Sociology of Science 2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Vladimir B. Teif
How This Book was Created Using Collaborative Authoring
and Cloud Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Sönke Bartling
History II.O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Luka Oreškovic´
Making Data Citeable: DataCite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Jan Brase
About the Authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Part I
Basics/Background