Open Systems Networking: Tcp/Ip and Osi

603 Pages·1993·3.008 MB·English

by  Chapin, L. A

OPEN SYSTEMS NETWORKING
TCP/IP AND OSI
David M. Piscitello and A. Lyman Chapin
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
Reading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California New York
Don Mills, Ontariao Wokingham, England Amsterdam
Bonn Sydney Singapore Tokyo Madrid San Juan
Paris Seoul Milan Mexico City Taipei
OPEN SYSTEMS NETWORKING
Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series
Brian W. Kernighan, Consulting Editor
Ken Arnold/John Peyton, A C User’s Guide to ANSIC
Tom Cargill, C++ Programming Style
David A. Curry, UNIX®System Security: A Guide for Users and System Administrators
Scott Meyers,Effective C++: 50 Specific Ways to Improve Your Programs and Designs
Robert B. Murray, C++ Strategies and Tactics
Craig Partridge, Gigabit Networking
Radia Perlman,Interconnections: Bridges and Routers
David M. Piscitello/A. Lyman Chapin,Open Systems Networking: TCP/IP and OSI
Stephen A. Rago,UNIX®System V Network Programming
W. Richard Stevens,Advanced Programming in the UNIX®Environment
W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Piscitello, David M.
Open systems networking : TCP/IP and OSI / David M. Piscitello and A.
Lyman Chapin.
p. cm. - - (Addison-Wesley professional computing series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-201-56334-7 (alk. paper)
1. OSI (Computer network standard) 2. TCP/IP (Computer network proto-
col) 3. Computer networks. I. Chapin, A. Lyman. II. Title. III. Series.
TK5105.55.P57 1993
004.6'2 - - dc20 93-17791
CIP
Copyright © 1993 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of
the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously
in Canada.
Cover photo by Steven Hunt, The Image Bank
Text design by Carol Keller
ISBN 0-201-56334-7
Text printed on recycled and acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MU 96959493
First printing,August 1993
CONTENTS
PREFACE xiii
Why This Book, Now? xiii
Demystifying Open Systems xvii
Equal Treatment xvii
Opinions Are Good! xix
Historical Asides and Authors’ Insights xix
Who Should Read This Book? xx
Contributors xxi
Acknowledgments xxi
PART ONE
INTRODUCTION TO OPEN SYSTEMS 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 3
Organization of This Book 9
CHAPTER 2
OPEN SYSTEMS STANDARDS 13
OSI Standards 13
Internet Standards 21
Parting Comments on Open Systems Standards Processes 26
v
vi OPEN SYSTEMS NETWORKING: TCP/IP AND OSI
PART TWO
OPEN NETWORK ARCHITECTURES 31
CHAPTER 3
CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY OF OPEN SYSTEMS 33
Introduction 33
Architectures 34
Open Systems 35
Architecture Wars 37
Layers 37
Terminology 45
Entities 46
Notation 47
Services 47
The Queue Model 50
Connections and Connectionless 51
What about Protocols? 54
Protocol Headers and User Data 57
Relating Service to Protocol 58
Time-Sequence Diagrams 59
A Final Fling with OSI Fundamentals 60
Conclusion 61
CHAPTER 4
THE LANGUAGES OF OPEN SYSTEMS 63
Introduction 63
“Open” Languages—Breaking Language Barriers 64
Data Representation 65
Abstract Syntax Notation 68
ASN.1 Data Types and Tags 69
Modules 72
Transfer Syntax—Basic Encoding Rules (BER) for ASN.1 73
Do I Really Have to Deal with All This? 75
Languages and the TCP/IP Community 76
Conclusion 79
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER 5
NAMES AND ADDRESSES 81
Names 82
Addresses 88
Registration Authorities 88
Object Identifiers 96
Conclusion 97
PART THREE
UPPER LAYERS 99
CHAPTER 6
OPEN SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS 101
Distributed Applications Services 106
Conclusion 109
CHAPTER 7
DIRECTORIES 111
The Telephony Model 112
Directory System Principles 113
Open System Directories 114
The Domain Name System 115
The OSI Directory 122
The Directory Model 129
The Relationship Between the OSI Directory and Message Handling Services 135
The OSI Directory in the Internet 137
Other Internet Directory Utilities 139
Resource Location 141
Conclusion 145
CHAPTER 8
OPEN SYSTEMS MESSAGING: ELECTRONIC MAIL 147
OSI Message Handling System (X.400 MHS, MOTIS) 148
viii OPEN SYSTEMS NETWORKING: TCP/IP AND OSI
Internet Mail 163
Interworking between MHS and Internet Mail 172
Conclusion 174
CHAPTER 9
NETWORK MANAGEMENT 177
The Internet Approach: Keep It Simple 178
OSI Common Management: Flexibility, At A Price 189
Putting It All Together 205
Where To from Here? 208
Conclusion 211
CHAPTER 10
“CORE” APPLICATION SERVICE ELEMENTS 213
Association-Control Service Element 214
Reliable Transfer Service Element 223
Remote Operations Service Element 232
“Core ASE Wanna-bes” 243
Conclusion 245
CHAPTER 11
THE PRESENTATION AND SESSION LAYERS 247
Presentation Layer 247
Session Layer 261
Putting It All Together 281
The Future of OSI Upper Layers 284
Conclusion 285
PART FOUR
MIDDLE LAYERS 287
CHAPTER 12
THE TRANSPORT LAYER 289
OSI’s Connection-oriented Transport Service 290
CONTENTS ix
TCP/IP’s Reliable Stream Service 291
Interfaces to Transport Services 292
Transport Addressing 300
Five Classes of OSI Transport Protocol 301
Conformance 309
Comparing TP4 to TCP 310
OSI Transport Connection Establishment 311
Setting It All to UNIX 317
Frozen References 320
TCP Connection Establishment 320
Normal Data Transfer in OSI Transport Protocol 325
Reliability Mechanisms to Deal with the Real World 328
Data Transfer in TCP—More of the Same 334
Window Considerations for TP4 and TCP 337
OSI’s Expedited Data 340
TCP’s Urgent Data 341
Timers and Open Transport Protocols 342
Connection Release (Connection Refusal) in the OSI Transport Protocol 354
Connection Release (Refusal) in TCP 356
Datagram Transport Protocols—CLTP and UDP 358
Conclusion 360
CHAPTER 13
THE NETWORK LAYER 361
Architecture: The Internal Organization of the Network Layer 362
Connection-oriented Network Service 372
Connectionless Network Service 379
Internetworking Protocols 383
NL Protocol Identification in TCP/IP and Multiprotocol Environments 397
Network Layer Addresses 398
Conclusion 411
CHAPTER 14
ROUTING 413
Source Routing and “Hop-by-Hop” Routing 414
Routing Principles 415
Routing Protocols 424
Conclusion 465
x OPEN SYSTEMS NETWORKING: OSI & TCP
CHAPTER 15
DATA LINK AND PHYSICAL LAYERS 467
Taxonomy of Data Link Standards 468
Point-to-Point Connection Standards 469
Multiaccess Channel Standards 471
Metropolitan Area Networks: FDDI and IEEE 802.6 DQDB 473
Fast Packet Services and Technologies 482
Very High Bandwidth as an Enabling Vehicle for OSI 500
Conclusion 500
PART FIVE
THE FUTURE OF OPEN SYSTEMS NETWORKING 503
CHAPTER 16
MULTIPROTOCOL OPEN SYSTEMS 505
The Myth of “OSI Migration” 505
OSI Is an Alternative, Not a Substitute 507
OSI and TCP/IP Coexistence: Networking Détente 510
Bringing OSI into a Network 520
Are the Instrumentation and Expertise Available to Operate OSI Networks? 522
Conclusion 522
CHAPTER 17
AN ARCHITECTURAL ALTERNATIVE FOR THE INTERNET 525
What Is “the Internet”? 525
A Naming-based Concept of Internet Connectivity 527
CHAPTER 18
A READING FROM THE BOOK OF GENEBITS 533
APPENDIX A
NETWORKING ACRONYMS 537