Op Amps for Everyone

284 Pages·2015·18.79 MB·English

Op Amps for Everyone
Op Amps for Everyone
Fourth Edition
Bruce Carter
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Index
Note:Page numbers followed by “f” refer to figures.
A bandpassfilters, 86(cid:1)88 power supply information,
high-pass filters, 86 65(cid:1)66
Absolute valuecircuit,264
low-passfilters, 86 system information,
AC and DCgain,19
notchfilters, 88 64(cid:1)65
complication, 19
narrow vs. wide bandpass Adder circuit, 13
design procedure for single-
filter, 83 Adhesives, 133
supply opamp design,
36(cid:1)40 single op amp, 89(cid:1)97 Analog computers,2
simultaneous equations, combination bandpass Analog ground,241(cid:1)242
22(cid:1)34 andnotch filters, Antennas,247(cid:1)249
97 Applicationerrors,commonwith
single supply versus dual
supply, 19(cid:1)22 single-amplifier notch and current feedback amplifier
multiple-notch filters, capacitorin feedback
ACtoDCconvertercircuit,265
95(cid:1)96,95f loop, 187
Activefilter design
stagger-tuned and shortedfeedback resistor,
techniques, 73
biquad filters, 98 multiple-peak bandpass 185(cid:1)187
design aids, 98(cid:1)103 filters, 91(cid:1)95, 94f DCgain, 185
three-pole high-pass decouplingcapacitors, 193
low-pass, high-pass, and
filters, 90(cid:1)91 fully differential amplifier
bandpass filter design
aids,98(cid:1)101 three-pole low-passfilters, incorrect common mode
89(cid:1)90 range,189(cid:1)190
notch filter design aids,
transfer equationmethod, incorrect DC operating
101
74(cid:1)77 point, 188(cid:1)189
Twin-T design aids,
102 Active load, 146f,147 incorrect single-ended
fast, practical filter design, ADC (analog todigital termination, 190(cid:1)191
77(cid:1)85 converter), 3 improper decoupling,
high-passfilter, 80(cid:1)81 ADC converter 192(cid:1)194
characteristics, 67(cid:1)68 improper termination of
low-pass filter, 80
architecturaldecisions, unused sections,
narrow (single-frequency)
bandpass filter, 81(cid:1)82 70(cid:1)71 183(cid:1)185
comparator,182 op amps
notch (single-frequency
rejection) filter, 83(cid:1)85 input signal characteristics, operated at less than unity
widebandpassfilter,82(cid:1)83 66(cid:1)67 gain,179(cid:1)180
interface characteristics, used asa comparator,
high-speed filter design,
85(cid:1)88 68(cid:1)70 180(cid:1)183
273
274 Index
B CMRR (common-mode bandwidth
Bandpass filter, 86(cid:1)88 rejection ratio), 206 for 0.1dB flatness, 223
design aids,98(cid:1)101 Colors, noise,229(cid:1)230 BW, 203
Common mode error,189(cid:1)190 maximum-output-
narrow vs.wide, 83
Common-mode input voltage swing, 203
and notch filters,97
condition,218 unitygain, 202(cid:1)203
Bandwidth, 203
Common-mode input voltage capacitance
Bandwidth parameters
range parameter, 218 common-mode input
for 0.1dB flatness, 223
Common-modeinput,204(cid:1)205 capacitance,204(cid:1)205
maximum-output-swing, 203
unity gain, 202(cid:1)203 differential,205 differentialinput
Common-mode rejectionratio capacitance,205
Biquad filters,98
Bishop, John, 39(cid:1)40, 162, 164 (CMRR),206 inputcapacitance,
Companion circuits, 144(cid:1)148 203(cid:1)204
Black, Harry, 1
Comparator, op amp used as, load capacitance, 205
Bode,H. W.,2
Broadbandamplifiers,113(cid:1)116 180(cid:1)183 common-mode rejection
Compositeop amp,156, 156f ratio (CMRR), 206
Brown noise, 230
Buffer amplifiers,59(cid:1)61 Computers, analog, 2 crosstalk,222
Conductednoise,239, 255 current
BurrBrown,164
Constantcurrent generator inputbiascurrent, 208
C
circuit, 263 inputcurrent range, 207
Capacitance Continuous total dissipation inputnoise current, 209
common-modeinput parameter, 224 inputoffset current,
parameter,204(cid:1)205 Copper cladding, 238(cid:1)239 200, 208
differential input Coupling capacitors, 108 output current, 209
parameter,205 Crosstalkparameter, 222 short-circuitcurrent
input parameter, 203(cid:1)204 Currentfeedback opamps, duration, 224
load parameter, 205 48(cid:1)49,105(cid:1)106, 113 supply current,207
Capacitors, 187, 245(cid:1)246, Currentparameters dissipation,224
250(cid:1)251 inputbias current, 208 error
Cartesian coordinates, 22, 23f inputcurrent range, 207 differentialgain error,200
Casetemperature for 60 inputnoisecurrent, 209 differentialphase
seconds, 223(cid:1)224 inputoffset current, 200, 208 error,223
Ceramic packaging, 131 outputcurrent, 209 frequency condition, 206
CFA (currentfeedback low level condition, 209 gain
amplifier) short-circuit, 209(cid:1)210 large-signal voltage
applicationmistakes,185(cid:1)187 short-circuitcurrent amplification gain
capacitorinfeedbackloop,187 duration,224 condition, 202
shorted feedback resistor, supply current, 207 open-loop voltage gain,
185(cid:1)187 shutdown, 207 200(cid:1)202
Circuit design, 7 Current-limiting resistor, 142 gain bandwidth,202(cid:1)203,
Circuit theory, 7 Curve-fitting filters,268(cid:1)271 207
Circuits See also gain error, 200
D
specific circuits
gain margin, 200
components of,1 Data sheet parameters, harmonicdistortion
defined, 7 197(cid:1)199Seealso total, 215
Cladding, 238(cid:1)239 specific parameters total plus noise, 216
Index 275
impedance, 222 maximum junction low-level output
input bias current,208 temperature, 216 voltage, 221
input offset voltage, operatingfree-air open-loop voltage gain,
219(cid:1)220 temperature condition, 200(cid:1)202
noise 214 outputvoltage swing,
equivalent input noise storage temperature, 217 maximum peak-to-peak,
voltage, 220 thermal resistance 221
harmonic distortion, junctionto ambient,211 outputvoltage swing,
total, 215 junctionto case, 211 peak-to-peak, 221(cid:1)222
input noise current, 209 time stepvoltage peak-to-peak
total harmonicdistortion fall time, 215 condition, 222
plus noise, 216 rise time, 216 supply voltage condition,
null resistancecondition, 213 settling time, 216(cid:1)217 217
open-loop turn-off/turn-on, 215 supply voltage sensitivity,
transimpedance, 222 voltage 205(cid:1)206
transresistance, 213 amplificationgain turn-off/turn-on, 219
voltage gain,200(cid:1)202 condition, 202 DC gain, 185
phase margin,223 common-mode input DC operating point, 189
power dissipation,210 voltage condition, 218 Decouplingcapacitors, 193
power supply rejection common-mode input DecouplingPCB, 252(cid:1)255
ratio,210 voltage range, 218 at board level, 255
resistance differential input at integratedcircuitlevel,
input resistance,211(cid:1)212 voltage,218 254(cid:1)255
input resistance differential inputvoltage choosing right capacitor,
differential, 212 range, 219 253(cid:1)254
load resistance condition, differential large-signal digital circuitry, 252(cid:1)253
212(cid:1)213 voltage amplification, Deliyannis filter, 82
output resistance,213 202 Design aids, 98(cid:1)103
shutdown equivalent input noise low-pass, high-pass, and
turn-off time, 215 voltage,220 bandpassfilter design
turn-off voltage high-level outputvoltage, aids, 98(cid:1)101
parameter, 219 221 notch filter design
turn-on time, 215 input offset voltage, aids, 101
turn-on voltage, 219 219(cid:1)220 Twin-T design aids,
signal source condition, 213 input offset voltage long- 102
slew rate,213(cid:1)214 term drift,224 Difference amplifier, 55(cid:1)59
supply rejectionratio, 210 input voltage condition, Differential amplifier, 3,
temperature 219 13(cid:1)14
case temperature for 60 input voltage condition, Differential input resistance
seconds, 223(cid:1)224 common-mode, 218 parameter, 212
coefficientofinput offset input voltage range Differential input voltage,
current, 200 condition or parameter, 218
coefficientofinput offset 217(cid:1)218 Differential input voltage
voltage, 200 large-signal voltage range,219
lead temperature for 10 or amplification gain Differential phase error
60 seconds, 225 condition, 202 parameter, 223
276 Index
Differential-large signal Extremereliability, 127, Frequency condition, 206
voltage amplification 136(cid:1)137 Frequency response peaking,
parameter,202 Extremeshock, 132 109
Digital circuitry, 252(cid:1)253 Extremetemperature Full waverectifier circuit,
Digital control system, 152f range, 127 265
Digital ground,241(cid:1)242 Extremevibration, 131(cid:1)132 Fully differential amplifier,
Digital subscriber line (DSL), 49(cid:1)53, 187(cid:1)191
F
3,59 applicationmistakes,
Digital-to-analog converters Fairchild,µA709, 4 187(cid:1)191
(DACs), Fall time parameter,215 differentialgain stages,
126,151(cid:1)153 Faraday cage, 255 50(cid:1)52
design example, 151(cid:1)153 Fast, practical filter design, incorrect common mode
Dualsupplyamplifier 77(cid:1)85 range, 189(cid:1)190
packages, 256(cid:1)257 high-passfilter, 80(cid:1)81 incorrect DCoperating point,
single supply amplifier vs., low-pass filter, 80 188(cid:1)189
19(cid:1)22 designprocedure, 80 incorrect single-ended
Dynamic range, 121 digging deeper,80 termination, 190(cid:1)191
narrow (single-frequency) meaning of“fully
E
bandpassfilter, 81(cid:1)82 differential” 49(cid:1)50
ElectronicsWorkbench, 171 digging deeper,82 new function, 53
Electrostatic discharge(ESD) notch (single-frequency secondoutput,usage
structure,11(cid:1)12 rejection)filter, 83(cid:1)85 of, 50
Equivalentinput noise voltage designprocedure, 83(cid:1)84 single-ended todifferential
parameter,220 digging deeper,84(cid:1)85 conversion, 52(cid:1)53
Error correction, 236 wide bandpass filter,
G
Extreme applications,127 82(cid:1)83
failure, probability of, designprocedure, 82 Gain, 10
134(cid:1)135 digging deeper,83 Gain margin,200
packaging, 130(cid:1)133 narrow vs.widebandpass Gain parameters
integrated circuit, filter, 83 gain bandwidthproduct
connecting, 132(cid:1)133 Feedback,10 parameter, 207
integrated circuit itself, Feedback,negative, 1 gain marginparameter, 200
130(cid:1)131 Feedbackresistor,10 large-signal voltage
integrated circuit Feedbackresistorshorted, amplification gain
package, 131 185(cid:1)187 condition, 202
temperature, 127(cid:1)130 Feedbacksystem analysis open-loop voltage gain,
final parameter comments, historically,2(cid:1)5 200(cid:1)202
129(cid:1)130 stability “Gain” resistor, 10
high temperature, calculating historically,2 George A.Philbrick
degradationat, 129 Feedbacksystems Research, 3
noise, 128 design, historically,2 Global System for Mobile
outputdrive andstage, Filter, definitionof, 73 Communications (GSM)
129 Filter circuits,73 Cellular BaseStation
speed,128(cid:1)129 Filter Pro, 164(cid:1)167 Receiver, 113f
time,extremeduration in, Fliege filter topology, 84 Grounding consideration in
135(cid:1)136 Fluxresidue, 252 PCB design, 241(cid:1)244
Index 277
H Input voltage range condition Low-powerconsumption,
orparameter, 217(cid:1)218 127
Harmonic distortion
parameters, 215(cid:1)216 Instabilityeffect, 2 LT Spice,174(cid:1)176, 176f
Instrumentation amplifier,
Heatsinking, 133
53(cid:1)55 M
High meltingpoint (HMP)
solders, 132(cid:1)133 Integratedcircuit(IC),4(cid:1)5, Manufacturer design aids, 161
119, 130(cid:1)131
High-pass filter design aids, Analog Devices OpAmp
98(cid:1)101 at high temperature, 129 Error Budget,
packaging, 130(cid:1)133
High-speed analog inputdrive 173(cid:1)174
circuits, 117(cid:1)118 Integratedvoltage regulators, Linear Technology LT
140(cid:1)141
High-speed bridgedhybrid Spice,174(cid:1)176
amplifier, 159f Intermediate-frequency (IF) National Semiconductor/
amplifiers, 116
High-speed filter design, Texas Instruments
85(cid:1)88 Inverted voltage reference Webench, 167(cid:1)170
bandpassfilters, 86(cid:1)88 circuit, 263 NI Multisim,analog devices
Inverting op amp, 12
high-pass filters, 86 versionof,171(cid:1)173
low-passfilters, 86 K Printed Circuit Board
notch filters, 88 Layout, 176
Kirchoff’svoltage law, 12
Hybridamplifiers andpower Texas Instruments Filter Pro,
boosters, 156(cid:1)160 L 164(cid:1)167
I Texas Instruments Tina-TI,
Lead temperature for 10or 60
IC op amp, 4, 254(cid:1)255 seconds,225 162(cid:1)164
Mars Rover, 135(cid:1)136
Image plane effect,240 Least significantbits(LSBs),
Improper decoupling,192(cid:1)194 125 µA709, 4
Inductors, 246(cid:1)247,250(cid:1)251 Linear Technology LT Spice, µA741, 4
Input bias current parameter, 174(cid:1)176,176f Multiple-notch andsingle-
amplifier notchfilters,
208 Linear voltage regulator,
Input capacitance parameters, 141(cid:1)143 95(cid:1)96, 95f
203(cid:1)204 Loadcapacitance condition, Multiple-peak and stagger-
tunedbandpass filters,
Input common-modevoltage, 205
121(cid:1)124 Loadresistance condition, 91(cid:1)95, 94f
Input current range parameter, 212(cid:1)213 Multisim,171(cid:1)173
207 Loop antenna, 248(cid:1)249
N
Input noisecurrent parameter, Loop gain, 46
209 Low voltage amplifier circuit Narrow vs. wide bandpass
Input offset current parameter, design filter, 83
208 dynamic range, 121 National Electrical
Input offset voltage long-term input common-moderange, Manufacturers
drift parameter,224 121(cid:1)124 Association (NEMA),
Input offset voltage parameter, outputvoltage swing, 237
219(cid:1)220 120(cid:1)121 National Semiconductor,
Input resistance parameter, signal-to-noiseratio, 167(cid:1)170
211(cid:1)212 124(cid:1)125 Negative feedback, 1
differential, 212 Low-pass filter design aids, NI Multisim,analog devices
Input voltage condition, 219 98(cid:1)101 versionof,171(cid:1)173
278 Index
Noise.See also specific types unused sections,183(cid:1)185 integrated circuit itself,
colors,229(cid:1)230 Op amp oscillators, 153(cid:1)156 130(cid:1)131
isolation, 255 OPA277, 156(cid:1)157 integrated circuit package,
op amp, 230(cid:1)231 OPA512, 156 131
root mean squarevs. peak- Open-loopgain, 10 Pass transistor,142(cid:1)143,
to-peak noise,226 Open-loopparameter 145(cid:1)146
sources,227(cid:1)228 transimpedance, 222 PCB (printed circuit board)
sources,236(cid:1)237 transresistance, 213 design,132,172(cid:1)173,
spreadsheet, 233 voltage gain,200(cid:1)202 176
units, 228 Operating free-air temperature basics, 235(cid:1)237
Noisebudget,225(cid:1)226 condition,214 decoupling, 252(cid:1)255
Noisecorner frequency, 230 Oscillator error correction,236
Noiseenergy,227f comparator oscillator example,243(cid:1)244
Noisefigure, 111 analysis,155f grounding, 241(cid:1)244
Noisefloor, 226 outputs, 154f input andoutputisolation,
Noiseparameters schematics,154f 255(cid:1)256
equivalent input noise Output current condition, low mechanical characteristics,
voltage,220 level, 209 237(cid:1)240
input noise current,209 Output current parameters, 209 packages, 256(cid:1)258
total harmonic distortion short-circuit,209(cid:1)210 passive component selection,
plus noise (THD1N), Output drive and high 244(cid:1)252
216 temperature, 129 summary,258(cid:1)259
Noisetheory Output impedance parameter, Peak-to-peak noise vs.root
application example, 222 meansquare,226
231(cid:1)233 Output resistance parameter, Peak-to-peak outputvoltage
characterization, 226(cid:1)228 213 swing conditionor
Non-inverting op amp, Output voltage parameters parameter, 221(cid:1)222
11(cid:1)12 high-level,221 Phase linearity, toRF design,
Notchfilter design aids, 101 low-level,221 109
Notchfilter response, 88,89f Output voltage swing Phase margin parameter,
Notchfilters, 84(cid:1)85, 85f parameters 223
and bandpass,combination maximum peak-to-peak, Pink noise, 230
of,97 221 Powerboosters, hybrid
Nullresistancecondition, peak-to-peak, 221(cid:1)222 amplifiers and,
213 Output voltage swing, 156(cid:1)160
O 120(cid:1)121 Powerdissipation parameter,
Overvoltage protection, 210
Ohm’slaw, 7
144(cid:1)145,145f Powersupplyinformation,
Op amps. See also specific
P 65(cid:1)66
types
Powersupplyrejection ratio
differential vs.single Packaging, 130(cid:1)133
parameter, 210
ended, 3 integrated circuit,
Precisionrectifier circuit,
functionsof,5 connecting, 130(cid:1)133
264(cid:1)265
operated at less than unity, component retention, 133
Q
179(cid:1)180 printed circuit board
packages, 256(cid:1)258 design, 132 Quadsupply opamp packages,
stability,4 solders, 132(cid:1)133 256(cid:1)257
Index 279
R Semiconductor companies, Single-ended termination,
47 190(cid:1)191
Radiated noise,237, 255
Settling time parameter, Single-supply design, 126
Radiofrequency (RF) design,
216(cid:1)217 Single-supply inverting op amp
105
21dB compression point, Short-circuit current duration, circuit,20(cid:1)21,20f
109(cid:1)111 224 Single-supply non-inverting op
Short-circuit outputcurrent amp gain circuit, 21,
amplifier topology,
106(cid:1)108 parameter,209(cid:1)210 21f
Shotnoise,226 Slew rate parameter, 213(cid:1)214
frequency response peaking,
Shutdown parameters Sn60Pb40solder, 132
109
turn-offtime, 215 Sn96Ag04 solder, 132(cid:1)133
high-speed analog input
drivecircuits, 117(cid:1)118 turn-offvoltage, 219 SNR (signal-to-noise ratio),
turn-ontime,215 124(cid:1)125, 227
noise figure, 111
turn-onvoltage, 219 Solders,132(cid:1)133
phase linearity, 109
stage gain, 108(cid:1)109 Signal source condition, 213 Spice models, 161
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), Spice simulation programs,
voltage feedback/current
feedback, 105(cid:1)106 124(cid:1)125 172(cid:1)173
wirelesssystems, 111(cid:1)116 Simulatedinductor, 261(cid:1)263 Split-supply opamp circuit, 19,
Single supply amplifier 20f
broadband amplifiers,
113(cid:1)116 dual supply vs.,19(cid:1)22 Stage gain,108(cid:1)109
Single supply amplifier design Stagger-tuned and multiple-
intermediate-frequency
application mistakes, peak bandpassfilters,
amplifiers,116
190(cid:1)191 91(cid:1)95, 94f
Rail-to-rail input (RRI), 122,
designprocedure for, Step voltage peak-to-peak
126
36(cid:1)40 condition, 222
Rail-to-rail input/output
incorrect single-ended Storage temperature parameter,
(RRIO), 124
termination, 190(cid:1)191 217
Rail-to-rail op amps, 129
simultaneous equationcase Superposition, 9(cid:1)10, 13
Rail-to-rail output (RRO),
120(cid:1)121, 120f, forms, 22(cid:1)34 Supply current parameter,
123(cid:1)124, 126 summary, 40(cid:1)41 207
Single supply amplifier shutdown, 207
Red/brown noise,230
packages,256 Supply rejection ratio
Redundancy, 135
Reflections, 249(cid:1)250 Single supply circuits parameter, 210
Resistors, 244(cid:1)245 AC toDC converter,265 Supply voltage condition,217
RF design see Radiofrequency constant current generator, Supply voltage sensitivity,
263 205(cid:1)206
(RF)design
curve fitting filters, 268(cid:1)271 Surface acousticwave(SAW)
Rise time parameter,216
fullwave rectifier, 265 filters, 116
Rootmean square vs. peak-
inverted voltage reference, Switching power supplies,
to-peak noise,226
263 143(cid:1)144
RRO (railto rail output),
120(cid:1)121, 120f, precisionrectifier, 264(cid:1)265 T
123(cid:1)124, 126 stoimneulcaotendtroinl,d2u6c5to(cid:1)r,226681(cid:1)263 Teardropping, 238(cid:1)239
S
Single-amplifier notch and Temperature extremes,
Sallen(cid:1)Key low-passfilter, 74, multiple-notch filters, 127(cid:1)130
74f, 90, 166 95(cid:1)96,95f degradationat, 129