OP 998, Aircraft Pyrotechnics and Accessories

122 Pages·2003·11.41 MB·English

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RESTRICTED
OP 998.
(SECOND REVISION)
AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS
AND ACCESSORIES
I v ,,X r
OpX+r
29 MAY 1941
This publication is RESTRICTED and shall be safeguarded in accordance with
security provisions of U. S. Navy Regulations, 1920, Article 76.
NAVY DEPARTMEIVT
BUREAU OF ORDNANCE
WASHINGTON 25. D. C.
29 May 1947
RESTRICTED
ORDNANCE PAMPHLET 998 (SECOND REVISION)
AIRCRAFT PYROTEChINICS AND ACCESSORIES
1. Ordnance Pamphlet 998 (Second Revision) contains a description
of and instructions for use of all the aircraft pyrotechnics flares, photo-
flash bombs, markers, signals, and pyrotechnics accessories used by the
Navy on the date of issue. As new items are developed, additional chapters
will be distributed.
2. This publication supersedes OP 998 (l[ irst Revision) which should
be destroyed.
X. War Department Bombing Tables BT PF-A-1 shall not be used
in connection with Bomb, Photoflash, 11-I46. Data contained in Chapter 7 of
this publication shall be used instead.
4. This publication is RESTRICTED and shall be safeguarded in
accordance with security provisions of L'. S. Navy Regulations, 1920,
Article 76.
G. F. HussEY, JR.
Vice Admiral, U. S. Navy
Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance
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CONTENTS
Page Page
Chapter I Chapter 4
INTRODUCTION AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARES
Characteristics and Use. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Combat Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Launching Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . l Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 and
Procurement and Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Records, Reports, and Allowance Lists Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 and
Nomenclature and Markings. . . . . . . . Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 6 and
Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Chapter 2 Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 and
Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
HANDLING AND STOWAGE Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10
General Safety Precautions. . . . . . . . . 4 Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Handling of Photoflash Bombs. . . . . . 5 Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 11
Handling of Flares. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Disposition of Defective Ammunition 5 Flares, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 and
Preparations for Dumping. . . . . . . . . 6 AN-M26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Preparations for Burning. . . . . . . . . . 6
Items to be Burned. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Item to be Dumped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chapter 5
Items to be Burned or Dumped . . . . . . 7
INSTALLATION OF PARACHUTE FLARES
AND LAUNCHING EQUIPMENT
Chapter 3 Installation in Flare Launching Tubes . 33
Installation in Aircraft Flare Con-
SURVEILLANCE
tainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Preparation for Manual Launching. . 34
Division of Responsibility. . . . . . . . . . 8 Manual Launching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Data for Use of Performance Data Aircraft Flare Container Mk 1 Mod 0 35
Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Bomb Racks and Bomb Shackles . . . . . 40
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CONTENTS
Page Page
Chapter 6 Chapter 9
MISCELLANEOUS FLARES RECOGNITION AND DISTRESS SIGNALS
Float Flare (Aircraft) Mk 17 and AND PROJECTORS
Mods . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 42
Aircraft Signals (Army), and Signal
High Altitude Parachute Flare. . . . . . 43
Cartridges (Navy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Aircraft Parachute Flare, 11/2 Minute
Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8. . . . . . . . 83
(Electrically-Operated), and Air-
craft Parachute Flare, 3 Minute Aircraft Emergency Identification
(Electrically Operated) . . . . . . . . . 46 SignalsMk 6 and Mk 7. . . . . . . . . . . 86
Signal, Distress, Two-Star, Red, M75
(T49) and AN-M75. . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Chapter 7
Very Signal Lights Mk II. . .. . . . . . . . 89
PYROTECHNIC BOMBS AND FUZES
Hand Projectors Mk 3 and Mk 4. . . . . 91
Bombs, Photoflash, M46 and AN-1146 48
Distress, Smoke, Hand Signal Mk 1
Modifications of Bombs, Photoflash,
Mod 0, and Signal, Distress, Smoke,
M46 and AN-M46. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 51
Hand, AN-Mk 1 Mod 1. . . . . . . . . . . 93
Bombing Data-Explanatory Notes. . 51
Signal (Distress, Day and Night) Mk
Fuzes, Flare, Mechanical Time, M11.1,
13 Mod 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
M111A1,and M111A2. . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time, M1,16. 64 Grenade, Smoke, White (H.C.),
Target Identification Smoke Bomb Mk AN-M8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
72 Mod 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Signal, Aircraft Red Star, Parachute,
M11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Chapter 8
MARKERS
Chapter 10
Depth Charge Marker, Day, Mk 1 and
Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 69 PRACTICE BOMB SIGNALS
Depth Charge Marker, Night, M:..k 71
Miniature Practice Bomb Signal Mk 4
Cartridge, Slick Marker, AN-Mk 1
and Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Miniature Practice Bomb Fluorescein
Signals, Drift, Night, AN-Mk 4 and
SignalMk5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Mods and AN-Mk 5 Mod 1 and
Mod 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Practice Bomb Signal Mk 6 Mod 0. . . 101
Aircraft Float Light Mk 6 and Mods. 76 Practice Bomb Signal Mk 7 Mod 0. . . 103
APPENDIX
Special Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . 105
Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Shipping Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page Figure Page
1. Aircraft Pyrotechnics-Types and 12. Turning Fuze on Flames Mk 5, Mk
Comparative Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . vut 6, and Mk 10 Types. . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1A. AircraftPyrotechnics-Types and 13. Loading Flare Container. . . . . . . . . 33
Comparative Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 14. Aircraft Flare Container Mk 1
2. Typical Pyrotechnic Ammunition Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Performance Data Card. . . . . . . . 9 15. Flare Container : Vertical Panel
3. Diagram Showing Aircraft Para- Assembly . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
chute Flare Mk 4 Operated by a 16. Wiring Diagram for Flare Con-
Rip Cord . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 tainer . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Diagram Showing Operation of 17. Float Flare (Aircraft) Mk 17 and
Free Falling Parachute Flare. . . 12 Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
5. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 and 18. Installation ofFloatFlares inBomb
Mods . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 13
6. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 and 19. High Altitude Parachute Flare
Mods, and Fuze for Aircraft Par- Mk 20 and Projector Mk 13. . . . .
achute Flares Mk 5 and Mk 6. . . 15 20. Aircraft Parachute Flare, 3-Minute
7. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 6 and (Electrically-Operated) . . . . . . .
Mods, and FuzeforAircraft Par- 21. Bomb, Photoflash, M46 and AN-
achute Flare Mk 6 Mod 5. . . . . . . 17 M46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 and 22. Modification of Trail Plate for
Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Bomb Photoflash, AN-M46. . . ..
9. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10 23. Graph of Trail Angle at Instant of
Mod 0, and Fuze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Burst, Bomb, Photoflash, M46
10. AircraftParachute FlareMk 11and With Angle Trail Plate. . . . . . . . . 52
Mods, and Fuze Assembly Show- 24. Graph of Trail Angle at Instant of
ing Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Burst, Bomb, Photoflash, M46
11. Flares, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 With No Trail Plate. . . . . . . . . . . 52
and AN-M26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 25. Fuze,Flare, Mechanical Time, M111 59
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page Figure Page
26. Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time, 41. Signal, Distress, Two-Star, Red,
M146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:3 M75 (T49) and AN-M75 . . . . . . . 87
27. Target Identification Smoke Bomb 42. Very Signal Lights Mk II . . . . . . . . . 88
Mk 72 Mod I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 43. Plastic Case for Very Signal Light
28. Depth Charge Marker, Day, Mk: 1
Mk 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
and Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
44. Hand Projectors Mk 3 (left) and
29. Depth Charge Marker, Night, Mk 2 70
Mk 4 (right;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
30. Cartridge, Slick Marker, AN-Ml: 1
Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T,? 45. Loading the lhand Projector: Load-
ing (A), Firing (B), Alternate
31. Signal, Drift, Night, AN-Mk 4 and
Mods and AN-Mk 5 Mod I. . . . . . 73 Method of Firing (C), Ejecting
32. Aircraft Float LightMk 6andMods 75 Shell (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
33. Signals, Aircraft, AN-M28 to A'.V- 46. Distress Smoke Hand Signal Mk 1
M33, Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Mod 0, and Signal, Distress,
34. Signals, Aircraft, AN-A137 to AV- Smoke, [land, AN-Mk 1 Mod 1 . . 92
M42, Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 47. Signal (Distress, Day and Night)
35. Signals, Aircraft, AN-M53 to AlV- Mk 13 Mod 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
M58, Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 48. Grenade, Smoke, Hand, White,
36. Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8. . . . . . 8:3 (H.C.) . AN--M8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
37. Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8, Dis-
49. Signal, Red Star, Aircraft, Para-
assembled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
chute, MI 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
38. Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-11-78 : Trip-
50. Signal, Miniature Practice Bomb,
ping Breech Lock (A), Loading
AN-Mk 4 and Signal, Miniature
(B), Firing (C), and Extracting
Practice Bomb, (Fluorescein)
(D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
AN-Mk 5 . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
39. Moult MI for Pistol, Pyrotechnic,
51. Practice Bomb Signal Mk 6 Mod 0. 101
A_N-11-78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
40. Aircraft Emergency Identification 52. Practice Lomb Signal Mk 7 Mod 0 102
Signals Mk 6 and Mk 7. . . . . . . . . 85 53. Fuze Mk 247 Mod 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
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AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES OP 998 (SECOND REV.)
9"
6"
3"
6 7
1
9'
6"
3"
4
1. SIGNAL, MINIATURE PRACTICE BOMB,FLUORESCEIN B. FUZES, FLARE, MECHANICAL TIME, Mlll, M111Al,
AN-MK 5 M111A2
2. VERY SIGNAL LIGHTS MKII 9. SIGNAL, DISTRESS, TWO-STAR, RED, M75 (T49) AND
3. AIRCRAFT SIGNALS AN-M28 THRU AN-M33 AN-M75
4. CARTRIDGE, SLICK MARKER, AN-MKI MOD 0 10. SIGNAL (DISTRESS, DAY AND NIGHT) MK 13 MOD 0
5. DISTRESS SMOKE HAND SIGNAL MK 1 MOD 0 11. FUZE,BOMB, MECHANICALTIME,.M146
6. AIRCRAFT SIGNALS AN-M37 THRU AN-M45, 12. GRENADE, SMOKE, WHITE (HC, AN-M8
AN-M37A1 THRU AN-M45A1, AN-M53 THRU AN-M58, 13. AIRCRAFTEMERGENCY IDENTIFICATION SIGNAL MK6
AN-M53A1 THRU AN-M58A1 AND SIGNAL 14. DEPTH CHARGE MARKER, NIGHT, MK 2
CARTRIDGES MK 3 MOD 3 ANDMK 4 15. SIGNAL, RED STAR, PARACHUTE, AIRCRAFT, Mll
7. SIGNAL, MINIATURE PRACTICE BOMB, AN-M4 16. AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY IDENTIFICATION SIGNAL MK7
17. HIGH ALTITUDE PARACHUTE FLARE
Figure I-Aircraft Pyrotechnics-Types and Comparofive Sizes
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COMPARATIVE SIZE CHART
18. PRACTICE BOMB SIGNAL MK 6'MODU 27. AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 4 AND MODS
19. DEPTH CHARGE MARKER, DAY.MK 1 AND MODS 28. PARACHUTE FLARE, 3,-MINUTE ;ELECTRICALLY-
20. PRACTICE BOMB SIGNALMK 7 MOD 0 OPERATED)
21. SIGNAL, DRIFT, NIGHT, AN-MK 4 AND MODS 29. AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 6 ANDMODS
22. AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE, 1'/2 MINUTE (ELECTRI- AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 10 AND MODS
CALLY-OPERATED) AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 11 AND MODS
23. SIGNAL, DRIFT, NIGHT, AN-MK 5MOD 1 - 30. TARGETIDENTIFICATION SMOKEBOMBMK 72 MOD 1
24. AIRCRAFT FLOAT LIGHT MK 6 ANDMCDS 31 . BOMBS, PHOTOFLASH, M46 AND AN-M46
25. AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLAREMK 8AND MODS 32. FLARES, AIRCRAFT, PARACHUTE, M26 AND AN-M26
26. AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 5ANDMODS 33. FLOAT FLARE 'AIRCRAFT) MK 17 AND MODS
Figure IA-Aircraft Pyrotechnics-Types and Comparative Sizes
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Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Characteristics and Use Procurement and Issue
Aircraft pyrotechnics are used for signaling, Pyrotechnic arrimunition is manufactured for
marking, or illuminating in tactical and train- the Bureau of Ordnance by naval activities and
ing operations (Fig. 1) . The selection and use commercial organizations, and is provided to
of each pyrotechnic item depends on the effect the Fleet by the: Bureau of Ordnance. Some
desired. types of pyrotechnics are procured from the
Ordnance Department and Chemical Warfare
In general, pyrotechnics are mixtures of oxi- Service of the Army.
dizing agents and combustible materials. Other
All aircraft pyrotechnics are issued as com-
materialsare added to thepyrotechnic mixture
plete units except Flares, Aircraft, Parachute,
to brighten the flame, to color the flarne or
M26and AN-M26, and Bombs, Photoflash, M46
smoke, to retard or accelerate chemical action,
and AN-M-16. These exceptions are fuzed at
or to act as a binder or a chemical stabilizer for
the time they are loaded on the aircraft.
themixture. Some materialsused performmore
than one of these functions. The issue of aircraft pyrotechnics for fleet
activities is covered in the Bureau of Ordnance
The effectiveness of pyrotechnic ammunition Manual under Sections 2B and 2C. These sec-
depends on the visibility, which is affected by tions state that Naval Ammunition Depots and
the design of the item, its placement relative Magazines shall supply, on request, materials
to the observer, and the prevailing atmospheric, to fill allowances as established or approved by
conditions. Variations in design govern the the Bureau of Ordnance. In requesting pyro-
candlepower, the color of the light or smoke technic ammunition, it is essential that the cor-
produced, and the burning time. The color and rect nomenclature be used. In cases where sev-
reflective characteristics of the background, the eral colors are available in items bearing the
distance, the relative position, the angle of ob- same nomenclature, the desired colors must
servation, and the degree of natural illumina- also be specified. Written requests should be
tion also affect; visibility and determine the made to the Bureau of Ordnance for pyrotech-
effectiveness of the pyrotechnic ammunition. nics in excess of allowances, and for items not
on the allowance lists. Requests from overseas
Slick markers are classified as pyrotdchnic
activities should be screened through the appro-
ammunition, every though these items do not
priate Area or Force Commander.
conform to the above conception of pyrotech-
nics, On new and replacement items, initial dis-
t:ribulion is critical and will be made under
guidance of the Chief of Naval Operations. Re-
Launching Equipment quests through established logistic channels
Hand-held projectors or mechanical equip- should indicate the following information
ment mounted in the aircraft are usually re-
1. Estinli-lted quantity required for immedi-
quired to project or launch aircraft pyrotech-
ate importantoperational purposes.
nics. Proper launching equipment is referred
to in the chapter describing the item with 2. Estimated quantity anticipated for expen-
which it is used. (liture permonth,
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AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES OP 998 (SECOND REV.)
<I. Stock level considered desirable to cover been prepared for most ship types,-establishing
contingencies. the weight limitations for pyrotechnics nor-
mally carried. These weights must not be
Issue to ships will be made in accordance
exceeded. No training allowances have been
with allowance lists. Issue for overseas ship-
established, and all pyrotechnics must be con-
ments and shore activities will be made in full
sidered available for routine use in tactical and
container quantities only. In issuing py-rotecli-
gunnery exercisesand in navigational problems.
nic items, every effort should bemade to
The oldest stocks on hand should be used first.
1. Issue the oldest lot on hand first.
Malfunctioning of pyrotechnics should be re-
2. Issue and ship from a minimum number ported promptly to the Bureau of Ordnance.
of lots, and in full original unopened condition.
Nomenclature and Markings
Records, Reports, and Allowance Lists
Current practice is to indicate the model of
Forpurposes of ammunition maintenance, in- an item as part of the nomenclature. The Army
ventory control, procurement, and distribution does this by following the letter "M" with the
and the planning thereof, it is necessary to model number ; the Navy follows the word
maintain basic records concerning ammunition "Marl." (abbreviated "Mk") with the model
on hand and expended for all naval activities, number. Modifications are indicated by follow-
both ashore and afloat. To obtain this informa- ing the model number -with the letter "A" or
tion, to disseminate the logistic data required the abbreviation of the word modification,
by the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, and to "Mod," for the Army and Navy respectively,
comply with the directives of the Commander and the modification number. Items standard-
in Chief, NAVORD FORM 41Bhasbeen estab- ized by tlac Army and Navy have the model
lished for reporting allammunition, except gun designation p-i-eceded by theletters, "AN-". The
ammunition, on hand and expended for shore following model designations are typical ex-
establishments. Theforces afloat should submit a:mples AN-T1ik 5 Mod3, or AN-M9A1. Colors
reports on expenditures of ammunition on of signals are usually- indicatedby coloredbands
NAVORD FORM 41B on a semi-annual basis or embossed markings on the signal case.
(I June and 1 December).
When pyrotechnics are manufactured, a lot
Semi-annual reports of all pyrotechnics on number is assigned in accordance with perti-
hand areto be submittedto the Bureau of Ord- nent specifications. This lot number is marked
nance on NAVORD FORM 41B, 1 June and on all pachings and on the item itself, unless
1 December, by allships and allshoreactivities the item is too small to permit such marling.
not using the ammunition stock recording sys- The lot number is required for records such as
tem. For detailed instructions for filling out reports oti the condition and functioning, or
these forms, referto NAVORD FORM 41. The stccid.yttts fat which the pyrotechnics are in-
lot number,the contract number,andthemanu- volved. Complete identification of pyrotechnics
facturer's initials should be given in these is furnished by the nomenclature, includingthe
reports. model desitrration, the color of the item, and
the contract number and lot number.
Allowancelists for aircraft pyrotechnicitems
have been established for all classes of ships The following information is marked on the
which require this type of ammunition. These packing boK of all pyrotechnic items, and on
allowances may be varied by Force or Type most of the pyrotechnic items: Nomenclature,
Commanders to meet requirements of opera- Mark and Mod numbers, lot numbers, date of
tions. In such variations, however. care must malnttractur'e, and the name or initials of the
be taken to keep within the weight, stability, inanufacturer.
and immersion limits established by the 13u- Ordnance Pamphlet 1511 provides a cata-
reau of Ships. Ordnance equipment lists have logue list Or authorized pyrotechnic assemblies.
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