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Ontario toxics reduction program : reference tool for assessing safer chemical alternatives PDF

2012·0.78 MB·English
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Ontario Toxics Reduction Program Reference Tool for Assessing Safer Chemical Alternatives This document has been prepared from a review and analysis performed in 2011 for the Ministry of the Environment by Senes Consultants. © Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2012 PIBS 8582e Important Notices failure to keep the contents of the websites up to date, for errors or omissions contained on the There may be websites linked to and from this website, or for any damages (including without document that are operated or created for limitation, damages for loss of profits, business organizations outside of the Government of interruption, loss of information, or direct, indirect, Ontario. Those organizations are solely responsible incidental, special, consequential or punitive for the operation and information (including the damages) arising out of or related to the use right to display such information) found on their or inability to use this document (including all respective websites. These linked websites may or contents), whether under contract, in tort or under may not be available in French. The linking to or any other basis of liability. from this document does not imply on the part of the Government of Ontario any endorsement Preamble or guarantee of any of the organizations or This document was developed under the Ontario information (including the right to display such Toxics Reduction Program and is intended to information) found on their respective websites. increase awareness of green chemistry and to assist No Liability industries and businesses in evaluating chemicals as safer alternatives. The scope of the document is The Ontario Ministry of the Environment assumes intentionally broad to assist a range of industries no responsibility for errors or omissions in any of and sectors in understanding green chemistry the information contained on any of the websites. principles and considerations for the assessment of Ministry of the Environment (MOE) makes no safer alternatives. This document is not intended representation or warranty of any kind whatsoever to be prescriptive, and is not meant to reflect with respect to the web sites. More specifically endorsement, guidance or mandatory action in the disclaims any express or implied warranties Province on Ontario. Instead, it serves as a starting related to the use of the websites and all contents point for those enterprises/individuals looking to including without limitation warranties of non- consider conducting an alternatives assessment infringement or fitness for any particular purpose. and provides references and a general approach to In no event shall the Ministry of the Environment, help move towards safer chemical alternatives. the Province of Ontario and their respective officers, The framework outlined in this reference tool for employees, servants or agents be liable for any the assessment of safer chemical alternatives is Reference Tool for Assessing Safer Chemical Alternatives | i based on a thorough review of safer chemical not an absolute process as the end result will not assessment programs and approaches, assessment be a chemical or process that is ‘greener’ or ‘safer’ tools and frameworks, and is also a matter in its entirety; rather, alternatives assessment is a of professional judgement. The background comparative methodology with the end result information on alternatives assessment provided being a greener/safer chemical or process. in this tool is meant to help companies and also For additional information and any addenda or facilitate conversations with contractors, who revisions to this guide, please visit the MOE website may be enlisted to complete an alternatives at: www.ene.gov.on.ca assessment on their behalf. It should be noted that an alternatives assessment should have the Public Information Centre (PIC) involvement of professionals with a scientific Ontario Ministry of the Environment background with an understanding of the toxicity 135 St. Clair Avenue West of chemicals as an alternatives assessment is not a Toronto, Ontario simple task. M4V 1M2 The MOE recognizes that there are challenges that Telephone: 416-325-4000 or 1-800-565-4923 may be encountered in the course of assessing TTY Toll Free: 800-515-2759 and implementing safer chemical alternatives that Fax: 416-325-3195 may include restrictions due to global formulations, Cette publication hautement spécialisée n’est data gaps, interpretation of data (especially disponible qu’en anglais en vertu du reglement environmental and human toxicity), capital 441/97, qui en exempte I’application de la Loi sur investments required, customer approval and les services en français. Pour obtenir de I’aide en satisfaction, evaluation costs, supply assessments, français, veuillez communiquer avec Ie ministere de research and development, and facility down-time I’Environnement au 416-314-7938 (Fax: 416-314-7949) due to a change in chemical. Furthermore, the MOE recognizes that alternatives assessment is ii | Reference Tool for Assessing Safer Chemical Alternatives Table Of Contents Introduction 1 1.1 Project Background 1 1.2 Green Chemistry & Safer Chemical Alternatives 3 1.3 Existing Programs 5 Evaluating Safer Chemical Alternatives 6 2.0 Evaluating Safer Chemical Alternatives 6 2.1 Guiding Principles 8 2.2 Establish Current Conditions 8 2.2.1 Process Flow Diagram 8 2.2.2 Define the Problem and Identify the Target 10 2.2.3 Identify Functionality Requirements 10 2.3 Identify Alternatives 11 2.4 Preliminary Assessment 13 2.4.1 Preliminary Technical Assessment 13 2.4.2 Preliminary Economic Assessment 14 2.4.3 Evaluation of Presence on Regulatory Lists 15 2.5 Detailed Assessment of Short List of Alternative Chemicals 19 2.5.1 Hazard Assessment 19 2.5.1.1 Environmental Fate and Hazards 22 2.5.1.2 Human Health 26 2.5.1.3 Occupational Health and Safety 30 2.5.2 Technical Feasibility 34 2.5.3 Economic Feasibility 36 Reference Tool for Assessing Safer Chemical Alternatives | iii 2.5.3.1 Detailed Cost Assessment 36 2.5.3.2 Cost/Benefit Analysis 37 2.5.3.3 Financial Evaluation 37 2.5.4 Social Impact 40 2.5.5 Life Cycle Analysis 40 2.5.5.1 Goal Definition and Scoping 41 2.5.5.2 Life Cycle Inventory 42 2.5.5.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 43 2.5.5.4 Interpretation of Results 49 2.5.5.5 Resources 49 2.6 Select and Implement Preferred Alternative 50 2.6.1 Selecting the Preferred Alternative 51 2.6.2 Implementation and Continuous Monitoring 55 2.6.3 Resources 55 Testing Protocols 57 3.0 Testing Protocols 57 Resources 59 4.0 Resources 59 References 62 APPENDIX A — Summary of Information From Other Jurisdictions and Programs 68 iv | Reference Tool for Assessing Safer Chemical Alternatives List Of Tables Table 2.1 Example Comparison of Physical Properties for Flame Retardants 14 Table 2.2 Example Preliminary Cost Comparison for Plasticizers 15 Table 2.3 Environmental Fate and Hazards Factors and Criteria 24 Table 2.4 Example Environmental Fate and Hazards Matrix for Flame Retardants 27 Table 2.5 Human Health Effects Criteria 28 Table 2.6 Example Human Health Effects Evaluation Matrix 32 Table 2.7 Occupational Health and Safety Criteria 33 Table 2.8 Technical Feasibility Evaluation 35 Table 2.9 Economic Feasibility Evaluation 38 Table 2.10 Toxicity Equivalency Factors for PAHs 44 Table 2.11 Toxicity Equivalency Factors for Dioxins, Furans and Dioxin-Like PCBs 45 Table 2.12 Example Life Cycle Impact Assessment Categories 47 Table A.1 Summary of PBT Criteria from Other Jurisdictions and Programs 68 Table A.2 P2OASys Standardized Hazard Score Database 75 Reference Tool for Assessing Safer Chemical Alternatives | v List Of Figures Figure 2.1 Framework for Assessing Safer Chemical Alternatives 7 Figure 2.2 Overview of Life Cycle Analysis Process 41 Figure 2.3 P2OASys Standardized Hazard Score Database 52 Figure 2.4 Example of Application of Weighting Factors 54 vi | Reference Tool for Assessing Safer Chemical Alternatives Acronyms AA Alternatives Assessment ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ACS American Chemical Society AIM Analog Identification Methodology ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry BAF Bioaccumulation Factor BCF Bioconcentration Factor Cal/EPA California Environmental Protection Agency CARB California Air Resources Board CARS Chemical Assessment and Ranking System CAS® RN Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number CCOHS Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety CDD Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin CDF Chlorinated Dibenzofuran CEPA Canadian Environmental Protection Act C Ceiling Limit CGCEN Canadian Green Chemistry and Engineering Network CMP Chemicals Management Plan CPA Clean Production Action CTSA Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment Reference Tool for Assessing Safer Chemical Alternatives | vii DEHP Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DfE Design for the Environment DSL Domestic Substances List EC/D Effect/Dose Concentration (that affects x per cent or organisms) x ECICS European Customs Inventory of Chemical Substances Eco-SSLs Ecological Soil Screening Levels ECOSAR Ecological Structure Activity Relationships ECOTOX Ecotoxicology Database EFDB Environmental Fate Database EPCRA Emergency Planning & Community Right-to-Know Act EPI Estimation Programs Interface GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCC GreenCentre Canada GCES Green Chemistry Expert System GCI Green Chemistry Institute (of the ACS) GCN Green Chemistry Network GHS Globally Harmonized System GLGCN Great Lakes Green Chemistry Network GWP Global Warming Potential HMIS Hazardous Materials Identification System HSDB Hazardous Substance Data Bank IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer IC/D Inhibitory Concentration/Dose (that affects x per cent of organisms) x IDLH Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health IRIS Integrated Risk Information System IRR Internal Rate of Return ISO International Organization for Standardization viii | Reference Tool for Assessing Safer Chemical Alternatives

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