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Human–Computer Interaction Series Jennifer Golbeck Editor Online Harassment – Human Computer Interaction Series Editors-in-chief Desney Tan Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, USA Jean Vanderdonckt Louvain School of Management, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6033 Jennifer Golbeck Editor Online Harassment 123 Editor Jennifer Golbeck Collegeof Information Studies University of Maryland CollegePark, MD USA ISSN 1571-5035 ISSN 2524-4477 (electronic) Human–Computer Interaction Series ISBN978-3-319-78582-0 ISBN978-3-319-78583-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78583-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018939005 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerInternationalPublishingAG partofSpringerNature Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents 1 Online Harassment: A Research Challenge for HCI. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Jennifer Golbeck Part I Detection 2 Weak Supervision and Machine Learning for Online Harassment Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Bert Huang and Elaheh Raisi 3 Bridging the Gaps: Multi Task Learning for Domain Transfer of Hate Speech Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Zeerak Waseem, James Thorne and Joachim Bingel 4 A Network Analysis of the GamerGate Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Aitalohi Amaize, Andrea Castillo, Benjamin J. Cooper, Nicole Demme, Emily Kowalczyk, Paul Lee, Grace Mishkin, Scott Moses, Taylor B. Rogers, Jazmine Thomas, Melissa Wagner-Riston, Xiaojing Wang and Julia WheelerGareth T. Williams 5 Automation and Harassment Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Edward Dixon Part II Characteristics 6 Characterizing Gender Differences in Misogynistic and Antisocial Microblog Posts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Cody Buntain 7 Stylistic Variation in Twitter Trolling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Isobelle Clarke v vi Contents 8 GamerGate: A Case Study in Online Harassment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Sarah A. Aghazadeh, Alison Burns, Jun Chu, Hazel Feigenblatt, Elizabeth Laribee, Lucy Maynard, Amy L. M. Meyers, Jessica L. O’Brien and Leah Rufus Part III Reactions to Harassment 9 “The Continuum of Harm” Taxonomy of Cyberbullying Mitigation and Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Zahra Ashktorab 10 Youth Perceptions of Online Harassment, Cyberbullying, and “just Drama”: Implications for Empathetic Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Abigail L. Phillips 11 Avoiding Online Harassment: The Socially Disenfranchised. . . . . . 243 Xinru Page, Bart P. Knijnenburg, Pamela Wisniewski and Moses Namara Contributors Sarah A. Aghazadeh University of Maryland, College Park, USA Aitalohi Amaize University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Zahra Ashktorab IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA Joachim Bingel University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Cody Buntain University of Maryland, College Park, USA Alison Burns University of Maryland, College Park, USA Andrea Castillo University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Jun Chu University of Maryland, College Park, USA Isobelle Clarke University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Benjamin J. Cooper University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Nicole Demme University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Edward Dixon Intel Corp, Santa Clara, USA Hazel Feigenblatt University of Maryland, College Park, USA Jennifer Golbeck University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Bert Huang Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA Bart P. Knijnenburg Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA Emily Kowalczyk University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Elizabeth Laribee University of Maryland, College Park, USA Paul Lee University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Lucy Maynard University of Maryland, College Park, USA vii viii Contributors Amy L. M. Meyers University of Maryland, College Park, USA Grace Mishkin University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Scott Moses University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Moses Namara Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA Jessica L. O’Brien University of Maryland, College Park, USA Xinru Page Bentley University, Waltham, MA, USA AbigailL.Phillips SchoolofInformationStudiesattheUniversityofWisconsin- Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA Elaheh Raisi Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA Taylor B. Rogers University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Leah Rufus University of Maryland, College Park, USA Jazmine Thomas University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA James Thorne University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Melissa Wagner-Riston University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Xiaojing Wang University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Zeerak Waseem University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Julia WheelerGareth T. Williams University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Pamela Wisniewski University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA Chapter 1 Online Harassment: A Research Challenge for HCI JenniferGolbeck Thescourgeofonlineharassmenthasbecomeaproblemsoseverethatitthreatensall thatisgoodaboutsocialmedia.Platformsthatwereoncelaudedasmediathatcould giveequalvoicestoall,thatwouldimprovetransparencyandaccess,andthatwould helpkeepusallincontactovertimeanddistancearenowriddledwithhumansand botsthatspewhate,threatsandvitriolatanyone,butespeciallyatwomen,peopleof color,andthevulnerable.Pewreportsthatasof2017,41%ofAmericanshavebeen subjectedtoonlineharassmentand66%havewitnessedit.1 Wehavealreadyseen harassmentdrivepeopleoffsocialmediaandtransitionintoofflineharassment.Ifwe aretopreservetheseplatformsasopen,productivespaces,theremustbeasolution totheonlineharassmentproblem. Thatsolutionisnotgoingtocomeasoneaction,butasetoftoolstoattackthe problem, both social and technical. Human-computer interaction as a field, poised at the intersection of people and technology, has a unique opportunity to create solutionsbothtostopharassersandsupporttheirtargets.Todoso,however,requires anexpansiveviewofHCIanditsconnectionsacrossthespectrumfromitsoverlap withartificialintelligencetokeysociologicalinsights. Artificialintelligence,specificallyforautomateddetectionofharassingcontent,is goingtobeacriticalpartofthesolution.ManyHCIresearcherstreatAIasawholly separatefield,butinmanyways,AIhasbeenatthecoreofalotofgreatHCIwork. Intelligent interfaces, personalization, recommender systems, predictive interfaces allleverageAItofundamentallyinfluencethehumanexperience.Webelievestrongly thatanHCIapproachtosolvingonlineharassmentwillincludeintelligentinterfaces andAIonthebackendthatwillassistwithbuildingdatasets,identifyingharassing content,andeventuallyfilteringit.Theproblemisnotonethatcanbesolvedsolely orevenprimarilywithautomation,butanyinterfaceapproachislikelytoleverage someformofautomateddetection.Assuch,weincludeseveralchaptersinthisbook thatpresentchallengesandapproachestotheautomateddetectionproblemwhichin turnwillconnectdirectlytointerfacesandthehumanexperience. 1http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/07/11/online-harassment-2017/. B J.Golbeck( ) UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,MA,USA e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 1 J.Golbeck(ed.),OnlineHarassment,Human–ComputerInteractionSeries, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78583-7_1
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