‘ONE VALLEY AND A THOUSAND’: DAMS, NATIONALISM, AND DEVELOPMENT

160 Pages·44.827 MB·English

by  Daniel Klingensmith

,
JI
,I
•
• �
' f
ti
'
I j �.
i
,,,
'OnVea lalneadyT housand'
DamNsa,t ionaanDldei vseml,o pment
DANIELK LINGENSMTIH
OXFORD
UNIVERSPIRTEYS S
Dedictaomt ype adr ents,
BetatnyWd a lKtleirn gensmith
Contents
ForebwyoM radh eRsahn garajan
Vlll
Preface
Xl
Introduction
Damasn Dde veloapfmtSeeinrxtY t eya rs 1
1.'TGhrea Jnodob ft hCiesn tury'
ThEea rTlVAy i nP oliatnIiddc eso l1o9g3y3,- 45 41
2.'PataineadnD ceest ioTr eea ch'
Th'eT AVI deianA' m eriLciabneN raatli onalism,
1945-65 65
3.'RiTvreari ning'
ThDea modaastr hT ee nne1s9s4e3e-,4 8 109
4.TVA o nt hDea modar
TheD VC1,9 46-64 155
_,,,,,..�,
15.NatioEnnagliinsete ring
' /
--BuilIdnidniDgaa 'm1ss9 ,4 5-70 211
6.'Temopftl heNese wA g'e
Develoapnmtdeh nLeti moifLt esg itimation,
1947-64 254
Conclusion
276
The Natiaonndi tRsi vers
285
Bibliography
304
Index
Foreword
Feiws shuaevbsee eansc ontenatsti hfoeau otsfte h rei voefIr nsd ia.
Wheraenh do wt hef lohwo,wm ucwha ttehrec yo ntaaninwd,h o
usoersa butsheesim ns o itn flubeynn acteaudlr oeHn ueman. histories
interatetwv ielnreeyv a eneldv esrtyao gtfeh j eo urnefyr otmhs eo urce
oft hrei vienmr osun taainnhdsi rlaln greisgt hott h ceo mpletion
oft hejioru rnteoty h see Tah.ie s soufre isv hearvsbee e ns ubcjtte o
compevtiisniogotf n hfseu tuRrievc.al la imdainvtuispdi en ntaoti on
staotrce osn stuintiuotetfsnh s tea mfee deproallMi otryoe.f ttehna n
notth,ce r eaotfli aorndg aems ystbermisna pg rso moifps lee tntoy
somaen rde sinut lhtdesi splaacnepdmo esnstdi ebstltueiti oofont hers.
Thdea wonfa n ewc entsuerweyhs a mta ya tf irisgtsh te ewma ters
ofh opteob ew ateorfcs o ntenSttirhoianfos.ef tceonm aesa tar­
crsoe tdw ionfh ope.
Thmei d-poofti hntetw entcieenttwhua rasyc ritmiocmaeolnf t
passiantg hjeeo urtnote hype l awceae r neo wa tI.wt a tsh etnh tahte
visoifou ns itnegc hnotlomo agsytn eart ugraei niemdm ensienl y
appeaaclrp ooslsi styisctaaelnm eds c onoimdoi lco g.Ii ned ainad
thUen itSetda tfeoasrl, tl h emiurt udails treunsdteu,dpd eeply
influeenaccoihtn hgae crr oars a nogfet heawthreerhseu mans
interwfiattchhe ee inrv ironImnte hnleta .nt ien eteceennttuhr y,
Amerifcoarne asnthdey rrdsa uelnigci nleeearfrnsrt o Bmr itiIsnhd ia
ast hetyr iteord e pltihceasstueec ceisnts heeosiw rnv acstoti nnental
landsBcyat phteei. m Ien dbieaa mei ndepentdhweehn ethe,al d
turnfeucdli lr Ecalrels.ic ehroh,la atdrr sa hcoewdt hDeu sBto waln d
itasc compafneyaoirfnws ga tseoru rdcreysiu npdg u et ou nwise
lanudsp er acwtaipscie csk uepbd y B ritIinsdhia adnm inistrators.
Thihso,w evwearos,n loynp ea orftal arsgteorr y.
Iitts ot hcer eodfDi atn iKelli ngentshmhaiettt ahku epws h ere
manhya vleeo fftHf e.b egiwnistt hhs et oorfty h cer eaotfti hoen
TeessVeael lAeutyh oriintt hyUe n itSetda itnet shN ee wD eal
�
pen�uo ndFeranklinr �laRnooo sevaerlgtu,ta hbmelo ysi tn fluential
Amenchaenao dfs tamt teht ew entcieentthTu hrieyd .eo afb uildgi n
Foreword
ix
as eroifde asm isnt hDee eSpo uhtahtd od ow itmhu cmho rteanh
mertee� ccaplr ogIrwtea sissn .t etgaolr aarlvg iesrti hoonun,go ht
am ono�cho tr�.En vetnht ew moe nw hof ihresatd tehAdeu thority
werteod ifwfiedreo lnwy h aitht a adc hieanvdew dh iwcahiy wt a s
tob er eshaped.
Whaitfs a sciinhsao ttwih nneog t oilfoa nr ger-isvpcerarol jee cts
hagda inceudr rienanv ceyrd yi ffseerteitnniIt nn gdw ieabl elf ore
IndepenWdheitnlhcesee t .oo rDfye waVni sweswiaMnr yasyoiars e
weklln owtnh,e authloirgo hntst hhin eet desl laencpdto ulailt ical
lineoafg eDtsah meo dVaarl Aluetyh oirnei atsytI enrdnTi hae.
physMiecgihsntSa adhs aa p'p roporfil aetaidaoesdnr i ss paarsa te
FranRkoloisne avneVdll ta dIilmilrLy eincmihun s rta naksm ost
ingenTihoneuo st.oi fto anm iarn igvan edur s heirnain negw dawn
ine astIenrndh iaaed x tesnuspipvfoerr oatmna rroaffy i esi nt he
gur
CongrreasnsOk'ps p.o noeftn htpesa rltiyk eA mBb.eRd.ak nadr
modernilseta dleiNrkeseh arnuMd o rarji Desaaise sssaewn tdiaamls
structtobu rreetashkb e o nodfvs i llsaogceia entedyn suafr ier m
econboamfsioectr hn ee nwa tioInn stteraettseht.ewi renervg eol iyc,e s
ofc autbiuotn thefsoterh m eow septra eir gtn ored.
Inh imsa gisMtaecrhiaiasnMl ee sa soufMr eenst, h Aem erican
histMoircihaAande als atrhgtauetec dhn pircoaglor fetbseesnc ame
ab enchomfha orwfk a ars ociweamtsoy d eTmh.ii snt, u ml,et do
neawn odf ten unpprreecsesodunrer unerptsare lod d utchveeer rsy,
peopsluecp hr ojweecrmtees a tnoet m ancfirpoadmtr eu dgaenrdy
poverty.
Ata t imweh etnh ei�s· eod fetedepin s illuwsiitsohun cmhe nt
ventuiirtsce rsi,t tioac sakl t whhehyya s du cehx tenssuipvpeo rt
frodme cisionK-lmiankgeearnvsso.mti ihdttesrh oa flp a be'lBliign g
iBse autaisaf nau llii'em np oHreat l.ds eom onshtorwta htieed se a
dov-aetiedlw itshe veortahlfe arc oeftn sa tieocnoanlo mic
transfoarnmsdao tciicoehnta anlg e.
Aftaeltrlh s,ea goafb idga mwsa nso stp ectioef iitIchn edorir a
thUen itSetdaJ taemsAa.bl da l-Nasstsaamkrue cdoh fh ipsl ans in
Egyopntt h Aes wadna mo nt hNei lteot; hn eo rtthhAe,t atduarmk
ont hEeu phrsaytmebso tlhiTezu erdkn iasthi otnh Seso tvaUitneeit;o n
eulogfioyzroe udRn egPd i ontehesert soo rfty h dea mmionftg h e
Dniespoeurt;Ah ferrwinac asag reaarteo nfda a m-mamkoissntog ,
froimta sp artrheegiidwm hiel,Ne a tionaanlCdio smtm unCihisnte se
lookfeodr wtaotr hdte a mionftg hY ea ngrtizveThe err.we a lse ss
thoutgouh nitn tecnodnseqeude ncesl.e ssEosfv oterhn o isnte h e
Freoword
xnavcoaremithpeeo.vi eol rbenis doarirpa�1 murTh•dvm sa gnoer an•am btp an i sgis a areye-mboo•• ptd mThishoin s lconn rct ak l af e.k ssunieteciphiaIecww.o tr ea u trytygShtrehn.a .ysi ngJr!Sbvir dwo neO nm' .Ver .o, amithoe o.. FasIrenarr t l. U r1g •O no r Js5haS5ioa fbb mtmtrkaho t atrl1·cr egyltluaoteth sa f,tlioooos d uo te l me d n eh bmvlf lanoocr YeeeStt artheeot iado o o s lamto a evdretmmvo .elaansofnee iceif rbo afnel inocumbansitdr a nuashada ,lsceels- st elin dtln o di yrlnaa �mi hooandn l. mii· n kuaolrlotta o ra erttT �ett1Sto.eakr f owb•ms .sdeaih iui .ug e eeo h o· ahccebfstne in lrwem•d as r ulo hremei h r aelomoalimeeesdon gte ls onuessl rnen,nirtiw o l.rsscaabspled, s veloh�ubef w, l h eeloe l Foi yuiarl utth a vstc i od sl bl.l aIhheifnis rkdhng eiai- i rac . e � ng, pIcPenetro nhpteteorlw fneeer dd,nia r tvaacieacmnerceeadtsrnt h otti sauhclswlreaa oty lrre,ldglr yTaede him .dessdb c iobosoosapktytl hstat atecenementdsompdso eofst m xc sipis llaylhalsioio townfen mss
isso f oort heNresi.ts hteortp oas s wkh yt hesmeo delbse caem damsc amteo p lasyu cahs ignifriocliaentn htd ee velopemfefnotr ts
attractiivne firtsthp el aOrc et.op odneorv ewrh ethtehrde i viidse oft hAem ericaanndI ndigaonv ernmentasn,di ndireoctthleayrs s
ovteechrno logmiecar!Sao lrt hmeo doefs oc ietthyaa td opittTs.h iiss welilnt, h dee cadfeosl lowtihcnelg o osfte h Seec onWdo rlWda rI.it s
at emptKaltiionng then nesvmiseurc cutmobM.so sfta scinating, he ah sitornyo,to fd amsi nt hemslveeso ro ft heeifrf e(citmsp ortant
shohwows e veena raldyh esro efan l tinoefa ction mtourren though atrheae)syo, f t hpeo litsiicganli fiactatnaccteho te hde imn
in�pective ast imper ogreFsesrreest.oi unttgh ensueg geftrso m twos pecibfuiitcn tersecctoinngt eIxntdsai:na dt he UnSittaetadef st er
pnvpaatpereans dl etotfrreors m,o bscujroeurn als roefvteemanol rse arou1n9d4 I0t.ps o ionftd epartuirste h eex tensrihveet oIrnidci,a n
tho'.111n.me i gahntt icoiftph flaeot wea nedb obf g reiadte aFsi.n ally, andA mericiannv,o ktihnTege nnesVsaeel lAeuyt hor(iIVtA y)a s a
this 15r arwaeo rthka btri dgcesu ltaunrdce osu ntriIeitss n. om ean 'modeflod're veloptmreannts formTahtei oTnwVsa .Asp erhaps the
antaths;eacrt tuknooanruh � wrese tho xeefecDl ateesesp.rnSoIn uditaohnptf oh Uleni iBttuiSietctitd sas a .tas escys ln otshteaehltswney iho sio ckhs ffiodrries cvtooe nfld oepvmaeerlnootupn tmadhew tenii tdm,eted lh iyels actutesamesneredar d dg maeisdar ' sempdoe dceilfi'c
conceornftr ansnatipounballpi ocl idciys cussWihoandtsi .fd requent
DthtToppnrietternsaehhemadseWeKlinv:;1iod narrehi are'g tanraegaans anaehant rrr npetdtisdtsonvad meproe aetnan as i'ocpennam s sy talTihtessess' cets a pee inboo�eh shms russeesescsforsay e �tik r gh tn V.1a.tho g o o tuh c5aant C:U.5 r oltrrysfr m li s iee e r nh moAm a0ms�eyve: iu 0e.trrap dhEndtbet votehl�i� l wni'ernftesetet ecn tstieai ent o ttoo oi tnsas� w heecnft• oodh. edr o. eo firn a ehtmm sodfae-oraafvho deql ulte ose.en roueem tfwr h gi auahui estrncnatotloe fhtdtrsuhuf d a h toI-er g otoepre. tTeihfhfea ieh.sffiaps.,n re e n t rk awwtotttlaahthhoalssidhereI nf vhu e sk ehis erapasf iree verltvifn t eqdiaowoceodorrouuooec rnr rsrfe epfftdeicsedt i vnlt ymeti aiscaeteiea evtthtt f n'alcnnbneeeiiifgdnlayt oetlndsnbnei et auc ot) rsoTgrvweitohp,eio Veeot dlnf lAem iadkn nrh eoooos ende tt adgriumg'rn e t ht?Iomtei n tarrhea vasac nsao mettina(yc.nspb rnmhid le ot sieyUneeev snhpfg i n n eptarofiit eeoteoritmtscsf xf(mdSsc iie,sip teaaatiagdn eIae t nmaonh nnbedclanid-tnttd tseWil o bieo aiheghaywnunsflciaaer al h i? iang, atlde lagdte d yordoniheerna eeifdttmects n isyi gc to n)
November2 006 historwiiatnrh,e seaarncdht eachiinntge rienst thseh istoorfi es
environmenotfac loilsomn,i aalnidis tmas f termoafSot uht,h A sia,
MAHFsH RANGARAJAN ando ft hUen itSetda tIeh so.pt eh afte llsotwu deonftt hse saer ious
VisiPtrionfrge sso fielwdislfl i nsdo methoifvn agl hueer Beu.It a lshoo pteh aitwt i lbel
DepamretnotHf i story useftuorl e adewristi hn terients htoesn goicnogn struocfdti aomns
JavpduarU nKiovlelcrastiat y througthhoweuo tr ladn,di nd evelopamneden ntv ironmpeonltiacly
morgee neraTlhleyr.e fIho arvete r iteomd a kteh boeo ka ccesstiob le
reardsef rodmi ffeirnetnetl leancdtd uiaslc iplbiancakrgyr ounds,
Preacfe Preface
xiii
ePSadumcoitmwxioaiievn.vruebonenstnroInetotInns mnda adsau shod tn culti·piohnwrisetieateeul1"t.onamseaRbe tsoin·nm oin dhouaehn lticaru uy cri stui gmt5args nbed nd 1tgnntanf etes =denotw_Aac t t:, t, ant uiOdidth�umo n• ltew m is,hr.�gct g .rerl aoeplbevnnasie,ooe n ih �nho,mtopdcnaof mtiop rcsm oo spao ee cnlhesseut fiJ•oooyhkgandIvsp lr rJeJ·o each h ei nf.o Oe a .etlulfvnrpp1redaevdalimm s ti r lclaxo se1�ee�t1oti nyldseela . otesraim aoccntl ttnaf nt es v dunaefr·tg' oAihoan deIau ciYhe r ouahe dss dtheo nh i neund alr.r Jditevhci r airnsdmlof lNr.are ntelicmsnyrfra rto aip ptmklshtaayi yynanmutnei�.imyu o oe g dy�eaLrddntd omt•gr no e -ntla• Iy hena;oh r.ouabhttilo fn io pofin wraa. gm.ltmR� io yeR nlailfod etcp oeiba lsyap cnddsukllea u ebtvaceihn :old e l odil s sho arhenarni d f t pAp a aeto n, el dse lmtrmts h1flhuscpoilg. syxyvpr.e e o·thvti h etrs ti sip ot i hIia nry1 oaenis ee..sriceahf dnt ·r s"c - sd b�l o coioooMAMASESofncnfabWasultat nfI chihinehhmrhifoRnaepgaaesedaaaeMdrea RssRadaZst cbn n cGKernpahdaeiihrioeoHogNioo.aiePun inll toonrrifSfiinftw s,ntaogstgl n sn gm ieI,k haI cahhnraihai.is,an l hbRin MAeeranmtroroe n slfmpifoas,imesv uaieantad'ohTboacoalcoo o ce Rteao,j .ja sfutthewkirn ookr,hr oaln pa at r hvanh a nern M eitt m s n neaekewwi llfiolaacrSsan riffkiosliellsGrdaiocfr niriaisri y rmeiarh nobitmdowEA trnhokoc y enye nmeu o iRatuere,jt enmne nafaaga ttSoF na hrird ha b f rcP,onnoynipouo wacee eEn eeee rar rn,ptraanRv ntrenDots lSiyegp Ahest akivghs fae yuSts s oas T.w,ms mi a A irWhh bt etinh o aiyrRai nssiaerontltaedrmcn tsoound,ytl1n a ttuih rdaehe ncd r oR9fsdkemnih e unlaamki eaHUi9ioadWdat eGsynrewewmnfiscus6,niyno yn uvScP dcnena aoss sai,n iehhrrtrshtclrnls rttca vaaaaraaiihoa a sei w otunennnsn bepe,m liwnary,sdddi,dhst el ty m s o ae ,d yi1nt s,o99. n7
myr esewahricIlwh ea isn I ndainads teemreet d�_w amr�dc h 200a2n d2 00a3n dt hSeo cyif eottrh Hei stoofrT ye chngoyil no1997
unexpecitnefdo rmationTu.c Rktliaekcrewh dia trmhdem tot hrueg ht and2 00t5h,ce o nferdeendciec taot' eRde thinking Developamnedn t
onmcaen yeya argsao bo utthp eso twhairs toofdr aym -buialnddi ng, thEen vironamtte hnCete 'n tfeoIrr n ternatiaonnAdar le a Stautd ies
hassine ct hceno netdti on uexmpyaa wnadr eonfep sesr specitni ves Yale Uinti(yv1 e9r9a 8n)td,h U en iverosfCi htiyc a•gA or'eSsat, udies
envirohnmiesntTtoharelssy ise.xc homlaadrie pt o ssifbomlree t o Reduaxc 'o,n ferienhn ocneoo ufSr u a nnaen Ldl oRyudd ol(p2h 003).
comptlhfieertv seet r soitfoh snit su add yi,s serItw artoistoeen v eral Ia me specifaolrltyu ntaoht aev hea d tchoeo peraotfi on
yeaarg.sMo osotfa lIlt ,h aritkh efmo ern couramgeit nolg i nk informaotfifoinac teb rostt hh TeV Aa ndt hDea modVaarl ley
seeminglyr emfioetled kson wolfe dgfei-arhtsa tv ifnagit thhat th e Corpora(tDiVoCIn)o .w ea s pecial Pd.eCBb.ot sa ent do ltahtee
connec_tpIiso iotrnsee dama ldlesy e nasneld,a tsehro wimnehg o wI SaroDjaitttb ao,to hfw hom facilmiytt aotuoerfdD C facilanidti es
couesltda btlhiemsmo hre ef fectively. myt alwkistD hV Ce mployIeea sm.a lsgor aftutelot he sotfsea vfferasl
GteohaotaxmfennAbe d ukCh tmMaryrtnm a yvM,rbdaiB o ee arlcef1srcCkrl oha e 1aoel �dnl l: leIrwp!imunhea hr gagguoo�veebt,e vPe,eh ssieeg b eil o ng n uo Cy ckdIo twk.i waoohy fn :aum fo vlalhehJeddiarni eekdtenpFt se hnior p set see,u Cesce pwraittir pabrooatoylllsl y UtlLihniObeiblr vriiaeaavKnrartrPoee ids yfr teCdti itishitne itoycLrcont Ueii a htntbMngehiroago aeavynr ,vt re A i yrHnlCt sotlohLidieleRigto l ebecylegrsh,igeaa bentrtrCtm s yhaoheLt UerySelenien le tbiielirnvgeoaaMa eeynboturtr, evo dyh sdefd ei : t y
KaKiAs'.115<>SaSctBes th thmwihWneMMlOvo!eas klaianeveyeanednin. �t ertlbe lryB,:rm eeMa: OStertM o i,tut fuerllr s aryrl �vhae lenkt hetithanJcr t;e tB ;Sosc'M k tbar�ra eGhkuos euy hrBi l'!3,Criose'Stuartad nP a:�rRpA,o,tlGlf o ds�h ga �o arlufaph ie�irr�rJcn tL:orga5ev tete'DF tJ;;ua as ty DO e hv'yMa aletrl�,roouieinWats�lS�si,N hsyin s�nRiaitepultna, aa ,HpphD,,aogeRPll ny eetha_ne ,o ee drboha al�d dc . LFo vtNei hrar yi· mi)or eart elL mc, Aac,lk,yM nluSDiek nnk o lioictonaaCvnglVpTocbpCohu-anoitAeCJ,rhysourzSQe JndB aloAo , ,mraaoulam eniDalldmnO am,.f ieisgoM sieasvAgi ecwseS,grEaaABtn e,eMmetIrkoe sia ugslr riadt ,,ut, nsigounthyy e lsd caenn ,oa,dy a,g l, blSttSeIocMTwiotchh feieEaHUSetkuroeen sncsnunvoede k tsnottoietmie yt refohtonDtne atELra e suSa hoeh neaiarO srtn,emvaidsbalixHeiPak ip tent trn afaeE,lot crhlkoiiad ittUro,d eiieo o fdCeUn rnhD nrSru sng Ggp aNosn yseLeiyodc ttheriyan i Pt ilv ac ,htaon.tigvoithbeTtsi etm rg orerthirFrriuePooin hmgR nearttueP,aIoLsuoptrff eWeiCaasnsih to rrnuiinmpie ,aahtlsdioeMifysnetbtataoes T,h iaef nt ao t dshrutlyrnsia icnho.syrniaft aih t id,tna irrLit ysKrteorLiseteL aggIsn iunIhv oe irysi dnsi Motantu C b enhilsbo b tb e,opthpor dalkenorairNl npeeptlaiivalina oaataaatl,fe rnohlryaente rFdIrkn Chlrtio aaeore , I a cieDnhyi d e yotwn rttErg .hfflede n an nho ei Arde e llel ntaeudofScceu.roehpwpr l l nhohca aetwnieaite da irarlinsht nynh I ltv lsnthrdsige iei o iea.s ose pn l n rsc , e ,
Prfaece
1M odrnietsThi:ee C ultPuotrliaicls
xiv .
skdhthansthf0Aox1o.eeirsrgtu in dnDerforectm r'vl1 eedeveIardowwe dchi-ano e �aa t lamu ipndns. ahSlpagnieenl lrethttPraome Dti tosxpe vnnodlpe nt o _ e anrs.Vtopa m f yteectcri u i"knKfttO Cnsbae.'aney_ hms yfl�t.oo Irm .h;o n' dwe hC se� tH sa tten l hc d oorusda. taehdt,ooeiaagth eft :ndr walblei2ntSeee. kaje00.bdh1te'e elanDas Rdn e 3 spe ra ti egn .tageol e,aeb:S , n1ryyh tondn nca tnlhi 'tctuid dH nir a tnav moddweAth p seaKS lui oSe bheoesnh lt i esk1nitr tor9emHrevhw'4,anr M oakyr0tgaaade die rt Jseha rma 1brkfI t.Ethe o' on otn1ro w r s.werd sfudhtShheae.rha '1 se pns 1ehOra aa hk1o te Io a sar snMIlrTei C hitonhan r.kr Vlr m.h h.wraa nu sfdSeAe ta d ,g ee trn m nr oAIdet c a 11a steo m fs·r reuhtorten edirernto ,efeee r s bBSDIuytatni mhrmltoeeatasrnN r tnn edoeho d Dfgtagf d ehenrolttevu -ywe fecveicelntt ttohic iopaeeoumnftsnlethtaSau tnnerryihdtdrwg,e xa Yoe mtr esyla-dg pro'osvsse asrsmin abmhnleaayynsd t s
wiathcri ticeayl.e dMeybt tohi ssc lha orh spi a nd a 'id1• sa ppraenm•t forty-tehioguhstaTh ned o. e rwhelmmianjgot ryoi ft hearsoe,u nd
thepse ages. fortthyo usawnedrc,eo nstruct19e4d5 T.ah festdeea rm sa,n dt he
1m usatlth saon okt hfreire wnhdsoh e lpmeedi nv ariwoauys.s reservboeihristn hde mh,a dc umulatpiuvsehlesydo mewhere
Thanks,m antyh ankst,oV espMeeriB ,a lMao haJny, oPtain d,e y betweena nfedoi rgthmyti yl lpieoonpf lreot mh ehiorm es laanndd s.
SheeKluma rR aghav, AAaKr.Yo onSr ianknd,haW ,i llWioalfm,a nd Thearred ea mosn a pproximsaitxpetelycry e notft hweo r]srd i'v ers,
tmoan yo thfrieern fodrths e siurp paonrkdti ndnaesIsh sa vfei nished ando nn earelvye lrayr greirv1 e r.
thipsr o.j ect Thesfei gucroemsfer o mt hree poorftt h Weo rlCdo mmission
Myi mmediaantde ex tefnamdieldhi aesvb ee eanni nexhaustible onD ams( WCDr)e,l eaisnNe odv embe2r0 0.W0 hilseo mpea rotfs
souorcfse u ppoofar ltl kMiybn rdost.ha enrdss i staenrdts h eir that raercpeoo nrttr ovtehrnesu imablei,rst su ggefsodtris s placement
childherlepe�md e i n more pratchtaIinc c aancl o uwnMatyy.s andf ocro nstruchtaivnoeon gt e nermautcedhdi spuIittses r .tna ge,
motherAn-nie Sn-K.ll aehwne,kpel ,d m ef inuds efbuulot b scure thougthh,at th eirsen otm orper eciasbiooutnth onsuem bers.
'IhgWwtcfuhakinpeotbooenerootureetsooulooksdhetrpWmisludd i•aiff nTsma . ,.nthli�aanM aranothgreeb lntediredehop t kidehauy de u � ha r::C,eyh thn g,vlW tthIller itseve oiee beenthlofthi te r�, ecet ao ge o vds:Meadn . estryBei,deboo.:nesthivv t esy rytc'f tty t ttingrp outhdJok,tt opoo boeno Wana engn k, arirtuYam.bootudrt me.eBne gloiWa,d rnua keF iae eoofiItadn adntbontncdorn 'n upso t.ss e�la l y ov eomaUwa a:ktsKh ctny ekmpd ohetlnl i pel. oea. m ro d ,l euh llrpai tfmsrMtyast ie�wlaYrial roacnh e .ysh mtm ti cn.ecssrrgn ole�yp nwblo,t the i etnyo ncrt he lnReAi eotnirl wel,ehh om innsrca lfibesosoeadd. uh ae I aierh pce mcofanere eiv lsooia nanicmd svgbarroe,ho tnuKsvledtaee tegent e r ftsKlinlst eeavhop r hrsedt n f hecoev el,ro iytnb haoaenerye r lsshs ositieitrnknae,nd .kesa o�mthne tuk ,tsr mi s hksr ebedl, h'iobPaT21foThalfnWoughd orr fsaesrdeeaWWddrotr asen mitCCDaelmbCigmiacsttoD(uhof mrd utesbuim hd s ins2ao 'dT iu locemee cndo vu,beihltiwyrrsi ftacelen esetoh a dsbionlarbi dnc nilcibsen u souoaca orscarisuii esaTdtrnnsitDre.hgecaion sdbhioae ecaitoa s pe sr lnp ayefnnham ri poefrnsma e t umas igduai2ttrnd anip it og. cttbc000soi,l ulcnna ndht rote.o v tapcloyAs fgnaeeh faed nahc oomef ticoncm retrr wftrkfr urcifyvuot io iuee o pc ltt emuhoecmthss eairpohmaueebrrons miretk st ra ortna.esun otaoswe harrii sm fersatmiplnepieetbieetoa e oneematwl rvecp iun nyntntres dxanhrhegooove ott hadlho tadttetrrfippl tns csel doiteee os rlauoo, w ig nvmw ertimtnre nshoanseie ceaBtsrecup,fnumniali laht,oml dtmgosvop in ierbea ahbe ruepaskt drc erre mti )Wus e e en,ot.ddng re tsl d
thatnh rmeei llciuobmnie ct rTheesra.er aeg remaatnm yo rdearns which
don omte etth essiezr ee quiresmoemoneftw sh,i acehrs toiflv le ry
signifsiiczoaerfn utn catnidwo hni chha vceu mulatidvieslpyl aced
manpyeo ple.
'OeVn llaeayn adTh ounsda' Introduction
2 3
•angdo rdd oie Tth vfuaroh eflmt metnrntifooatoth m<11: mc schso en•r.aei. cc tur1 - avm tan n temh sdoeeeu emI er'vsrd d oi•seeateeef amfs• rti sin f th mehi ns'eea antvriw r tvoniee tfeeemeronnlootdba tt syfmr.h ede i iei.eoeno.lsonfn ,fnsIfm. l. n ' s .t Cn i i s1I Hty i11cle. c o ara0le1s. r.wem n' st octei . afs i napbd hae t. .. iletGsas pbteoio. tmale ev ?lsn eoe , l nwbtaiaeonatte dstnihin oh ni o meadned beoaatiiaflbtitsil ioohmpatinisu eeltc swattt sahc otyi ceorii cmeadfutoant ,dfionhn shoj ,tsrtf a kefu etp ili shrhoearplnto osnonsl,g wwssfdtadmmth . e T caiae shemnlyhsecsylt aiira ieonvsoemonfnpooet n ens oeft om b sa to hi iee la pi,nl bwsnl gluash ibhetyoeoeav scrneve iesnenan tteldy
thaeb seonfrc eel idaibslpel afci'eg muer1net1ts s3:1 , 0t s uprn mgt o viewaesnd a tioincaoMlnos r.e ovseirnb,co etn ha tion-asntdtae h tes
finadl thsaoet f ftoorr etsse otrto lmepn esatthede i sopssseeshdav enteropfrd iesvee lopwmhiecnhdta masr seu ppotsose edr evxeii snt
oftne fanl slheoartsw e.lI lna ncya sthies,l acokfr eansabolcyl are thceo ntoeftx rta nsnamtoivoenmaelon fte sx peritidseeo,l aongdy ,
figureises s pecoidabdle lcyad uasmeas r ien,p riinp 1aer,at citfso f capital, aolnsweoo nmdihegorhw tt eh natiiosnrmae laidn tmoa ny
utirliipatunab ploilci tchybe,a ckboofnw eh icihsa ftaelrlt eh damhsa bse erne coilne wdi tthh ien ternatisoonc aolmimsotmno
quantiatssasstemieovnfcet o satnsbd e neSfiimtsi.ls atrrlayin stg he postwar, post-iddeecaaoblsoo dunetiv zealtoipoTmnhe inbsto .o k
frenqtu eloafsc yks tefmoaltliocaw s-sueps smoefrn etsseo rivr seetkoes x pltahieenn ormgoluosbi anlv estimnde anmtss i nce 1945,
operatiiorrni,gn, ap tioowgeern erarteisoenrs,ve odiirm ennt,sa otiilo andm orpea rtictuloaa drdlryet shsec iorn necttoipo onlsi tical
salinizatioann tdh lei bkyeg ,o vernmewnhtisc hha vien vesgtreeda t ideoloIng siode osi.ni mgt,a ye xpltahieenv idleancotfkc oncaenrnd
sumso mfo nienyd amasn idnm_ an�ya sesc oanrsei dbeuriilndgi ng eveanw arenoen sspt haero tfp olicyrmsaan kdee lectoarbaottuehet s
moreT.hW eC Dch,a rgweidta hsess smtgh oev ereaflfle ctiovfeness humatnr agetdhiasetos m dea mhsa e b rougahbto uatn,dm aya lso
lardgaem f?su,n idt sfealcafis nugrr pinsgli acokfi nformaabtoiuotn shesdo mlei gohntt h dei sappopienrtfionrgmo afmn acnreyi vvearl ley
mstraunukcyretp ebyosu m,imt losts,tit hlnteoy hlvu eiaegs tssnho it d ux egt choiat nd veess.thi igghalvtyie s ible pItr roajt.cIech entshe si tsoetfpoao rftdro h yvpe io adlt iieantcngihdpc no osirel c ciaotclniu oclamatntiulahcr lai eoytn fds f aiomsrms e,d
hCss;bIS�hfrsacosesswunrus oeigC:ee smeanuoysmtrm.tteoInpelqcbeepna tbogce�wasethsupm u a ntlebt f'oiehna-itemlhrietsbesmnr ef setitato wll u ldtte lssitfc iapoaeudlceetai r enudiaosedtnhyoa_fsgr hue""'" �nsuse irc mtswTsrenesots gfcimdtei,l nfIayecauTeuf a o'phfrianctg,acnboeo"""- p.th fshs byayitiroUal daudti .a_;eenn ceoe mrth •fl m ,eih p�sun nll1 t:r n atbeaiarl en �et�vptrneq u rose a� otrfvt : �utefob alshntlo synffaeeimin�toauobtafta ,f, dav�ng,d s iennl dr:c l b t o ro�rela.cmlec h ; eo u v a mem oerxs te a:servn epmmy� c:soi dos.m relndn�e ar�a)ec chancn�w, f :a e mt abea tu ede!e r ro.eii• yinn 7al1 i t�tn;hlrosps beaiufpafc ne�,btmafec�ate cn�e r oasaeoemcDn ct arscglr e h.nsos wtda�eh mlron,ntf.adcigimiont eaeedo n e nlsermniaint h d heao m uc_untetideleoatf�rasroc gmstttabTh .as-ueofysicr�tmaat�oll nrys rhhhitiud vdsmynbned.u yctiI p ocir hptnidm, laeare ce octe h aamtu a mn neasJmonoar drhWe y nt nendr a u rs biot oe:tid bnai iC coe omtfasd is�hlphlp loD t. ddn eu tsecoaa.aresor cci tr aatodinle hd( etamdrlrinfvst le eyahnimta�n1.it unes fwoermsha odec a hsa 'vnmtei e,psnu i t.tottgry:1notudhd o aaitt sstiobmftp l,tr ae on a n h e tia.eucnsriine rie.ore oyh hmuiet owost-l assid pAce ct eot elme owrhmaltecefrTf tnew lan.otr1..asrigp hstrnaeata aenlk h;tyaatm1 darha ntlda,o enrevr sleestcen lri eei.s aiyre s ttsiaTLwvaadnce'3thSehninoannaaohocT crheesezd1oddltmpnroaelDhcaitifine, ee 99k listronln araistatoovo td4 oIeil oxdaabeeoantysmi nyfweaCr t nynbimiwnslx'un e,noy rtnaT o1a'stutdaieaidl tKaigdd ychd abdlht9 lD tihi cltn dehomt heieoaaantr cDie4iaeebooeabo iddielptsot, wowvurdnrotuoasc5sm sk( ioe sk , hui iief a ei ahdtmfhnit Ttt,mo .omks a eoUlat find KIbdt Voe cihh .hd rp, thds nnlhimsndiTo ueadanacmeTee a ee aaei Ai re,d slitr alolso erodl ua'vcmttai,f cka mrlr Sn n n.lnlA,ei3ilattvo uarT1t eemtn eandtw th slshtelsoti9hioyosaaiden ipeaalia erelsafespt5s 'usvt dn dcimltThsyvroa dmroi,, uh9 t shoeo ttabahr steplnvspoowo 2 bfe ooslcpcrstiteoeo esoysatw nenp:mlo cw ..ontre eeu ot 'hale lsniP?d tl iros nu eol gnwIdoi beM ltn aerst sen mt2aryfhsensotwuteh teahhdvsee9tog,o Nid epi smwayiel�ryeeeerm.ifa rphsogirtncboens, isd rqvopo. gn ooornairea uaaeta vmu aueuoneillmtiw veditlnnhlre_easleslar pl,zaiefheaa s f h deIyCdsla n o aoaahd cent ir'nneee she,lgcfr1p4drtoro mdics,ddrtmaieTta eey 9 amtepemoisca vhnstsnhtan)s� 50im eeaendcanoegt neoi.d scs nmr ­aclii a l u st,pe rriel e s das r,
-----
---