One hundred years of social work : a history of the profession in English Canada, 1900-2000 PDF
Preview One hundred years of social work : a history of the profession in English Canada, 1900-2000
ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF SOCIAL WORK This page intentionally left blank ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF SOCIAL WORK A HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION IN ENGLISH CANADA 1900––2000 THERESE JENNISSEN AND COLLEEN LUNDY This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Aid to Scholarly Publications Programme, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Wilfrid Laurier University Press acknowl- edges the financial support of the Government of Canada through its Canada Book Fund for its publish- ing activities. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Jennissen, Therese, [date] One hundred years of social work : a history of the profession in English Canada, 1900–2000 / Therese Jennissen and Colleen Lundy. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-55458-186-3 1. Social service––Canada––History. I. Lundy, Colleen, [date] HV105.J45 2011 361.3’0971 C2010-905169-6 Electronic formats. ISBN 978-1-55458-280-8 (PDF), ISBN 978-1-55458-342-3 (EPUB) 1. Social service––Canada––History. I. Lundy, Colleen, [date] HV105.J45 2011a 361.3’0971 C2010-905170-X © 2011 Wilfrid Laurier University Press Cover design by HandsDesign.ca. Cover image: Tenements (1945), by Pegi Nicol MacLeod. Photo ©National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa. Reproduced with the permission of the artist. Text design by Daiva Villa, Chris Rowat Design. This book is printed on FSC recycled paper and is certified Ecologo. It is made from 100% post-consumer fibre, processed chlorine free, and manufactured using biogas energy. Printed in Canada Every reasonable effort has been made to acquire permission for copyright material used in this publication and to acknowledge all such indebtedness accurately. Any errors and omissions called to the publisher's attention will be corrected in future printings. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written consent of the publisher or a licence from The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright). For an Access Copyright licence, visit www.accesscopy right.ca or call toll free to 1-800-893-5777. We dedicate this book to the memory of Ron Crawley (1951–2008) This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER ONE Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgements xvii Abbreviations of Organizations and Terms xix CHAPTER ONE Responding to Industrial Capitalism and Setting the Stage for Professional Social Work, 1880–1924 1 Child Welfare 2 Poverty 3 The Role of Religion 4 Planting the Seeds of Social Work 6 The Settlement Movement 7 Charity Organization Societies (COS) 8 Social Work in World War I 12 Postwar Social Unrest and Labour Conflict 14 Conclusion 16 Notes 17 TWO Pursuing Professional Status, 1924–29 21 The American Influence 22 The Formative Years in Canadian Social Work Education 24 Formation of a Canadian Social Work Association 27 The Impact of Pursuing Professional Status 33 Conclusion 36 Notes 37 vii viii CONTENTS THREE Face to Face with Poverty: Social Work in the Depression, 1930–9 39 Social Workers Respond to Unemployment and Poverty 39 The Relief Crisis 46 Social Workers Come under Attack 47 Housing Conditions 48 Stretcher Bearers or Political Activists 49 Left-Leaning Social Workers 53 Social Casework Challenged 55 Developments in the CASW 59 Conclusion 61 Notes 61 FOUR Social Work in the War Years, 1939–45: Expansion and Consolidation 65 Contributing to the War Effort 66 The Continuation of Peacetime Social Work 69 Shortage of Qualified Social Workers 71 Growth and Consolidation in the CASW 72 Conclusion 74 Notes 75 FIVE Postwar Reconstruction and Civil Defence, 1940–60 79 Social Work and Postwar Reconstruction 80 The Royal Commission on Dominion–Provincial Relations (Rowell-Sirois), 1937–40 81 Unemployment Insurance Act, 1940 84 Report on Social Security for Canada (Marsh Report), 1943 85 Advisory Committee on Health Insurance (the Heagerty Committee), 1942–43 89 The Committee on Housing and Community Planning (the Curtis Committee), 1944 91 The Family Allowances Act, 1944 93 The Dominion–Provincial Conference on Reconstruction, 1945 95 Keeping an Eye on Child Welfare 98 Social Work and Civil Defence in Times of Peace 99 Conclusion 103 Notes 104 CONTENTS ix SIX Social Work in the Cold War Era, 1940–60: Radicalism and Repression 111 The Daycare Movement 113 The Peace Movement 115 The Canadian Peace Congress 115 Social Workers for Peace 118 The Case of Mary Jennison: A Victim of the Anti-Communist Witch Hunts 120 The RCMP “Red List” 125 Conclusion 128 Notes 129 SEVEN A Conservative Era in Social Work: The 1950s 133 Formalizing a Code of Ethics 133 Welfare Planning as Social Action 137 Abolition of the Death Penalty 142 The Doukhobor Situation 143 Revisiting the Social Action Mandate, 1956–58 144 Conclusion 147 Notes 148 EIGHT The Struggle for Workplace Improvements and Standards: The Role of Unions and Professional Associations 151 Social Work and Unions: An Uneasy Alliance 152 Social Workers, Staff Associations, and Unions 154 Vulnerability of Social Workers: A Case Example 159 Social Workers in High Demand and Short Supply 160 Inadequate Training 163 Salaries and Conditions of Work 166 Social Workers Prepare to Strike 171 Conclusion 173 Notes 174 NINE Provincial Autonomy and Reorganization in the CASW, 1950–65 181 The “Manpower” Crisis in Social Work 182 Restructuring of Role and Function 184
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