Oncogenic Viruses, Volume 2: Medical Applications of Viral Oncology Research

417 Pages·2022·7.035 MB·English

by  Moulay Mustapha Ennaji

Oncogenic Viruses Volume 2
Medical Applications of Viral Oncology Research
Graphical abstract
MoulayMustapha Ennaji
Oncogenic Viruses
Volume 2
Medical Applications of Viral Oncology
Research
Edited by
Moulay Mustapha Ennaji
Group Research Leader Teamof Virology, Oncology, and
Biotechnologies, Head of Laboratoryof Virology, Oncology,
Biosciences, Environment and New Energies(LVO-BEEN),Facultyof
Sciences and Techniques Mohammedia,University Hassan II of
Casablanca,Casablanca, Morocco
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Contents
Listofcontributors xv
Abouttheeditor xix
Preface—OncogenicViruses:UpToRecentKnowledge xxi
Acknowledgments xxv
1. Vitamin D new therapy for breast cancer prevention 1
MarwahLabyed,NajwaHassou,MohammedElMzibriand
MoulayMustaphaEnnaji
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Breastcancer 2
1.2.1 Generality 2
1.2.2 Anatomy 2
1.2.3 Symptoms 3
1.2.4 Breastcancertypes 4
1.2.5 Riskfactors 5
1.3 Viraletiologyofbreastcancer 8
1.4 Mousemammarytumorviruslike 8
1.5 Humanpapillomavirus 9
1.6 Epstein(cid:1)Barrvirus 9
1.7 VitaminD 10
1.7.1 Generality 10
1.7.2 Biosynthesis 11
1.8 Foodneedsandsources 12
1.9 Storagesites 13
1.10 VitaminDreceptors 13
1.11 VitaminDnewtherapyforbreastcancersprevention 14
1.11.1 RelationshipbetweenvitaminDandbreastcancer 14
1.12 Mechanismofaction 14
1.13 VitaminDandbreastcancerprevention 15
1.14 Conclusion 16
References 16
2. Molecular diagnosis of human papillomavirus related
to cervical cancer 23
KaoutarAnouarTadlaouiandMoulayMustaphaEnnaji
2.1 Introduction 23
v
vi Contents
2.2 Etiopathogenesisofhumanpapillomavirusinfection 24
2.2.1 Humanpapillomavirusgenomestructure 24
2.2.2 Mechanismofhumanpapillomavirusinfectioninthe
cervixandcarcinogenesis 25
2.3 Diagnosisofhumanpapillomavirusviralgenome 26
2.3.1 Identificationofhumanpapillomaviruswithout
genotyping 27
2.3.2 Humanpapillomavirusgenotyping 30
2.3.3 HumanpapillomavirusE6/E7mRNAandprotein
detection 34
2.4 Conclusion 34
Acknowledgment 35
References 35
3. Risk of the development of cancers induced by the
consumption of mussels accumulating metallic trace
elements 39
Hanaaˆ Bazir,NajwaHassou,MohammedNabilBenchekroun,
HlimaBessiandMoulayMustaphaEnnaji
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Tracemetalelements 41
3.2.1 Originandcycleoftracemetalelementsinthenatural
environment 41
3.2.2 Propertiesoftracemetalelements 41
3.2.3 Transferoftracemetalelementsinthetrophicchain 48
3.2.4 Effectsofmetaltoxicityonhumanhealth 49
3.3 Bivalvemolluscs 49
3.3.1 Classificationoflamellibranchs(bivalves) 50
3.3.2 Themytilidaeasbioindicators 51
3.3.3 Responseofmarineorganismstotracemetalelements 52
3.4 Oxidativestressandcancer 54
3.5 Conclusion 55
Acknowledgments 55
References 56
4. Oncolytic virus cancer therapeutic options and
integration of artificial intelligence into virus cancer
research 61
VaishakKaviarasan,BarathRagunathand
RamakrishnanVeerabathiran
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 History 62
4.3 Generalpropertiesofoncovirus 63
4.4 Oncolyticviraltherapy:aneweraoftreatment 63
Contents vii
4.4.1 Cancerimmunoeditinghypothesis 63
4.4.2 Pharmacokineticsofoncolyticviraltherapy 64
4.5 Applicationsofoncolyticviraltherapy 66
4.5.1 Diagnosis 67
4.5.2 Tumortargetedcelldeliverybyoncolyticvirotherapy 69
4.5.3 Geneticallymodifiedoncolyticvirus 70
4.5.4 Integrationofoncolyticviraltherapyinradiotherapy 70
4.5.5 Integrationofoncolyticviraltherapyinchemotherapy 71
4.5.6 Integrationofoncolyticviraltherapywithimmune
inhibitorcheckpoints 71
4.6 Limitations 71
4.7 Integrationofartificialintelligenceormachinelearninginto
cancerresearch 72
4.8 Futureconcerns 73
4.9 Conclusion 74
Acknowledgment 74
References 74
5. Oncoviruses: future prospects of molecular
mechanisms and therapeutic strategies 81
IyshwaryaBhaskarKalarani,KamilaThasneemand
RamakrishnanVeerabathiran
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Mechanismofoncovirus 83
5.3 Typesandmechanismofoncoviruses 86
5.3.1 Epstein(cid:1)Barrvirus 86
5.3.2 HepatitisBvirus 87
5.3.3 Aviadenovirus 88
5.3.4 Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus 88
5.3.5 Humanpapillomavirus 89
5.3.6 Polyomavirus 90
5.3.7 Herpessimplexvirus 90
5.3.8 Parvovirus 91
5.3.9 Leporipoxvirus 92
5.3.10 Orthopoxvirus 93
5.4 Geneticsofvirus 94
5.5 Typesoftreatment 96
5.5.1 Immunotherapy 96
5.5.2 Chemotherapy 98
5.5.3 Targetedtherapy 98
5.5.4 Radiationtherapy 99
5.5.5 Hormonaltherapy 100
5.5.6 Surgery 100
5.6 Stemcelltransplanttherapy 101
5.6.1 Oncotherapy 101
viii Contents
5.7 Futureofoncotherapy 103
5.8 Conclusion 104
Acknowledgment 104
References 104
6. Multi-omics methods and tools in dissecting the
oncovirus behavior in human host 109
SheikS.S.J.Ahmed,RamakrishnanVeerabathiran,
MookkandiSudhan,HarshPanwarandPrabuPramasivam
6.1 Introduction 109
6.1.1 Definition 109
6.2 Typesofomics 111
6.2.1 Genomics 111
6.2.2 Transcriptomics 113
6.2.3 Proteomics 122
6.2.4 Metabolomics 127
6.2.5 Bioinformaticsresources 135
6.2.6 Databasesandtools 139
6.3 Conclusions 141
References 141
7. Role of viral human oncogenesis:
recent developments in molecular approaches 147
ChandraLekhaSaravanan,MahalakshmiBaskar,SheikS.S.J.Ahmed
andRamakrishnanVeerabathiran
7.1 Introduction 147
7.2 Prevalenceofoncovirus 148
7.3 Classificationofoncovirus 149
7.3.1 DNAtumorviruses 150
7.3.2 RNAtumorviruses 151
7.4 Moleculartoolsusedforoncovirusdetection 151
7.5 Vaccinesavailableforoncovirus 155
7.6 Statisticalanalysisofoncovirus 157
7.6.1 Epstein(cid:1)Barrvirus 157
7.6.2 HepatitisBvirus 158
7.6.3 Humanpapillomavirus 158
7.6.4 HepatitisCvirus 158
7.6.5 Kaposisarcoma-associatedherpesvirus 159
7.6.6 Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus 159
7.6.7 HumanT-celllymphotropicvirustype1 160
7.6.8 Merkelcellpolyomavirus 160
7.7 Oncovirusandcancerprogression 161
7.7.1 Humanpapillomavirusoncancerprogression 161
Contents ix
7.7.2 HepatitisBvirusoncancerprogression 162
7.7.3 HepatitisCvirusoncancerprogression 162
7.7.4 Humanpapillomavirusoncancerprogression 162
7.8 Oncolyticvirotherapy 163
7.9 Conclusion 165
Acknowledgment 165
References 165
8. Strategies for the development of hepatitis B virus
vaccines 173
FadouaElBattioui,FatimaElMalkiandSaidBarrijal
8.1 Introduction 173
8.2 Virus-likeparticle-basedhepatitisBvaccines 173
8.3 Therapeuticvaccines 178
8.4 DNA-basedvaccines 179
8.5 mRNA-basedvaccines 180
8.6 Proteins/peptidesvaccines 181
8.7 Cell-basedvaccines 181
8.8 Nanovaccines 182
8.9 Efficacyoftherapeuticvaccines 183
8.10 Harmlessness 183
8.11 Immunizationcoverage 183
8.12 Conclusion 184
References 184
9. MYC oncogenes as potential anticancer targets 191
RadostinaAlexandrovaandCˇrtomirPodlipnik
9.1 Introduction 191
9.2 BiologicalroleofMYCgenes 192
9.3 MYCinnormaltissuesandcancer 193
9.4 MYCsignaltransductionpathway 195
9.5 StructureofMYC 197
9.6 TheMYC(cid:1)Maxinteraction 198
9.7 MYCasapotentialtargetforantitumortherapy 200
9.8 TargetingtheMYC(cid:1)Maxinteractionwithsmallmolecule
inhibitors 201
9.9 IndirecttargetingoftheMYC 203
9.10 TargetingMYCtranscription 204
9.11 TargetingofMYCexpression 205
9.12 TargetingMYCstability 205
9.13 SyntheticlethalitywithMYC 206
9.14 G-quadruplexesandexpressionofc-MYC 207
9.15 Conclusionsandperspective 210
Acknowledgments 210
References 211