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ONTHECONDITIONOFSYNTACTICRECOVERABILITYOFNULL ARGUMENTSINKOREAN BY INSOOKIM ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 1992 Copyright1992 by InsooKim Thisdissertationisdedicatedto theGloryofGod ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Itismypleasuretothankthemembersofmysupervisorycommittee: JohnM.Lipski,AnnWehmeyer,EnriqueMall«§n,andChang-WonPark.Their adviceandencouragementhasbeeninvaluabletome. Iwouldliketogivemy specialthankstoDr.JohnLipskiwhonotonlymetmefirstoncampusbut alsoguidedmetowardtheupperlevelsofresearchinsyntax. Withouthishelp Iwouldnotbeabletoproducethisdissertation. Dr.AnnWehmeyer'skindness andopenminded-nessmademylinguisticinvestigationslessfrustrating. ThankstoDr.EnriqueMalian'spenetratingquestions,Iwasabletocomeup withbettersolutionstomylingeringquestions. Ialsowanttogivespecial thankstoDr.C.-W.ParkwhogavemeinsightfulcommentsonKoreandata. Iwouldliketoacknowledgemyformeradvisors,Soo-GunKim,Byung- ManJeon,andSoo-KilKim,andformerprofessorsJeong-ThaykSuh,Ho- ChoonJeon,Bo-YoungLee,Hack-CheonKim,Yeon-HoKim,Young-JayKim, andJoon-SeokChoi. TheyintroducedmetoEnglishlinguisticswhenIwasan infantintheareaofseriousresearch. ToDr.Jey-HyunHan,Dr.Ki-YongLee, andDr.Ik-HwanLee,Iwouldliketoshowmanythanksfortheirintroducing metoMontagueGrammarandtheirkindencouragementtobeagoodlinguist. MystudyowesagreatdealtootherfacultymembersintheProgramin LinguisticsattheUniversity. First,IwouldliketothankDr.JeanCasagrande whohasgivenmeachancetostudylinguisticsonscholarship. Ispecifically appreciatehiscommitmenttoourlinguisticsprogramandcommentsonmy teaching. Iwasabletoimprovemyteachingskillswithhiscloseattention. I IV wouldliketothankindividuallyDr.MohammadMohammadwhotaughtand teasedmeacademicallyandnonacademically. IwanttogivemythankstoDr. AndreaTylerwhoencouragedmetogrowasagoodcommunicator. Thanksgotomycolleagues,JohnBro,JoeAmoako,DavidJones,and myKoreanfriendsintheLinguisticsProgramattheUniversityofFlorida: BeomYoo,In-WooLee,Yeon-JinKwon,Hey-RyunKim,Hey-RanLee,andJee- InKim. Theystimulatedmethroughmanyquestionsandraremanuscripts. I wouldliketogivemyspecialthankstoJohnforhiscomputerlesson,toJoefor hiskindness,andtoDavidforhisadvice. IamgratefultotheGraduateSchoolHumanitiesFellowshipprogram whichhelpedmetocontinuemythesiswithnoteachingduties. IwanttoexpressmygratitudetomyoldfriendsinlinguisticsatKansas, Soo-JayLee,Joong-YurlChoi,Hong-ShickChun,InLee,Do-HeungKo,Jong- SeokOhk,Kyung-HwanCha,Sung-HeeLee,andChul-JooUhm,fortheir rememberanceofmeandkindness. Igivemythanktomyhighschool alumnusHuyn-TaekKimandhiswifeforhelpingmeinmanyways. EspeciallyIcannotforgethiskindnessinprovidingmealsduringthefirst summeratKansas. OnemorefamilythatIwouldliketomentionisJee-Young ChungandhiswifefortheirhelpintheinitialstageofmylifeintheUnited States. IwouldliketothankmyfatherYoung-ChangKim,motherSoon-JinLee, myparents-in-lawDoo-SeokYumandKwang-OkJang,fortheiremotionaland financialsupport. Ialsowanttogivemyspecialthankstomysister-in-lawII- YoonYumandherhusbandNak-YeonChoifortheirdevotedsupport. Thanks gotomyyoungerbrothersKahp-SooandJeong-SooKimandyoungersisters Jeung-EeandJeung-Imfortheirpatienceandeffortsinfillthegapofmy absence. Thanksalsogotomywife'sbrothersDong-Hoon,Kwang-Yurl,and Jeong-YurlYumandtheirwivesandchildrenwhoencouragedandpushedmeto themaximumlevel. TomywifeHea-YoungandmysonTeddy,Ioweaspecial debtofgratitude,fortheynotonlyencouragedme,butalsomademylife meaningful. Mostofall,IthankGodwhoguidedmetocomehereandgavemedaily breadphysicallyandspiritually. AndIthankallfortheirprayer. vi TABLEOFCONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS page iv TABLEOFCONTENTS vii ABSTRACT x CHAPTERS 1.OVERVIEW 1 2.ONNULLARGUMENTS 8 2.1.Definitionof"NullArgument" ' 8 2.1.1.Argumentvs.A^jimct 8 2.1.2.Topologyof"NullArguments" 10 2.22..2.M1o.tLiivnagtuiiosntiocfVtahreiaEtxiiosnteanncdeUonfiPvaerrasmaeltGerrsammar.... 1111 2.2.2.ExtendedProjectionPrinciple 14 2.223...33..L12i..cEPenCRsPOinaTgshEeamoFproterymmaCaalstLeaigFcooreinresmsianlgLDiecveincseingDevice 111866 2.3.3.Licensingpro 20 3.DISTRIBUTIONOFproINKOREAN 22 3.1.LicensingPROinKorean 22 3.2."NullArguments"inSubjectPosition 26 3.2.1.Distributionof"NullThematicSubjects" 26 3.2.2.Nonexistenceof"NullNonthematicSubjects" ".. 28 3.3."NullArguments"inObjectPosition 28 4.31..3.1.DiscourseBound"NullObjects" 28 3.3.2.proarb 31 3.3.3.ArgumentBound"NullObjects" 33 3.4.TheDistributionof"Objectpro" 36 3.4.1."NullArguments"inObjectPosition 36 3.4.2."Objectpro"inRelativeClauses 38 3.4.3."Objectpro"inAdverbialClauses 39 3.5.Conclusion 40 4.ISOSnU"ENSulOlNSubTjHecEtsS"YNTAXOF"NULLARGUMENTS" 4433 44..11..12..RAicChhaIlnlflenHgyepottohtehseisRichInflHypothesis 4434 44..11..43..TMhoeroprheotliocgailcIamlplUinciaftoiromniotfytHhyepMotUheHsis(MUH) 5560 Vll 1 4.1.5.4B.o1r.5e.r1.(A19G89R)aannddC[o+natnraoplhoric]AGR.... 5588 4.1.6.4U.n1d.e5.r2s.pBeocriefri'esdCAlaGiRmHypothesis 6613 4.42..1.O7.nS"uNumlmlaOrbyjects" ZZZZZZZZZZZ. 6687 4.2.1."NullObjects"inItalian 68 4.2.1.1.FormalLicensing 68 4.2.1.2.Interpretation 69 4.2.1.3.TypologicalSpeculations 69 4.2.1.4.OnDativepro 70 4.2.2.OntheParameterizationofGCR 71 4.43..2.3.4D.-2.m3o.r1.pMhoeomne'sHy(p1o98t9h)esPirsoposal .......' 7756 4.2.3.2.proinObjectPosition 79 4.2.4.Summary 81 LicensingproinKorean 81 4.3.1.Zero-topic:CanItBeanIdentification Condition? 81 4.3.2.proLicensinginKorean 84 55..1p.rporo-DinROthPePMiAnRimAaMliEsTtEPRroIgNraTmHEMINIMALISTPROGRAM. 8877 555...111...321...OOThnneppMrrioonLMiiomcavelenimssietnngPtrogram 988797 5.2.FunctionalCategoriesinKorean 100 5.2.1.FunctionofAGR-PinBinding 100 5.2.2.Spec-HeadAgreementinKorean 101 5.2.3.EnrichedINFLHypothesisandIP-structureinKorean... 103 5.2.4.VP-InternalSubjectHypothesisinEnrichedINFL Hypothesis 106 5.3.ExtendingtheMinimalistProgram 108 5.3.1.Licensingproby[+underspecified/+pronominal]AGR 108 5.3.2.LicensingDiscourseBoundproby[+pronominal]AGR 112 5.4.LicensingandIdentificationofNullObjects 114 5.4.1.EmpiricalProblemswithHuang'sAnalysis 116 5.4.2.HonorificAgreementinKorean 118 5.4.3.FunctionofAGR-0 12 5.55..4.C4o.nLcilcuesnisoinngandIdentificationofNubObjectsinKorean....... 112o2r 6.6.T2.O1P.ICALIZATTONINKOREAN 128 6.1.PreviousProposalsonTopicalization 130 6.1.1.OnthePropertiesofTopic 130 6.1.2.OntheRelationBetweentheTopicMarkerandTopichood 132 6.1.2.1.NP-nunandTopichood 134 6.1.2.2.NP-nuninRelativeClauses 135 6.2.ReviewofPreviousProposals 137 TopicalizationinWh-MovementAnalysis 137 vm [ 6.2.3.£ToopirceaalnizTa°tPioicnCaosnAs’t-rSuccrtaimobnlainngdEnglishLeft-Dislocation.. 114463 n6.6663...-332..£T31h-..eCT^oToroPephptiia:icWcncaoNdalrliPTdzCosaaoptnniiiccdnolnNKHuoosPanisrooierannaiRKnfeoiascrnueAldagtnSropefeeScmp-eeHncet-aiHdneAaKgdorrAeee^amneemntent 111115555451319 6.3.3.1.Specifier-HeadAgreementinJapanese 157 6.3.3.2.TopicalizationandHonorificAgreementinKorean 161 6.3.4.ImplementationoftheProposal 165 6.3.4.1.TopicalizationoftheSubjects 165 66..33..44..42..TopicalizationofObjects 168 6.3.5.6Su3.m4.m3a.rOTyonpoiCfcotnahsnetdrAarEiCgn'utsmseionnntETsmobpiecdadliezdation 111777312 66..54..SThuemormeatricyalImplicationsoftheAnalysis 117784 7.CONCLUDINGREMARKS 180 BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 195 IX AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillmentofthe RequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy ONTHECONDITIONOFSYNTACTICRECOVERABILITYOFNULL ARGUMENTSINKOREAN By InsooKim December,1992 Chairman: JohnM.Lipski MqjorDepartment: Linguistics Thisdissertationcombinesthewaysoflicensingandidentifyingthe referenceofanullargument. BuildingontheenrichedUSTFLhypothesis,it claimsthattheKorean[+pronominal]agreementsystemisvisiblein honorifics,that[+pronominal]AGRbecomes[+strong]whenitattractsji- featuresfromac-commandingargument,thatpromovementatLFisa consequenceoftheinteractionbetweenthePrincipleofFullInterpretationand variousprinciplesinthegrammar,andthatthepro-dropparameterneedsto bereducedtoasinglestatement:promustbelicensedandidentifiedby [+strong]AGR. Ithasbeensuggestedthat,insomeIndo-Europeanlanguagessuchas SpanishandItalian,nullargumentsaretobelicensedbyinflectionalendings whichindicatetheperson,number,andgenderfeaturesofthesubject. Korean inflectionalendings,however,donotdemarcatethesefeatures,andyetKorean