On Location: Heritage Cities and Sites PDF
Preview On Location: Heritage Cities and Sites
On Location wwwwwwwwwwww D. Fairchild Ruggles Editor On Location Heritage Cities and Sites Editor D. Fairchild Ruggles Department of Landscape Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL 61820, USA [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4614-1107-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-1108-6 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1108-6 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011940297 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identifi ed as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents Introduction: The Social and Urban Scale of Heritage .............................. 1 D. Fairchild Ruggles The Heritage of Social Class and Class Confl ict on Chicago’s South Side ................................................................................ 15 James R. Barrett The Politics and Heritage of Race and Space in San Francisco’s Chinatown....................................................................... 37 Chuo Li Urban Heritage, Representation and Planning: Comparative Approaches in Habana Vieja and Trinidad, Cuba ........................................................................................ 61 Joseph L. Scarpaci The Space of Heroism in the Historic Center of Cuzco .............................. 89 Helaine Silverman The City of the Present in the City of the Past: Solstice Celebrations at Tiwanaku, Bolivia ................................................. 115 Clare A. Sammells Is Nothing Sacred? A Modernist Encounter with the Holy Sepulchre ................................................................................ 131 Robert Ousterhout Rebuilding Mostar: International and Local Visions of a Contested City and Its Heritage ............................................................ 151 Emily Gunzburger Makaš Of Forgotten People and Forgotten Places: Nation-Building and the Dismantling of Ankara’s Non-Muslim Landscapes ............................................................................... 169 Zeynep Kezer v vi Contents The Contemplation of Ruins: Heritage Cosmopolitanism and the Parsing of Cairo’s Islamic Fabric ................................................... 193 Ian Straughn Heritage and Sustainability in Shunde (China) .......................................... 223 Sharon Haar Index ................................................................................................................ 239 Contributors James R. Barrett Department of History , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana-Champaign , IL , USA [email protected] Sharon Haar School of Architecture, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA [email protected] Zeynep Kezer School of Architecture Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK [email protected] Chuo Li Department of Landscape Architecture , Mississippi State University , Starkville , MS , USA [email protected] Emily Gunzburger Makaš College of Arts + Architecture, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte , NC , USA [email protected] Robert Ousterhout Department of the History of Art , The University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA [email protected] D. Fairchild Ruggles Department of Landscape Architecture , University of Illinois at Champaign , Urbana-Champaign , IL , USA [email protected] Clare A. Sammells Department of Sociology/Anthropology , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , PA , USA [email protected] vii viii Contributors Joseph L. Scarpaci Department of Geography , West College of Business, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, USA [email protected] Helaine Silverman Department of Anthropology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana-Champaign , IL , USA [email protected] Ian Straughn Brown University , Providence , RI , USA [email protected] Introduction: The Social and Urban Scale of Heritage D. Fairchild Ruggles The Heritage of Cities A recent exhibition at the New Museum sharply rebukes preservation movements for transforming lively and inhabited, albeit gritty, urban environments into bland pre- cincts for touristic observation and consumption. “Cronocaos” (2010 at the Venice Biennale, and restaged at the New Museum in New York in 2011) makes this point through its contrast between visibly “preserved” clean spaces and intact fabric, start- ing with the exhibition’s awning, where the name “Cronocaos” is splashed across an existing and still legible sign for the former restaurant supply store where the show is installed (Ouroussoff 2 011 ) . Designed by Rem Koolhaas and Shohei Shigematsu, the exhibition does not take issue with transformation per se so much as how the contem- porary “obsession with heritage is creating an artifi cial re-engineered version of our memory” (New Museum 2 011 ) in which unsightly and insalubrious heritage together with historically important but no longer valued architectural works from the 1960s and 1970s are all expunged by preservation’s merciless sanitation process. The museum proclaims that “preservation is an under-examined topic, but increasingly relevant as we enter an age of ‘Cronocaos,’ in which the boundaries between preservation, construction, and demolition collapse, forever changing the course of linear evolution of time” (New Museum 2 011 ) . The critique is justifi ed, but facile. It is not only the way that heritage policy distorts historic time that merits recognition, but also the way that it distorts space and thus the built environment in its entirety. This volume of essays takes on that question, especially of lived places and the way that human communities – ranging from expert professionals to ordi- nary residents – experience and determine the interpretation and preservation of large swathes of inhabited but historically signifi cant space. D. F. Ruggles (*) Department of Landscape Architecture , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign , IL , USA e-mail: [email protected] D.F. Ruggles (ed.), On Location: Heritage Cities and Sites, 1 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1108-6_1, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 2 D.F. Ruggles Past volumes in the Cultural Heritage and Museum Practices (CHAMP) series have considered the themes of human rights, intangible heritage, and contested heri- tage. These have had a particular urgency at the time that the topics were selected. Cultural Heritage and Human Rights (Silverman and Ruggles 2 007 ) was a collec- tion of essays that responded to revelations concerning the torture of international prisoners held by the US Government in the name of protecting civil liberties that, ironically, the Bush administration had drastically curtailed with the Patriot Act of October 2001. Two years after that volume appeared, I ntangible Heritage Embodied (Ruggles and Silverman 2 009 ) addressed a remarkable development in UNESCO policy: the ratifi cation of the C onvention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003 . The 2003 Convention challenged disciplinary categories because it shifted the focus of heritage from the material object to the intangible acts of performance, ritual, voice, and movement. Thus, preservation was transformed from a primarily technical procedure enacted on stone, wood, and paper to a form of social management in which the medium – the human body – was living and capable of autonomous agency. The third volume, Contested Cultural Heritage: Religion, Nationalism, Erasure, and Exclusion in a Global World (Silverman 2 010 ) , looked at the ways that heritage can be a site for confl ict, either between majority and minority populations or between competing national bodies. If the human rights and contestation themes were a political choice, and the intangible heritage was a disciplinary choice, the present volume’s theme of heritage cities and sites encour- ages an investigation of scale, both spatial and sociopolitical, particularly as it affects the primary stakeholders. Thus, it merges both the material and the social perspectives of heritage management and interpretation. In this sense of opening the fi eld to consider human beings and communities – which is the signal characteristic of heritage, as opposed to preservation studies – this volume follows naturally in the path of the previous ones. The stakeholder who lays claim to a city space can be a resident with a clear need for the amenities that the city and neighborhood is supposed to offer – clean water, sewage and waste removal, adequate and affordable housing, employment opportunities, safety, good schools, access to medical care, public transportation and parking, and so on. But the stakeholder can also be a nonresident landowner whose capital is invested in a build- ing – a hotel, shopping center, or planned community – and who wants that fortune to rise in value, without necessarily having a sense of responsibility for the impact on the actual residents. Or, the stakeholders can be the f ormer residents of a city or neighborhood, such as the generation of Chinese Americans who, having been born on American soil, left the Chinatown where their parents had settled, to move to the suburbs and realize the dream of upward social mobility that suburbia represents. Such dispersed, dislocated stakeholders can include the living descendants of dispersed or destroyed Jewish communities in Germany, Poland, Austria, and Russia or the descendents of the Irish migration to North America. They may no longer be physically present in their former neighborhood yet retain a deep attachment to the place through memory and a constructed sense of shared historic identity (Orser 2007 ) . For some of these groups, forced exile has deepened their place attachment, and the memory of place is linked to the memory of a lost social community.
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