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On human bondage : after slavery and social death PDF

327 Pages·2017·2.37 MB·English
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On Human Bondage The Ancient World: Comparative Histories Series Editor: Kurt Raaflaub Published War and Peace in the Ancient World Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub Household and Family Religion in Antiquity Edited by John Bodel and Saul Olyan Epic and History Edited by David Konstan and Kurt A. Raaflaub Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre‐Modern Societies Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Richard J. A. Talbert The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives Edited by Johann P. Arnason and Kurt A. Raaflaub Highways, Byways, and Road Systems in the Pre‐Modern World Edited by Susan E. Alcock, John Bodel, and Richard J. A. Talbert The Gift in Antiquity Edited by Michael L. Satlow The Greek Polis and the Invention of Democracy Edited by Johann P. Arnason, Kurt A. Raaflaub, and Peter Wagner Thinking, Recording, and Writing History in the Ancient World Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub Peace in the Ancient World: Concepts and Theories Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub The Adventure of the Human Intellect: Self, Society and the Divine in Ancient World Cultures Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub On Human Bondage: After Slavery and Social Death Edited by John Bodel and Walter Scheidel On Human Bondage After Slavery and Social Death Edited by John Bodel and Walter Scheidel This edition first published 2017 © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148‐5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell. The right of John Bodel and Walter Scheidel to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Names: Bodel, John P., 1957– editor. | Scheidel, Walter, 1966– editor. | Brown University, host institution. Title: On human bondage : after slavery and social death / edited by John Bodel and Walter Scheidel. Description: Chichester, West Sussex ; Malden, MA : John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2016. | Papers from a conference, “Being Nobody?”, held at Brown University. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016022486| ISBN 9781119162483 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119162520 (epub) | ISBN 9781119162506 (Adobe PDF) Subjects: LCSH: Slavery–History–Congresses. | Slaves–Social conditions–Congresses. | Patterson, Orlando, 1940– Slavery and social death–Congresses. Classification: LCC HT861 .O64 2016 | DDC 306.3/6209–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016022486 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: Sadeugra/Gettyimages Set in 10/13pt Galliard by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Notes on Contributors viii Preface xii Introduction 1 John Bodel and Walter Scheidel 1 Slavery and Personhood in the Neo‐Assyrian Empire 15 Heather D. Baker 2 Orlando Patterson, Property, and Ancient Slavery: The Definitional Problem Revisited 31 David M. Lewis 3 Slaves or Serfs?: Patterson on the Thetes and Helots of Ancient Greece 55 Peter Hunt 4 Death and Social Death in Ancient Rome 81 John Bodel 5 Freedom, Slavery, and Female Sexual Honor in Antiquity 109 Kyle Harper 6 Becoming Almost Somebody: Manumission and its Complications in the Early Han Empire 122 Anthony Barbieri‐Low 7 Ottoman Elite Enslavement and “Social Death” 136 Ehud R. Toledano 8 The Locked Box in Slavery and Social Death 151 Indrani Chatterjee 9 Honor and Dishonor in the Slavery of Colonial Brazil 167 Junia Ferreira Furtado vi Contents 10 (Child) Slavery in Africa as Social Death?: Reponses Past and Present 193 Sandra E. Greene 11 Slavery and Freedom in Small‐Scale Societies 210 Catherine M. Cameron 12 Rituals of Enslavement and Markers of Servitude: Orlando Patterson in the American Tropics 226 Fernando Santos‐Granero 13 Slavery from Rome to Medieval Europe and Beyond: Words, Things, and Genomes 249 Michael McCormick 14 Revisiting Slavery, Property, and Social Death 265 Orlando Patterson Index 297 List of Figures and Tables Figures 4.1 Funerary stele of M. Publilius Satyr from Capua representing two togate figures and the sale of a slave at auction. 86 4.2 Tombstone of an infant boy, Sextus Rufius Achilleus, from Rome. 88 4.3 Schema of van Gennep’s rites of passage with Patterson’s stages of slavery compared with the corresponding stages of dying. 90 12.1 Kalinago high‐ranking woman, 1600s. 233 12.2 Conibo warrior with captive woman, mid‐1800s. 236 12.3 Chamacoco slave woman, early 1800s. 239 13.1 The frequency of the words “slavery” and “emancipation” in English‐language books published between 1800 and 2000 ce, included in Google Books Ngram Viewer: http://books.google.com/ngrams. Smoothing of three years. 255 13.2 T he frequency of the words “slavery” and “emancipation” in English‐language books published between 1800 and 1900 ce, included in Google Books Ngram Viewer: http://books.google.com/ngrams. No smoothing. 255 Tables 10.1 Enslaved African children purchased by the North German Missionary Society, including age and origin, 1863. 204 13.1 Twenty words that co‐occur most frequently with mancipium in 4754 texts printed in Migne 1844–1864. 253 Notes on Contributors Heather D. Baker has been Assistant Professor of Ancient Near Eastern History at the University of Toronto since September 2014, having previously held research positions at the Universities of Helsinki and Vienna. Her work focuses on Mesopotamia in the first millennium BCE, with specific interests in Babylonian urbanism, house and household, the Neo‐Assyrian royal palace, and the integra- tion of textual and archaeological evidence. Anthony Barbieri‐Low, Professor of Early Chinese History at the University of California, Santa Barbara, specializes in the social, legal, economic, and material‐ culture history of early imperial China. His first book, Artisans in Early Imperial China (2007), was awarded numerous international book prizes. His recently pub- lished book, Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China (2015), offers a study and translation of recently excavated legal manuscripts from early China. John Bodel is W. Duncan MacMillan II Professor of Classics and Professor of History at Brown University. He studies ancient Roman history and Latin litera- ture and has special interests in epigraphy, slavery in antiquity, Roman religion, funerals and burial customs, writing systems, and the ancient novel. His books include two other co‐edited volumes in this series: Household and Family Religion in Antiquity (with S. Olyan, 2008) and Highways, Byways, and Road Systems in the Pre‐Modern World (with S. E. Alcock and R. J. Talbert, 2012). Since 1995 he has directed the U.S. Epigraphy Project, which gathers and shares information about ancient Greek and Latin inscriptions in the United States (http://usepigraphy. brown.edu). Catherine M. Cameron is a Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Colorado, Boulder. She is an archaeologist whose work focuses on the northern part of the American Southwest during the Chaco and post‐Chaco eras (900–1300 ce). Her Southwestern work has been published as a monograph (Chaco and After in the Northern San Juan, University of Arizona Press, 2009) as well as in articles and book chapters. She also studies captives in prehistory, espe- cially their role in cultural transmission, and has published Captives: How Stolen People Changed the World (University of Nebraska Press, 2016), an edited volume, Notes oN coNtributors ix articles, and book chapters on this topic. She has been a co‐editor of the Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory since 2000. Indrani Chatterjee is Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin. Her doctoral dissertation (University of London) was published as Gender, Slavery and the Law in Colonial India (1999). She is the editor of Unfamiliar Relations: History and Family in South Asia (2004) and co‐editor (with Richard M. Eaton) of Slavery and South Asian History (2006). She is also the author of many articles, chapters in edited volumes, and, most recently, of a monograph titled Forgotten Friends: Monks, Marriages and Memories of Northeast India (2013). Junia Ferreira Furtado is Full Professor of Modern History at the Department of History, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) and 1A Researcher with the CNPq and Programa Pesquisador Mineiro/FAPEMIG. Sandra E. Greene, the Stephen ’59 and Madeline ’60 Professor of African History at Cornell University, has published four single authored books and co-edited four volumes, including Gender, Ethnicity and Social Change on the Upper Slave Coast (1996), Sacred Sites and the Colonial Encounter (2002), West African Narratives of Slavery (2011), African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade, Vols 1 and 2 (2013 and 2016), and The Bitter Legacy: African Slavery Past and Present (2013). In addition to writing and teaching courses on African and African Diaspora history, she has served in a number of administrative positions including Chair of the History Department at Cornell, President of the African Studies Association (USA), and Editorial Board member of the American Historical Review. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Kyle Harper is Senior Vice President and Provost and Professor of Classics and Letters at the University of Oklahoma. He is the author of Slavery in the Late Roman World, ad 275–425 (2011) and From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity (2013). He is currently work- ing on a study of the environmental history of the high and later Roman Empire. Peter Hunt is a Professor in the Department of Classics at the University of Colorado, Boulder. His first book, Slaves, Warfare and Ideology in the Greek Historians (Cambridge, 1998), explores the disjunction between the actual extent of slave and Helot participation in Greek warfare and the relative neglect of their role in the contemporary historians (Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon). His second book, War, Peace, and Alliance in Demosthenes’ Athens (Cambridge, 2010), focuses on deliberative oratory as evidence for a more sympathetic and complex view of Athenian thinking and feelings about foreign relations. He is currently finishing a synthetic work, Greek and Roman Slavery: Comparisons and Case Studies, and beginning research on a larger project on the Athenian “frontier” in Thrace. x Notes oN coNtributors David M. Lewis has held a Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship at the University of Edinburgh, and took up up the role of Assistant Professor in Greek History at the University of Nottingham in 2016. His forthcoming book Greek Slave Systems and their Eastern Neighbours: A Comparative Study will be published by Oxford University Press. Michael McCormick studies the fall of the Roman Empire and the origins of Europe. He is the Francis Goelet Professor of Medieval History at Harvard University, where he chairs the Initiative for the Science of the Human Past (http://sohp.fas.harvard.edu). His books include the prize‐winning Origins of the European Economy (2002) and Charlemagne’s Survey of the Holy Land (2011); he recently led the first multi‐proxy scientific and historical reconstruction of climate under the Roman Empire (Journal of Interdisciplinary History 43 (2012): 169– 220). He edits the free, student‐created online Digital Atlas of Roman and Medieval Civilizations (http://darmc.harvard.edu), and is active archaeologically in France and Spain. Orlando Patterson is John Cowles Professor of Sociology at Harvard University. His academic interests include the comparative study of freedom and slavery, and the socio‐cultural roots of poverty and underdevelopment in the Caribbean and US. His books include, The Sociology of Slavery: Jamaica, 1655–1938 (1967); Slavery and Social Death (1982); Freedom in the Making of Western Culture (1991), for which he won the American National Book Award for non‐fiction; and Rituals of Blood: Consequences of Slavery in Two American Centuries (1998). Patterson was, for eight years, Special Adviser for Social Policy and Development to Prime Minister Michael Manley of Jamaica. He has been a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1991. Fernando Santos‐Granero is a Senior Staff Scientist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. Having graduated from the London School of Economics, he has done extensive fieldwork among the Yanesha of Central Peru, as well as historical research of Upper Amazon indigenous societies and regional economies. He is the author of The Power of Love: The Moral Use of Knowledge amongst the Amuesha of Central Peru (1991) and Vital Enemies: Slavery, Predation, and the Amerindian Political Economy of Life (2009), and co‐author with Frederica Barclay of the books Selva Central: History, Economy, and Land Use in Peruvian Amazonia (1998) and Tamed Frontiers: Economy, Society, and Civil Rights in Upper Amazonia (2000). Walter Scheidel is the Dickason Professor in the Humanities, Professor of Classics and History, and a Kennedy‐Grossman Fellow in Human Biology at Stanford University. He has published widely on ancient social and economic history, pre- modern demography, and the comparative history of labor and state formation.

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