On Gyropus Parvus Parvus (Ewing, 1924) And Phtheiropoios Rionegrensis Sp. N. (Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Gyropidae), Parasitic On Ctenomys Haigi Thomas, 1919 (Mammalia, Rodentia, Ctenomyidae)

12 Pages·1994·5.9 MB·

by  Armando C Cicchino

ONGYROPUSPARVUS PARVUS (EWING, 1924) ANDPHTHEIROPOIOS
RIONEGRENSIS SP.N. (PHTHIRAPTERA, AMBLYCERA, GYROPIDAE),
PARASITIC ONCTENOMYSHAIGITHOMAS, 1919 (MAMMALIA,
RODENTIA, CTENOMYIDAE)
Armando C. Cicchino l
Dolores del Carmen Castro l
ABSTRACT
Phtheiropoios rionegrensis sp. n. is described from specimens collected off Ctenomys haigi, C.
mendocinus and C. australis inArgentina. The male genitália ofGyropusparvusparvus (Ewing, 1924) is
redescribed.Thesitesofoviposition,theexternaiarchitectureoftheeggs,the"hatchingorgan"oftheembryo
andsynoxenicoccurrencethrowthegeographicalrangesoftheirhostsarestudied.
KEYWORDS.Phtheiropoios,Gyropus, Ctenomys,eggs,synoxenia,Argentina.
INTRODUCTION
This paper deals with Amblycera (Insecta: Phthiraptera) parasitic on Ctenomys
species (Mammalia: Rodentia: Ctenomyidae) from different localities ofMendoza and
RioNegroProvinces,Argentina.TherelevantfeaturesoftheimagoesofGyropusparvus
parvus(Ewing, 1924)andPhtheiropoiosrionegrensissp.n. (Gyropidae: Gyropinae)are
illustrated anddescribed, as well asthechorionic externai architecture, egg-laying sites
ontherodenthosts and geographicalranges.
MATERIALANDMETHODS
MostoftheadultspecimenswereobtainedalivefromdifferentCtenomysspecies,alsotrappedalive.A
minoramountwastakenfrommuseumstudyskinshousedatMuseodeLaPlata(MLPA),La'Plata,Buenos
Aires,Argentina,whichwereusedasasecondarysourceofliceonly.
theprocLeidcuerewedreescfriixbeeddibnyetChaAnSolT-aRcOeti&cC1:I1CvColH/IvoNlOmi(x1t9u7r8e).,MusoisntgoEfostihnemWwearsestmaoiuninntgeadgeonnt.slidesfollowing
TheeggsweretakenfromthedifferentCtenomysspecies,killedwithcommercialether,air-driedduring
twoweeks,andthencleanedduring20-30secondsinacetone 100%bymeansofanultrasonicvibrator.After,
they were mounted on several stubs in different positions, coated with gold-palladium in a Jeol vacuum
metallizer,andsubsequentlyexaminedwithaJeolT-100ScanningElectronMicroscope(SEM).Measurements:
undertheSEM,bymeansofthedigitalscalegivenauthomaticallyatdifferentmagnifications.Underthelight
1.MuseodeLaPlata,PaseodeiBosques/n,1900LaPlata,BuenosAires,Argentina.(CONICET).
IHERINGIA,Sér.Zool.,PortoAlegre(77): 3- 14,30set. 1994
CICCHINO&CASTRO
microscope,usinganappropriatecallibratedeyepiece.Allmeasurementsaregiveninmicrometers(um).
Pictures: fortheSEMphotographsaKodakVerichromePanRVP 120(ASA 125/22DIN)filmwas
used. Drawings weretracedbymeansofacameralúcida. All SEMpictures were storedinaniconographic
collectionandwereavailablefromtheauthors.
Gyropusparvusparvus (Ewing, 1924)
(Figs. 1-3, 14-24,31-35)
WERNECK
General habitus of male and female matching those described by
(1936, 1948). For general remarks and hosts associations see CASTRO et. al. (1987).
Malegenitáliatypical,withalargeandcomplicatedpenis(fig. 1),pseudopenisU-shaped
(figs. 1,2), paramera long and curved outwardly, their tips extending beyond the basal
plate. Alightlypigmentedandpoorly definedventralplate (fig. 3) extendsbetweenthe
paramera, being difficultto see in whole-mounted specimens.
Typehost: CtenomysmagellanicusBennett, 1835.
Other hosts records (include previous records by EWING (1924), WERNECK
(1936, 1948),CASTROet al.(1987)andCASTRO&CICCHINO(1987)andthosefrom
the present study): Ctenomys mendocinus Philippi, 1869; C. talarum talarum Thomas,
1898; C.porteousi Thomas, 1916; C. australis Rusconi, 1934; C. sericeus J. A. Allen,
1903; C. opimusWagner 1900 and Ctenomys sp. fromVillaMercedes, Argentina.
Specimens examined. Numerous males, females and nymphs fromthe following
Ctenomys species: C. opimus, Tilcara, Jujuy Province; C. mendocinus, Paramillos (Las
Heras),CerroMelón(LasHeras),LaPunilla(Luján)andMalargüe,MendozaProvince;
Ctenomys sp., Villa Mercedes, San Luis Province; C. talarum talarum, Magdalena,
Buenos Aires Province; C. australis, Necochea and Monte Hermoso, Buenos Aires
Province; C. porteousi, Bonifacio (Guaminí) and Chasicó (Villarino), Buenos Aires
Province; and C. haigi, Trapalcó (Avellaneda), Rio Negro Province and El Maitén
(Cushamen), ChubutProvince. See figure 35.
Phtheiropoiosrionegrensis sp. n.
(Figs.4-7,9, 12,25-31,33,35)
Male: generalhabitus andchaetotaxymuchas fori5 latipollicaris (Ewing, 1924)
,
and P.forficulatus(Neumann, 1912),differingasfollows:(1)fromF.latipollicaris(figs.
8, 11): forficulae smaller and with a shorter "toe", basal plate narrower (fig. 4),
pseudopenis distinctly shaped (fig. 6), paramera shorter and structure ofthepenis (fig.
12).
Female:reminiscentofP.latipollicaris,butwithtendencetobenoticeablysmaller
in all somatic dimensions.
Type host: CtenomyshaigiThomas, 1919.
Otherhosts: C. mendocinus and C. australis.
Material examined. Holotyped1 14cT and 149paratypes, allthemfrom thetype
,
host,Trapalcó,Avellaneda, RioNegroProvince, Argentina(MLPA). Otherspecimens:
males, females andnymphs, collectedoffC. mendocinusfromLaPunilla(Dto. Luján),
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OnGyropusparvusparvus(Ewing, 1924)and...
ElChihuidoandElPeralito(Dto.Malargüe),MendozaProvince(MLPA);offC.australis
from Necochea, Buenos Aires Province (MLPA).
Sitesofoviposition.Gyropusp.parvus twodissimilarpatternsofovipositionhave
been observed: (1) in isolated colonies in Ctenomys t. talarum - two individual hosts
examinedshowingsimilarpattern(fig. 34)-theeggsarelaidinthehairsoftheileosacral
area; (2) when synoxenic withPhtheiropoios species the egg laying sites are displaced
more peripherically (C haigi, fig. 31) or around the ears and dorsum and venter ofthe
forelegs (C. porteousi, fig. 32), or scattered over the abdominal surface (in some
individuaisofC.haigi,fig.31),orcombinationsofthepatternsdescribedabove(C.haigi
and C. australis, figs. 31, 33). Phtheiropoios rionegrensis sp. n. in isolated colonies or
whensynoxenicwithG.p.parvus,theeggsareunvariablylaidinthehairsoftheileosacral
area, sometimes extended tothe pubian andperineal areas (figs. 31,33).
Externai chorionic architecture of the eggs. The chorion of the eggs is formed
wholly by the follicle cells of the polytrophic ovariola. After the deposition of the
endochorioniclayeroverthevitellinecuticle,theexochorioniclayerbeginstobesecreted.
Thislayer,inmanycases,isnotproduceduniformly,butisdepositedmorerapidlyatthe
edges ofthe follicle cells than at their central area and, in consequence, some kinds of
"pits",deepareolaeorareasappearinthechorionicsurfaceoppositetoeachfolliclecell.
Bythisreason, the"pitted", "fuzzy", areolate orreticulate externai surface ofthe egg is
aresultoftheimprintsofthefolliclecellswhichproduceit,ashasbeenpointedout,among
others, by BEAMENT (1946) forHemiptera.
The externai features and measurements of the eggs of both species are very
distinctive(tableI). Twokindsofoperculiarefound,heretypifiedasfollows: (1)"dome-
shaped operculum", found in G. p. parvus (figs. 19, 20, 22), with an uniformly curved
surface; (2) "capitate operculum", found in P. rionegrensis sp. n. (figs. 25, 26, 28),
characterized by its polar half much enlarged and produced, naming this enlargement
"capitulum".
Hatching organ ofthe embryo. The hatching organ is a cuticular structure ofthe
embryoniccuticleconsistinginabasalandfeebly sclerotizedplatevariouslyshaped,with
anumberofspines,tubercles,lancetsand/orlancet-shapedblades.Thetruefunctionofthese
"bursters" is to tear the vitelline membrane (SYKES & WIGGLESWORTH, 1931;
HINTON, 1977).Thechorionisthenbrokenalongapreformedlineofweaknesscalledthe
abcission lineby swallowing pressure generatedby the embryo by pumping hemolymph
forwardbyrythmiccontractionsoftheabdómen,andbyfillingthetrachealSystemwithair
(CHAPMAN, 1969).Astheembryoniccuticleisshedinmediatelyafterhatching,itremains
attachedinsidethe amphora (SYKES & WIGGLESWORTH, 1931).
Thehatching organofG.p.parvus andP. rionegrensis, sp. n., arevery similarone
another,andareessentiallyidenticalinshapeandstructuretothatofP.tucumanusCicchino,
1990(CICCHINO, 1990): abottle-likeshapedandtinypigmentedplatehavingthreewell
defined sets ofspines, lancets ortubercles (figs. 15-18), here named: (1) apical teeth, and
inconspicuous number of small tubercles, with or without a central stronger tubercle or
spine,locatedatthebottomoftheplate;(2)lateralteeth,longandslightlybentupwardhorn-
liketeethplacedlaterally,and(3)centraltooth,oneshort,strongandspine-liketoothplaced
atthetop.
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CICCHINO&CASTRO
Table I: Measurements and distinctive features of the eggs ofGyropusparvusparvus (Ewing 1924) and
Phtheiropoiosrionegrensis,sp.n.
egg Gyropusp.parvus Phtheiropoiosrionegrensis,sp.n
size(pm) Length=537-586 Length=634-683
Width=224-244 Width=293-317
kindof Dome-shaped,with Capitate,withsmoothsurface(figs.25,26,28)
operculum rugoseand"pitted"
surface(figs. 19-22)
opercularcallus Notproduced(figs. Greatlyproducedoutwardly(figs.25,26,28,
14, 19,20,22,23) 29)
numberofair 13-16,clearlycoales- 15-16,notdefinitelycoalescentwiththeoper-
Chambers centwiththeopercu- cularcallus(figs.29,30)
larcallus(figs.23,24)
Position of the Central(figs.23,24) Excentric,displacedagainsttheopercularwall
micropyla (figs.29,30)
callusofthe Incipient,withfinger- Fullydeveloped,delimitingacircumferential
amphora likeoutgrowthofvarious groove,andlackingprojectionsofanykind
lengths(figs. 14,20) (figs.26,28).
kindofmesh Verythick,delimiting Withaslenderappearance,delimitinglarge
oftheamphora manysmallandnearly andalmostisodiamentricexagonalareas(figs.
circularareolae(fig.20) 26,27).
Occurrence onthe hosts. The term oligoxenic is hereusedinthe sense originally
proposedbySANDGROUND (1929), andthetermsynoxenic,erectedbyWENZELet
al. (1966), inaslightlymodifiedsenseinordertoincludenotonlytwo ormore species
in the same genus buttwo ormore species belonging to two closely related genera, as
undoubtly Gyropus andPhtheiropoios are.
G.p.parvusisanubiquitous,oligoxenicsubspeciesfoundinatleasttenCtenomys
species,butfuturecollectionsprobablyshouldenlargeconsiderablythisnumber.Except
forisolatedcoloniesparasiticonC. t. talarum(nootherliceareknownfromthishost),
in most cases it is synoxenic. with one or even two Phtheiropoios species in the same
individualhostwheremayexistsalsomEulinognathusspecies(Anoplura:Polyplacidae).
ItshostsrangefromcentralJujuyinArgentinasouthtoGregoryBay,IslaGrandedeTierra
delFuegoinChile: C. opimus, C. mendocinus. C.porteousi, C. australis, C. t. talarum,
C.haigi,C.colburni,C.sericeus,C.magellanicusandCtenomyssp.fromVillaMercedes,
SanLuisProvince, Argentina (tableII).
P. rionegrensis, sp. n., showadifferentpattern. Takingintoaccounttheavailable
dataitseemstobeanoligoxenicspeciesrestrictedtotheC.mendocinusandC.australis
speciescomplexesoverageographic archrangingfromnorthernMendozasouthtoRio
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OnGyropusparvusparvus(Ewing, 1924)and...
Table II. Synoxenismsof Gyropusparvusparvus(Ewing. Ic)24) with PhtheiropoiosorEulinognathusspecies
in diHerein hostandlocalitiesinArgentinaand Chile.
HOSTANDLOCALITY SYNOXENICWITH SOURCEOFINFORMATION
Ctenomyscolburni Phtheiropoiossp.(1) EWING(1924)
Huanuluán,ElCuy, WERNECK(1948)
RioNegro,Argentina
Ctenomysopimus Phtheiropoiosnematophallus newrecord
Tilcara, (Werneck, 1935)
Jujuy,Argentina
Ctenomysaustralis Phtheiropoiosrionegrensis,sp.n. newrecord
Necochea, Phtheiropoiosforticulatus
BuenosAires,Argentina (Neumann, 1912)
Ctenomysporteousi Phtheiropoiossp.(1) CASTROetal.(1987)
Bonifacio,Guamini CASTRO&CICCHINO(1987)
BuenosAires,Argentina Presentstudy
Ctenomysporteousi Eulinognathustorquatus newrecord
Chasicó,Villarino, (Castro, 1982)
BuenosAires,Argentina
Ctenomyssp. Phtheiropoiossp.(1) newrecord
VillaMercedes,
SanLuis,Argentina
Ctenomysmendocinus Phtheiropoiosforficulatus newrecord
SantaRosa, (Neumann, 1912)
Mendoza,Argentina
Ctenomyshaigi Phtheiropoiosrionegrensis,sp.n. newrecord
Trapalcó,Avellaneda,
RioNegro,Argentina
Ctenomyshaigi Phtheiropoiossp.(1) newrecord
ElMaitén,Cushamen,
Chubut,Argentina
Ctenomysmendocinus Phtheiropoiosforficulatus newrecord
LasHeras, (Neumann, 1912)
Mendoza,Argentina
Ctenomysmagellanicus Phtheiropoiospollicaris WERNECK(1948)
GregoryBay, (Ewing, 1924)
Magallanes,Chile Phtheiropoioslatipollicaris
(Ewing, 1924)
Ctenomyssericeus Phtheiropoioslatipollicaris WERNECK(1948)
AltoRioChico,
SantaCruz,Argentina
(1)ThesepopulationsbelongtothesamespeciesidentifiederroneouslyasP. latipollicaris(Ewing, 1924)by
CASTRO et al. (1987) and by CASTRO & CICCHINO (1987) following somatic features provided by
WERNECK
(1948).
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CICCHINO&CASTRO
NegroandBuenosAiresProvincesinArgentina.ThisspeciesisoftensynoxenicwithP.
forficulatus in at least two different localities in Mendoza and one in Buenos Aires
Provinces, as well as withP forficulatus and G.p.parvus atthe sametimeinthelatter
.
locality. Itis also synoxenicwithG.p.parvus aloneinatleastonelocalityinnorthRio
Negro Province (fig. 35).
Acknowledgments.ToDiegoVerzi,DepartamentodeZoologiaVertebrados,MLPA,whocollected
andgenerouslyloanedusspecimensofCtenomyshaigiforlicecollection,providingalsotheliteraturedealing
withCtenomyidae.ToLie.RafaelUrrejola,MLPA,forhisspecialcareinphotographingtheliceeggsunderthe
SEM.
REFERENCES
BEAMENT,J.W.L. 1946.TheformationandstructureofthechorionoftheegginanhemipteranRhodnius
prolixus. Q.Jl.microsc.Sei.,London,87: 393-439.
CASTRO,D.del.C.&CICCHINO,A.C. 1978. Contribucionalconoeimientodelosmalófagosargentinos
III.SobrealgunosMenoponidaedelaavifaunabonaerense:Menacanthuseurysternus(Burm.)yMenacanthus
pici(Denny)(Insecta-Mallophaga).RevtaSoc.ent.Arg.,BuenosAires,37(1-4):77-83.
1987. Listareferencialde losAnopluray Mallophagaconoeidos comoparásitos demamíferos enla
Argentina. RevtaSoc.ent.Arg.,BuenosAires,44(1):357-370.
CASTRO,D.delC;CICCHINO,A.C.& TORRESMURA,J.C. 1987. Estúdiodescriptivoycomparativo
deGyropusparvus(Mallophaga),parasitodeRoedoresOctodontoideos. An.Mus.Hist.Nat.Valparaiso,
Valparaiso,18:41-45.
CHAPMAN,R.F. 1969. TheInsects.StructureandFunction.London,TheEnglishUniversities,819p.
CICCHINO,A.C. 1990. AnewspeciesofthegenusPhtheiropoiosEichler 1939(Phthiraptera:Amblycera:
Gyropidae) parasitic on Ctenomys tueumanus Thomas 1900 (Mammalia: Rodentia: Ctenomyidae).
Spheniscus,BahiaBianca,8: 27-28.
EWING,H.E. 1924. Onthetaxonomy,biology,anddistributionofthebitinliceofthefamilyGyropidae. Proc.
U.S.Nat.Mus.,WashingtonD.C,63(20): 1-42.
HINTON,H.E. 1977. Functionofshellstrueturesofthepiglouseandhoweggmaintainsalowequilibrium
temperatureindirectsunlight. J.InsectPhysiol.,London,23:785-800.
SANDGROUND, J.H. 1929. A consideration on relation ofhost speeificity ofhelminths and metazoan
parasitestothephenomenaofageresistanceandacquiredinmunity. Parasitology,Cambridge,21: 227-
259.
SYKES,E.K.&WIGGLESWORTH,V.L. 1931. Hatchingofinseetafromeggsandtheappearanceofairin
thetrachealSystem.Q.Jl.microsc.Sei.,London,74: 165-192.
WENZEL,R.L;TIPTON,V.J.&KIEWLICZ,A. 1966. TheStreblidbatfliesofPanama(Diptera,Calypterae,
Streblidae).In: WENZEL,R.L.&TIPTON,V.J.ed.EctoparasitesofPanama.Chicago,FieldMuseum
ofNaturalHistory,p.405-475.
WERNECK, F. L. 1936. Contribuiçãoaoconhecimentodosmallophagosencontradosnosmamíferos sul-
americanos. MemsInst.OswaldoCruz,RiodeJaneiro,31(3): 391-589.
1948. OsMallophagosdemammiferos.ParteI:AmblyceraeIschnocera(Philopteridaeepartede
Trichodectidae).RiodeJaneiro,Ed.RevistaBrasileiradeBiologia,243p.
Recebidoem06.01.1992;aceitoem24.11.1993.
IHERJNGIA,Sér.Zool.,PortoAlegre(77): 3- 14,30set. 1994
OnGyropusparvusparvus(Ewing, 1924)and...
Figs.1-7.Gyropusparvusparvus(Ewing,1924),malegenitália: 1,dorsalview;2,pseudopenis;3,parameraand
ventralplate.Phtheiropoiosrionegrensis,sp.n.,malegenitália:4,dorsalview;5,ventralview;6,pseudopenis;
7,ventralsclerite.Figs. 1,4,5and2,3,6,7,samescale.
IHERINGIA,Sér.Zool.,PortoAlegre(77): 3- 14,30set. 1994
CICCHINO&CASTRO
10
Figs. 8-18.Maleforficulae,includingtheextremesofVariation(a-d): 8,Phtheiropoioslatipollicaris(Ewing,
1924); 9,P. rionegrensis,sp.n.; 10,P.forficulatus(Neumann, 1912).Malepenis,includingtheextremesof
Variation(a-c): 11,Phtheiropoioslatipollicaris; 12,P.rionegrensissp.n.; 13,P.forficulatus.Gyropusparvus
parvus(Ewing,1924): 14,upperportionoftheamphorashowingthefinger-likeoutgrowthofthecallus,lateral
view; 15-18,hatchingorganoftheembryo; 15, 17, 18frontalview 16,lateralview (a,apicalteeth;c,central
tooth; 1,lateralteeth).Figs.8-10; 11-13; 14-18;samescale.
IHERINGIA,Sér.Zool.,PortoAlegre(77): 3- 14,30set. 1994
OnGyropusparvusparvus(Ewing, 1924)and...
Figs. 19-24.Gyropusparvusparvus(Ewing, 1924),egg: 19,lateralview,general(scale= 100um);20,upper
portionoftheamphoraandlowerpartoftheoperculum(scale= 50um);21,opercular"pits"andrugosesurface
oftheoperculum(scale=10um);22,operculumandupperportionoftheamphora(polarview)(scale=50um):
23-24,lowerportionoftheoperculum,polarview,showingandairChamber(fig.23scale= 10um,24scale=
5um)(a,amphora;ach,airChamber;ca,callusoftheamphora;co,callusoftheoperculum;ew,externaiwall
ofthe airChamber; fp, finger-like outgrowths ofthe callus ofthe amphora; h, host hair; m. micropyla; op,
operculum;s,spumaline).
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CICCHINO&CASTRO
12
Figs.25-30.Phtheiropoiosrionegrensis,sp.n., egg:25,lateralview,general(scale=100um);26,apicalhalf
oftheegg,lateral(scale=100um);27,exagonalmeshoftheamphora(scale=100um);28,operculumandupper
portionofthe amphora,polarview (scale=100um); 29,lowerportionoftheoperculum showingthreeair
chambers(scale=10pm) (am,amphora;ach,airChamber;ca,callusoftheamphora;co,callusoftheoperculum;
cp, capitulum; ew, externai wall ofthe air Chamber; h, host hair; hm, exagonal mesh ofthe amphora; m,
micropyla;op,operculum).
IHERINGIA,Sér.Zool.,PortoAlegre(77): 3- 14,30set. 1994