On China

641 Pages·2010·18.194 MB·English

by  Kissinger, Henry

On
China
Henry
Kissinger
PENGUIN BOOKS
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Praise for Henry Kissinger’s On China
“Fascinating, shrewd . . . [The book’s] portrait of China is informed
by Mr. Kissinger’s intimate firsthand knowledge of several generations
of Chinese leaders. The book deftly traces the rhythms and patterns
in Chinese history . . . even as it explicates the philosophical differences
that separate it from the United States.”
—Michiko Kakutani, The New York Times
“Fascinating . . . In On China, statesman Henry Kissinger draws on
historical records and forty years of direct interaction with four gen-
erations of Chinese leaders to analyze the link between China’s ancient
past and its present day trajectory. In doing so, the man who helped
shape modern East-West relations presents an often unsettling, occa-
sionally hopeful, and always compelling accounting of what we’re up
against.” —Chicago Sun-Times
“Fascinating . . . No living American has played a more important role
than Henry Kissinger, the former national security adviser and secre-
tary of state, in bringing about the historic rapprochement between
the United States and China. . . . [Kissinger] draw[s] deep insights into
China’s traumatic encounter with much stronger Western powers.”
—San Francisco Chronicle
“On China, Kissinger’s thirteenth book, blends an incisive strategic
analysis of the moves and countermoves of China, the United States,
and the former Soviet Union with telling vignettes about his meetings
with Chinese Communist Party leaders. . . . Entertaining.”
—Los Angeles Times
“Henry Kissinger was not only the first official American emissary to
Communist China, he persisted in his brokerage with more than fifty
trips over four decades, spanning the careers of seven leaders on both
sides. Diplomatically speaking, he owns the franchise, and with On
China, as he approaches eighty-eight, he reflects on his remarkable
run. To the degree that Washington and Beijing now know each other,
it is in good measure because Kissinger has been assiduously translat-
ing for both sides.”
—Max Frankel, The New York Times Book Review
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“No one can lay claim to so much influence on the shaping of foreign
policy over the past fifty years as Henry Kissinger.”
—Financial Times
“From the eminent elder statesman, an astute appraisal on Chinese
diplomacy from ancient times to the fraught present ‘strategic trust’
with the United States. Former Secretary of State Kissinger brings his
considerable scholarly knowledge and professional expertise to this
chronicle of the complicated evolution and precarious future of Chi-
nese diplomacy with the West. . . . Sage words and critical perspective
lent by a significant participant in historical events.”
—Kirkus Reviews
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PENGUIN BOOKS
ON CHINA
Henry Kissinger served as National Security Advisor and then
Secretary of State under Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford and
has advised many other American presidents on foreign policy.
He received the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize, the Presidential Medal
of Freedom, and the Medal of Liberty, among other awards. He
is the author of numerous books and articles on foreign policy
and diplomacy and is currently chairman of Kissinger Associates,
Inc., an international consulting firm.
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On
China
Henry
Kissinger
PENGUIN BOOKS
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PENGUIN BOOKS
Published by the Penguin Group (cid:129) Penguin Group (USA) Inc.,
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First published in the United States of America by The Penguin Press,
a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 2011
Published with a new afterword in Penguin Books 2012
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Copyright © Henry A. Kissinger, 2011, 2012
All rights reserved
Excerpts from “Making of Plans,” “Strategic Offensive,” and “Attack by Fire” from
The Art of War by Sun-Tzu, translated by John Minford. Copyright © John Minford, 2002.
Used by permission of Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS HAS CATALOGED THE HARDCOVER EDITION AS FOLLOWS:
Kissinger, Henry, 1923–
On China / Henry Kissinger.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-59420-271-1 (hc.)
ISBN 978-0-14-312131-2 (pbk.)
1. China—Foreign relations—20th century. 2. China—Foreign relations—21st century.
3. World politics—21st century. I. Title.
DS775.8.K47 2011
327.51—dc22
2011009265
Printed in the United States of America
DESIGNED BY MARYSARAH QUINN
MAP BY JEFFREY L. WARD
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TO ANNETTE AND OSCAR DE LA RENTA
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Contents
PREFACE xv
NOTE ON CHINESE SPELLINGS xix
PROLOGUE 1
CHAPTER 1: The Singularity of China 5
The Era of Chinese Preeminence 8 (cid:129) Confucianism 13 (cid:129) Concepts of
International Relations: Impartiality or Equality? 16 (cid:129) Chinese Realpolitik
and Sun Tzu’s Art of War 22
CHAPTER 2: The Kowtow Question and the Opium War 33
The Macartney Mission 35 (cid:129) The Clash of Two World Orders:
The Opium War 45 (cid:129) Qiying’s Diplomacy: Soothing the Barbarians 51
CHAPTER 3: From Preeminence to Decline 57
Wei Yuan’s Blueprint: “Using Barbarians Against Barbarians,” Learning Their
Techniques 60 (cid:129) The Erosion of Authority: Domestic Upheavals and the
Challenge of Foreign Encroachments 64 (cid:129) Managing Decline 69 (cid:129)
The Challenge of Japan 77 (cid:129) Korea 80 (cid:129) The Boxer Uprising and the
New Era of Warring States 86
CHAPTER 4: Mao’s Continuous Revolution 91
Mao and the Great Harmony 92 (cid:129) Mao and International Relations: The
Empty City Stratagem, Chinese Deterrence, and the Quest for Psychological
Advantage 97 (cid:129) The Continuous Revolution and the Chinese People 106
CHAPTER 5: Triangular Diplomacy and the Korean War 113
Acheson and the Lure of Chinese Titoism 118 (cid:129) Kim Il-sung and the
Outbreak of War 122 (cid:129) American Intervention: Resisting Aggression 129
(cid:129) Chinese Reactions: Another Approach to Deterrence 133 (cid:129) Sino-
American Confrontation 143
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