Omics for Personalized Medicine PDF
Preview Omics for Personalized Medicine
Debmalya Barh Dipali Dhawan Nirmal Kumar Ganguly Editors Omics for Personalized Medicine O mics for Personalized Medicine D ebmalya B arh • D ipali D hawan N irmal Kumar G anguly E ditors O mics for Personalized Medicine E ditors D ebmalya B arh D ipali D hawan C entre for Genomics and Applied B .V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education Gene Technology and Research Development Centre Institute of Integrative Omics A hmedabad, G ujarat, I ndia and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB) Nonakuri, P urba Medinipur, Institute of Life Sciences West Bengal, I ndia Ahmedabad University Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India N irmal Kumar G anguly P olicy Centre for Biomedical Research Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (Department of Biotechnology Institute, Government of India) Offi P urnendu Bhusan Barh ( 22nd Feb 1940–28th Feb 2008) T his book is dedicated to P urnendu Bhusan Barh (S/O Ambika Charan Barh and F/O Debmalya Barh), an eminent academician, philosopher, career master, and transformator who is the soul and inspiration behind the Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology (IIOAB) and all its activities. F oreword T his is the right time to clarify the issues that emerge from “omics sciences” (genomics, pharmacogenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, connectomics, nutrigenomics, ecotoxicogenomics, environmental genomics, etc.) in terms of hopes and limitations. Of course, several hurdles are ahead. Given the ongoing additional developments in omics technologies assisted by powerful bioinformatic tools, optimism is in place to deliver the expectations raised by the genomic revolution. The ambition of “omics sciences” is to characterize a large (if not complete) set of molecules within a biological sample and their orchestral interactions in fi ne-tuning the phenotype. T he aim of these “pluriomics” is to get full insight into the complex biological systems often designated as “integrative systems biology.” The semantic bioinformatic-based linking process of multitude omics sciences has been named “interactomics” which is not limited to protein-protein interactions but englobes all cellular processes. Presently, high-throughput technologies have generated more data than that we can handle. Harmonization and standardization of complex omics data itself is a great challenge to under- stand the dynamics of biological networks in space and time and also, through metadata analysis, to recover meaningful biological response to our questions in health and disease. In the omics ocean, it is quite diffi cult to navigate even for the experienced biologists and clinicians. To fi ll this gap and to soothen the annoyment o f health-care scientists, “ Omics for Personalized Medicine ” provides a detailed description of concepts and technologies in the fi rst section and the present “state-of-the-art” applications in the remaining six sections. The editors, led by the eminent physician c um biomedical scientist Prof. N.K. Ganguly and coordinated by the principal member of the editorial board, Debmalya Barh along with Dipali Dhawan, have brought a distin- guished list of contributors from around the world to achieve the formidable task of explaining what is “omics” and how their concepts can be applied to personalized medicine. Since the fi elds of applications of omics are quite large, for reasons of clarity, six sections are introduced (cancer/autoimmune, neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular/pulmonary, metabolic, and infectious disor- ders without ignoring the implications in ortho, gyneco, and opthalmo medi- cal specialities as well as in cell-based therapies). The concept of “personalized medicine” is not novel to physicians who have since long practiced it with some subjective appreciations and approximations, while the ambition of present concept of “personalized prescription” aims to achieve personalized vii viii Foreword “drug selection and drug dose” and intends to be e vidence-based through omics knowledge. These approaches need not n ecessarily be based on patient’s genetic makeup as we recognize more and more the importance of epigenetic modifications in drug tolerance, response, and toxicity which is also highlighted in the fi rst section. After all, gene expression is infl uenced by xenobiotics including drugs, and the destiny of xenobiotics in our body is dictated by organism’s gene expression network. We are in the process of searching the road map, and the “omics for personalized medicine” intends to be your GPS (“genomic positioning system”). D r. R. Krishnamoorthy F ormer Director of Research Pharmacogenomics Section I nstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) P aris, France R . Krishnamoorthy, Ph.D., D.Sc., is an eminent scientist and former director of research, INSERM, Paris, France. A specialist in the fi elds of pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, hematological genetic disorders, and immunogenetics among others, Dr. Krishnamoorthy is dynamically engaged in several international committees and advisory boards and presently is a consultant for research in molecular hematology for a number of institutions in different countries. He works in collaboration with top research institutes from India, Brazil, the USA, the UK, Germany, Oman, Mauritius, Bahrain, Qatar, and Maldives and has more than 260 interna- tional publications. He had peer-reviewed for major journals like Am J Hum Gen, Blood, Nat Reviews, and PLoS One and other PLoS serie s . P refa ce T he goal of humankind is to alleviate the human suffering through the gain of knowledge. In the last few decades, the rapid advancement of “omics” technologies has shown us a way to understand the genetic causes of diseases that has led the way for better treatment options and management for the diseases that affl ict humankind. The sequencing of human genome was the fi rst major step towards the realization and advancement of personalized medicine. Researchers all over the world are in unison in their opinion that this is just the beginning and as more and more innovations occur, omics technologies will gradually become the part of regular treatment and will be adopted by both physicians and patients alike. T he major need of the hour is the dissemination of knowledge of the latest technological development among students of science, medical professionals, policy makers, and educated public, in general, so that these revolutionary technologies are adopted more quickly and bring about positive changes in public health scenario. This book is a sincere effort by researchers all over the world to bring that knowledge and development trends in pharma- cogenomics to the public. T he book “Omics for Personalized Medicine” as the title implies presents a comprehensive analysis of several aspects of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine. The book has been divided into seven sections com- prising 34 chapters. Section I contains the general aspects of the omics tech- nologies that have been developed and also the future innovations that will transform public health. Sections II–VII comprise chapters on personalized medicine covering several diseases. T he book chapters have been written by scientists from all over the world and with a focus on present and future global trends in the fi eld of pharma- cogenomics and personalized medicine. Each chapter is comprehensively written and includes fi gures and illustrations for the benefi t of the readers. The book has been written and complied for over a year ensuring that all the latest aspects of pharmacogenomic research trends have been incorporated in the book. The efforts of authors are being refl ected in the considerable amount of information incorporated in each of the chapter of the book. T he book begins with a chapter entitled “Pharmaco-Geno-Proteo- Metabolomics and Personalized Medicine: An overview” by Drs. Raghavachari and Gucek, wherein they give an overview of the different omics technologies. The second chapter by Dr. Mitra and colleagues describes the current status ix
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