Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Keys to Nutritional Health

611 Pages·2016·13.88 MB·English

by  Mahabaleshwar V. Hegde

Mahabaleshwar V. Hegde
Anand Arvind Zanwar
Sharad P. Adekar Editors
Omega-3
Fatty Acids
Keys to Nutritional Health
123
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Mahabaleshwar V. Hegde
Anand Arvind Zanwar
Sharad P. Adekar
Editors
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Keys to Nutritional Health
123
Editors
Mahabaleshwar V.Hegde Sharad P.Adekar
Centerfor Innovation in Nutrition Health Department ofIRB Affairs
Disease,IRSHAMedicalCollegeCampus Western Institutional Review Board Inc.
Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University Puyallup, WA
Dhankawadi, Pune,Maharashtra USA
India
Anand ArvindZanwar
Centerfor Innovation in Nutrition Health
Disease,IRSHAMedicalCollegeCampus
Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University
Dhankawadi, Pune,Maharashtra
India
ISBN978-3-319-40456-1 ISBN978-3-319-40458-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40458-5
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016943867
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Preface
This book, “Omega-3 Fatty acids: Keys to Nutritional Health,” is the product of our sincere
effort,toprovidescientificevidencefortheextraordinarypowerofnature’swondermolecules
—omega-3-fattyacids.Chaptersbyexpertsindifferentspecificaspectsofomega-3fattyacids
for human health, have been presented to our wide spread readers, nutritionists, dieticians,
clinicians,andallhealthconsciousreadersandhealthprofessionals.Thereisnoexaggeration
if we state that man owes his very existence on this planet to omega-3 fatty acids, as these
molecules are largely responsible for the creation human brain. It is the brain that gives man
the extraordinary power to sense the nature and its environment and enable him to adapt, to
liveinmorecomfort.Omega-3fattyacids,besidesbeingthehardwareofthebrain,takeactive
part in almost every aspect of life reactions in health and disease.
OurChap.1on“Nutrition,Life,Disease,andDeath”narratestheimportanceofsupplyof
allessentialnutrientsinadequatequantitiesincludingomega-3fattyacidsandChap.36ofDr.
M. Jeganathan on “Role of Antioxidants” which are also needed not only as anti-stress,
anti-aging nutrient, but also to prevent oxidation of omega-3 fatty acids in human body’s
hostile environment.
It is unequivocally established that recent rise in the incidences and severity of several
diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, obesity, pregnancy complications, alzheimer,
psoriasisandaging,canbeprimarilyattributedtothepaucityofomega-3fattyacidsinmodern
humandiet.Hence,“BringBackOmega-3FattyacidintoFoodChain”hasbeenaglobalcry.
Therefore, our Chap. 2 on “Flax Biovillage” and Chap. 3, “Linseed Agriculture” by Dr. P.K
Singh aim at unleashing the power of linseed, for omega-3 nutritional security. Chap. 21 by
Dr. Scott Doughman presents a case of “Microalgae oil” and Dr. Rafael Zarate’s in Chap. 9,
that of “marine algae,”as safe and effective vegetarian food. Authors argue that different
biotechnologicalapproachescanboostfattyacidyieldinmicroalgae,andthereby,microalgae
maybecomeimportantattractive,continuous,sustainablegoodomega-3source,tosatisfythe
increasing world demand. In Chap. 34, Georgia Lenihan-Geels discusses the prospects of
bioengineering of plant seed oils for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid
(EPA),algaeaquacultureandenhancementofLC-PUFAinmeat,anddairyproductsthrough
plant-derived livestock feeds. In addition to increase the world omega-3 supply, for actually
attaining omega-3 nutritional security and better health for one and all, another attractive
complementarystrategyistofortifyfood,resourcingomega-3fattyacidfromflaxseed,marine
algae,orfishoilsources.ManoharPanseinChap.8,whilediscussingthe“Omega-3fattyacid
Food Fortification,” also highlights the importance of compliance of regulatory guidelines,
required for marketing such products. Further, Manohar Panse has also discussed Develop-
mentofomega-3eggsinChap.5andWorldMarketofOmega3FattyAcidsinChap.7.Most
importantly, the pharmacokinetics of safety of omega-3 fatty acids has been reviewed by Dr.
Juan Tamargo in Chap. 39. Dr. Puranik in Chap. 10 describes omega-3 oil emulsion that
prevents lipid peroxidation and also offers not only increased stability and shelf life but also
better bioavailability. In our Chap. 4 on “Omega-3 Milk,” with our colleague Dr. P.B.
Ghorpadeand Dr. S.L. Bodhankar, we narrate the importance ofincorporatingomega-3 fatty
acid in milk and its utility for human health.
v
vi Preface
The major problem today is the severe imbalance of the two essential fatty acids namely
omega-3andomega-6fattyacids.Omega-3fattyacidsbeingprimarilyanti-inflammatoryand
omega-6 being proinflammatory, too much omega-6 and very little of omega-3 fatty acids in
modernhumandiet,thedisease-proneinflammatorypathwayisdominantinthemodernman.
Dr. Kadooin in Chap. 15 discusses how omega-3 to omega-6 ratios can be manipulated in
oilseeds to achieve balance of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
Mostinterestingthought-provokingchapters(Chaps.27–32)havebeenprovidedbyRobert
Brown.Hisconcernaboutthelinoleicacid/alpha-linolenicacidimbalanceanditsinfluenceon
various aspects of ill health today is evident from the inferences drawn by him.
One of the major well-acknowledged effects of omega-3 fatty acids are their ability to
prevent heart diseases. Dr. Manohar Garg in Chap. 6 discusses how omega-3 fatty acids
controlhyperlipidemia;Dr.JubbinJacobinChap.37,cardiovasculardisorder;Dr.QuianGao
in Chap. 25, cardiovascular events; and Dr. Sang Lee in Chap. 33, Myocardial Infarction.
Dr.SayedAhmedinChap.11,discussesthemechanismbywhichEPA-andDHA-derived
eicosanoids and lipid mediators contain chronic inflammation and prevent degenerative
diseases.
Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on immune system in reducing the pathological manifes-
tation especially in diseases related to inflammation, allergy, and autoimmunity have been
discussed by Dr. Sudha Gangal in Chap. 26.
Dr. Vikas Kumar in Chap. 38 on Psoriasis, a multifaceted autoimmune disorder discusses
thepotentialbenefitsofomega-3fattyacid,theirmetabolites,andthemechanismsinvolvedin
psoriasis treatment.
Role of omega-3 fatty acids in mitochondrial diseases and its profound effects on muscle,
brain, heart, liver, nerves, eyes, ears, kidney functions, involvement in CVD, and diabetes
havebeendiscussedbyDr.S.KatyareinChap.17.Dr.Katyareinchapterondiabetesshows
the link between omega-3 fatty acids in diabetic complications, neuropathy, retinopathy,
nephropathy,andangiopathy,andthebeneficialeffectofomega-3fattyacidsupplementation
inChap.16,andDr.KatyarefurtherinChap.18onAlzheimerarguesthatomega-3fattyacid
supplementation may be safe and prophylactic for Alzheimer's disease.
Oxidative stress and inflammation are the major mechanism that contributes to the
pathogenesis of degenerative diseases including neurotraumatic, neurodegenerative, and
neuropsychiatric diseases. Dr. Akhlaq A. Farooqui, in Chap. 19, concludes that increased
consumption of omega-3 fatty acids may result in retardation of oxidative stress and neu-
roinflammation due to the production of resolvins, neuroprotectins, and maresins.
Dr.TassosGeorgiouinChap.20ontheroleofomega-3fattyacidsoneyehealthdescribes
howomega-3fattyacidsupplementationcanresultinregressioninsometypeofretinopathies,
including age-related macular degeneration, macular dystrophies, and also some form of
drying eye.
Importanceofomega-3fattyacidsinmaternalnutritioningrowingfetus,reducingtherisk
of adverse pregnancy outcome, has been reviewed in Chap. 35, by Dr. Sadhana Joshi.
Dr. Gabriel Fernandes, in Chap. 40, describes effect of fish oils on pain resolution,
achieving prolonged disease free life.
Obesityleadstoseveralchronicmorbiditiesincludingtype2diabetes,atherosclerosis,and
hypertension, which are major components of the metabolic syndrome. In chapter 14, Dr.
Maria J. Morena Aliaga reviews randomized controlled trials that evaluate the effect of sup-
plementation of EPA and DHA on weight loss, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, blood
pressure, and inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome characteristics. Dr. Lindsay
Brown in Chap. 13 describes linseed as a functional food for the management of obesity. He
concludesthatthereisconsiderableevidencethattheconstituentsinflaxseedespeciallyALA
andprobablyalsosecoisolariciresinoldiglucosideandfibertoalesserextent,eitherseparately
orcombined,canbedefinedasfunctionalfood,astheymayimprovethemultiorganchanges
induced by obesity.
Preface vii
Decrease in the brain DHA content causes number of neurobiological effects including
depression. Dr. Beth Levantin in Chap. 22 discusses the evidences that support the involve-
ment of decreased brain omega-3 fatty acids in the etiology of postpartum depression and
other depressive disorders and their implications in prevention and treatment.
Dr.JulioOchoainChap.23summarizestheroleofomega-3fattyacidsinbonehealthand
turnover. In Chap. 24, Dr. Julio Ochoa summarizes the interactive role of Fe and DHA in
physiologicaland nutritional deficiency situations, revealing that DHA stimulates Fe
metabolism.
In Chap. 12 on cancer, we discuss the anticancer action of omega-3 fatty acids that may
countertheproinflammatory,proangiogenic,andprometastaicandcellproliferativeactionsof
AA eicosanoids and induce apoptosis.
Itisnowonderthatomega-3fattyacidsareverycrucialforourhealthastheyconstitutethe
functional structural component of the membrane and also the precursors of hundreds of
eicosanoidsandlipidmediatorscontrollingthousandsofreactionsinhumanbody.Therefore,
it is not surprising that the omega-3 deficiency has wide range of adverse effects on different
organsandtissuesaggravatingeachandeverydisease.Therefore,thebookalsofocusesonthe
meansofurgentlybringingbackomega-3fattyacidsintofoodchain.Theseaspectshavebeen
very well illustrated by the contributory authors and co-authors of the chapters of the book.
We would like to profusely thank them all, being the part of this useful exercise.
Finally,volumeeditorswouldliketoextendtheirappreciationtoSpringerandtheirstafffor
providing professional platform for communication with the experts in the field.
BVDU, Pune, India Mahabaleshwar V. Hegde
BVDU, Pune, India Anand Arvind Zanwar
Puyallup, WA, USA Sharad P. Adekar
Acknowledgments
The role of Ms. Michele Aiello—developmental editor, in regularly communicating with
contributing authors,inattending torequiredtechnical corrections, andpersuading authorsto
keep deadline, was most important for the successful completion of the book. We thank her.
WealsothankMs.SamanthaLonuzzi—assistanteditor,ClinicalMedicinespringersciences—
forherhelpineveryaspectforcompletionofthebook.Wearealsothankfultoformereditors
Ms. Amanda Quinn and Ms.Jonna Perey with whom we startedthis project.We are grateful
to Ms. Sudeshana Das—production editor—at Scientific Publishing Services for his help in
manuscript proofreading process till final publication of book.
WewouldliketoexpressdeepgratitudetoProf.Dr.ShivajiraoS.Kadam—honorablevice
chancellor of Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University (BVDU), Prof. S.F. Patil—Executive
Director Research BVDU, Dr. Ulhas Wagh-—former director, and Dr. A.C. Mishra—the
current director of Interactive Research School for Health affairs, BVDU, Pune, for their
unstintedsupportandencouragementforsuccessfulcompletionofthebook.Lastly,wewould
like to express heartfelt thanks to our family members for their understanding and support.
Prof. Mahabaleshwar V. Hegde M.Sc., Ph.D.
Dr. Anand A. Zanwar M.Pharm., Ph.D.
Dr. Sharad P. Adekar M.D., Ph.D.
ix
Contents
1 Nutrition, Life, Disease, and Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Mahabaleshwar V. Hegde, Anand Arvind Zanwar, and Sharad P. Adekar
2 Flax Bio-village Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Mahabaleshwar V. Hegde, Anand Arvind Zanwar, and Prakash B. Ghorpade
3 Status Paper on Linseed/Flax Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
P.K. Singh
4 Omega-3 Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Anand Arvind Zanwar, Yogesh S. Badhe, Subhash L. Bodhankar,
Prakash B. Ghorpade, and Mahabaleshwar V. Hegde
5 Omega-3 Egg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Manohar L. Panse, Shripad P. Atakare, Mahabaleshwar V. Hegde,
and Shivajirao S. Kadam
6 Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Hyperlipidaemias. . . . . . . . . . . . 67
J.J.A. Ferguson, C.B. Dias, and M.L. Garg
7 World Market of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Manohar L. Panse and Shital D. Phalke
8 Fortification of Food with Omega-3 Fatty Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Manohar L. Panse and Shital D. Phalke
9 Importance of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Marine Algae . . . . . . . . . . 101
Rafael Zárate, Nabil el Jaber-Vazdekis, and Raquel Ramírez-Moreno
10 Emulsions of Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Better Bioavailability
and Beneficial Health Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Sarang S. Puranik
11 Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Salma Mukhtar Mir, Sanjit Kanjilal, and Syed Ubaid Ahmed
12 Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cancer: Insight into the Mechanism
of Actions in Preclinical Cancer Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Asavari A. Joshi, Mahabaleshwar V. Hegde, and Sharad P. Adekar
13 Linseed as a Functional Food for the Management of Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Siti Raihanah Shafie, Hemant Poudyal, Sunil K. Panchal, and Lindsay Brown
14 Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Metabolic Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Ana Elsa Huerta, Laura M. Laiglesia, Leyre Martínez-Fernández,
and Maria J. Moreno-Aliaga
15 Balancing Omega-6: Omega-3 Ratios in Oilseeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Tejas P. Chirmade, Smrati Sanghi, Ashwini V. Rajwade,
Vidya S. Gupta, and Narendra Y. Kadoo
xi
xii Contents
16 Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Diabetic Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
A.V. Mali, S.S. Bhise, and Surendra S. Katyare
17 Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Mitochondrial Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Surendra S. Katyare and A.V. Mali
18 Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Alzheimer’s Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Santosh D. Devkar and Surendra S. Katyare
19 Prevention of Oxidative Stress by Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Brain . . . . . . 239
Akhlaq A. Farooqui and Tahira Farooqui
20 Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Eye Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Tassos Georgiou and Ekatherine Prokopiou
21 DHA-Rich Algae Oil Is a Safe and Effective Vegetarian Source
of Omega-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Scott Doughman, Sreerama Krupanidhi, and C.B. Sanjeevi
22 Role of n-3 (Omega-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Postpartum
Depression: Mechanisms and Implications for Prevention
and Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Beth Levant
23 Influence of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Bone Turnover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Javier Díaz-Castro, Naroa Kajarabille, Mario Pulido-Morán,
Jorge Moreno-Fernández, Magdalena López-Frías, and Julio J. Ochoa
24 Interactions Between Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Julio J. Ochoa, Mario Pulido-Morán, Silvia Hijano, Naroa Kajarabille,
Jorge Moreno-Fernández, and Javier Díaz-Castro
25 Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acid in Major Cardiovascular Events—A
Current View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Yanting Wen and Qian Gao
26 Modulation of Immune Response by Omega-3 in Health and Disease . . . . . . 307
Sudha Gangal
27 The Linoleic-to-Linolenic Dietary Intake Ratio: The Fundamental
Implications of Imbalance and Excess Looked at from Both
a Functional and an Evolutionary Perspective: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Robert Andrew Brown
28 Bioactive Oxidised Products of Omega-6 and Omega-3, Excess
Oxidative Stress, Oxidised Dietary Intake and Antioxidant Nutrient
Deficiencies, in the Context of a Modern Diet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Robert Andrew Brown
29 In a Western Dietary Context Excess Oxidised Linoleic Acid of Dietary
and Endogenous Origin by Over-Activation of PPAR Gamma so Immune
and Inflammatory Pathways, and through Cardiolipin Damage, Increases
Cardiovascular Risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Robert Andrew Brown
30 Linoleic Acid and Alpha-Linolenic Acid Have Central Roles in Brain
Energy Substrate Provision, Endogenous Lipid Production, Immune and
Repair Function, via Peroxisomal Beta-Oxidation-Related Pathways?. . . . . . 413
Robert Andrew Brown