Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health PDF
Preview Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS IN BRAIN AND NEUROLOGICAL HEALTH This pageintentionallyleftblank OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS IN BRAIN AND NEUROLOGICAL HEALTH R R W ONALD OSS ATSON UniversityofArizona,ArizonaHealthSciencesCenter,Tucson,AZ,USA F D M ABIEN E EESTER DMFLtdCo.,Belgium AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO(cid:129)SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 32JamestownRoad,LondonNW17BY,UK 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA Copyrightr2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyform orbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwritten permissionofthepublisher. PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRightsDepartmentinOxford, UK:phone(144)(0)1865843830;fax(144)(0)1865853333;email:[email protected], visittheScienceandTechnologyBookswebsiteatwww.elsevierdirect.com/rightsforfurtherinformation. Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorproperty asamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein.Becauseofrapidadvancesinthe medicalsciences,inparticular,independentverificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-410527-0 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteatelsevierdirect.com TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India www.adi-mps.com PrintedandboundinUnitedStatesofAmerica 14 15 16 17 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface xi 4. Unregulated Lipid Peroxidation in Neurological List of Contributors xiii Dysfunction Acknowledgments xvii MOTOTADASHICHIRI,YASUKAZUYOSHIDAANDETSUONIKI Introduction 31 LipidOxidationBiomarkersforNeurologicalDysfunction 32 1. Enhanced Longevity and Role of Omega-3 LipidPeroxidationProductsfromLinoleicAcid 32 Fatty Acids LipidPeroxidationProductsfromAA 32 VIJAYKARAMSINGHANDRONALDROSSWATSON NeurologicalDysfunctionAssociatedwithLipidPeroxidation 37 MechanismsofFreeRadicalProductioninNeurological Introduction 1 Disorders 38 Longevity 1 References 44 FoodRestrictionforEnhancedLongevity 2 AdditionalReferences 51 CalorieRestrictionforLongevity 2 SmokingandReducedLongevity 2 Genetics,aKeyModifierofLongevity 3 5. Obesity, Western Diet Intake, GeneticDiseasesandLongevity 3 and Cognitive Impairment Genomics 4 EnvironmentalFactorsandLongevity 4 SCOTTE.KANOSKI,TEDM.HSUANDSTEVENPENNELL AnimalTestsandLongevity 5 ObesityandCognitiveImpairment 57 Omega-3FattyAcidsandLongevity 5 WesternDietIntakeandCognitiveImpairment 58 References 6 Summary 61 FurtherReading 7 References 61 2. Molecular Gerontology: Principles and 6. Genetic Risk Factors for Diabetic Neuropathy Perspectives for Interventions CARMINEGAZZARUSOANDADRIANACOPPOLA SURESHI.S.RATTAN Introduction 9 DiabetesMellitusandItsComplications 63 DiabeticNeuropathy:GeneralCharacteristics 63 MolecularBasisofAging 10 RiskFactorsforDiabeticNeuropathyandpathophysiological Genetics,Post-Genetics,andEpigeneticsofAging 11 AgingInterventions 12 Mechanisms 63 GeneticRiskFactorsforDiabeticNeuropathy 64 Hormetics,Hormesis,andHormetins 14 PotentialUseofGeneticRiskFactorsin References 15 ClinicalPractice 66 References 67 3. Peroxisomal Pathways, their Role in Neurodegenerative Disorders 7. n-3 Fatty Acid-Derived Lipid Mediators and Therapeutic Strategies against Neurological Oxidative Stress PATRIZIARISE´,RITAPARONIANDANNAPETRONI and Neuroinflammation Peroxisomes 19 AKHLAQA.FAROOQUI PeroxisomalPathologies 23 Leukodystrophies 24 Overview 69 TherapeuticStrategies 25 DHAintheBrain 70 DemyelinationandOtherLeukodystrophies 27 EPA-DerivedLipidMediatorsintheBrain 71 Conclusion 28 Conclusion 78 References 28 References 78 v vi CONTENTS 8. The Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids InvolvementofLipids,FattyAcids,andTheirMetabolites on Quality of Life inPainRegulation 134 FutureProspects 141 ONDINEVANDERESTANDLISETTECPGMDEGROOT References 142 Introduction 81 AssessmentofQoL 81 CurrentEvidenceonOmega-3FattyAcidsandQoL 82 13. Fish Oil Supplementation Prevents Age-Related Discussion 83 Memory Decline: Involvement of Nuclear ConclusionandRecommendations 84 Hormone Receptors References 84 SERGEALFOS 9. Mammalian Fatty Acid Amides Introduction 147 of the Brain and CNS EffectsofAgingonIncorporationofDocosahexaenoicAcid inBrainPhospholipids 147 DOMINIKP.WALUK,MATTHEWR.BATTISTINI,DANIELR.DEMPSEY, EffectsofAgingonDHABiosynthesis 148 EMMAK.FARRELL,KRISTENA.JEFFRIES,PERRYMITCHELL, DietaryFishOilandPreventionofAge-RelatedMemory LUCASW.HERNANDEZ,JOSHUAC.MCBRIDE,DAVIDJ.MERKLER ANDMARYC.HUNT Decline 150 DHAImprovesSynapticPlasticityDuringAging:Involvementof Introduction 87 RetinoidXReceptorsandPeroxisomeProliferator-Activated TheRelevanceoftheFattyAcidAmides Receptors 153 toNeurologicalDisease 99 SummaryandConcludingRemarks 155 Acknowledgements 102 References 157 References 102 10. Low Omega-3 Fatty Acids Diet and the Impact 14. Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and on the Development of Visual Connections Neurological Health with Special Reference and Critical Periods of Plasticity to Clinical Depression CLAUDIOALBERTOSERFATYANDPATRICIACOELHODEVELASCO H.M.CHANDOLAANDILATANNA Introduction 109 Introduction 163 NutritionandtheImpactofOmega-3FattyAcidsonBrain Omega-3FattyAcids 163 Development 109 StatusofOmega-3FattyAcidsinClinical TheDevelopmentofVisualTopographicalMaps 112 Depression 165 CriticalPeriodsforBrainDevelopment 113 NeurologicalAlterationsinDepression 167 RoleofOmega-3onDevelopmentofCentralVisual PossibleMechanismsforLinksBetweenOmega-3 Connections 114 FattyAcidsandDepression 169 References 117 ImpactofDietonAHN 170 ClinicalTrialsSupportingtheRoleofOmega-3 FattyAcidsinMDD 171 11. The Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty ConversionofALAtoEPAandDHA Acids on Maternal and Child Mental Health fromFlaxSeedOil 173 ProbableModeofActionofFlaxSeedOil MICHELLEPRICEJUDGE,ANAFRANCISCADIALLO inDepression 173 ANDCHERYLTATANOBECK Conclusion 175 Introduction 121 References 176 TheRoleofOmega-3FattyAcidsinNeurotransmission 121 FurtherReading 179 DHAandMaternalMentalHealth 122 Omega-3FattyAcidsandChildMentalHealth 123 Conclusion 126 15. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation References 127 for Major Depression with Chronic Disease 12. Pain as Modified by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids LAURENE.LAWSONANDRONALDROSSWATSON SHOGOTOKUYAMAANDKAZUONAKAMOTO Introduction 181 Introduction 131 Omega-3FattyAcids 181 FactorsInvolvedintheSupplyandPhysiologicalFunction Summary 185 ofFattyAcidsintheBrain 132 References 185 vii CONTENTS 16. The Effectiveness of Fish Oil as a Treatment SubstantiaNigraDopamineCellPopulationsDisplayDifferential for ADHD VulnerabilitytoLesions 239 RepercussionofEFADeficiencyorSupplementationonMidbrain MODHIALIS.ALSHAMMARIANDRONALDROSSWATSON DopaminergicSystems 240 PotentialMechanismsInvolvedinSubstantiaNigraDopamine AreviewoftheLiterature 187 CellLossInducedbyEFADietaryRestriction 241 Conclusion 193 Acknowledgments 245 References 198 References 245 FurtherReading 199 FurtherReading 249 17. Fatty Acids and the Aging Brain 21. The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids ALYSSABIANCAVELASCOANDZALDYS.TAN in Hippocampal Neurogenesis Introduction 201 SIMONC.DYALL PhysiologicBrainAging 202 Introduction 251 FattyAcidsandBrainAging 205 MeasurementofNeurogenesis(MarkersofProliferation) 252 FunctionofOmega-3FattyAcidsintheBrain 206 DevelopmentalNeurogenesis 253 SourcesofOmegaFattyAcids 208 AdultHippocampalNeurogenesis 254 OmegaFattyAcidMetabolism 208 References 259 PathologicalBrainAging 209 ProtectiveEffectofOmega-3FattyAcidsagainstDementia 212 Conclusion 213 22. Imaging Brain DHA Metabolism in Vivo, References 213 in Animals, and Humans FurtherReading 219 STANLEYI.RAPOPORTANDAMEERTAHA Introduction 265 18. Cerebrovascular Changes: The Role QuantitativeImagingofBrainDHAMetabolisminRodents 265 of Fat and Obesity SummaryandConclusions 272 LINNEAR.FREEMAN Acknowledgments 273 References 273 Introduction 221 VascularizationoftheBrain 221 EffectsofaHighFatDietandObesityonOverallHealth 23. Obesity and Migraine in Children andProposedMechanisms 222 PASQUALEPARISI,ALBERTOVERROTTI,MARIACHIARAPAOLINO, Conclusion 226 ALESSANDROFERRETTIANDFABIANADISABATINO References 227 Introduction 277 EpidemiologicalRelationshipBetweenMigraineandObesity 277 19. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids ProposedMechanismfortheRelationshipBetweenObesity on Alzheimer’s Disease andMigraine 279 InfluenceofWeightLossonChronicHeadacheinObesePeople GAURAVPAULANDRONALDROSSWATSON andEffectsofthePreventiveTreatmentofMigraineon WeightChange 281 Introduction 231 Conclusions 283 Alzheimer’sDisease 231 References 283 Omega-3FattyAcid:aRoleinAlzheimer’sDisease? 232 References 235 24. Dietary Omega-3 Sources during Pregnancy and the Developing Brain: Lessons from Studies in Rats 20. Substantia Nigra Modulation by Essential Fatty Acids CAROLINEE.CHILDSANDPHILIPC.CALDER BELMIRALARADASILVEIRAANDRADEDACOSTA, Introduction 287 PRISCILAPEREIRAPASSOS,HENRIQUETADIASCARDOSO, ALASupplementationandBrainFattyAcidComposition 288 CATARINAGONC¸ALVES-PIMENTEL,ERALDOFONSECADOS Long-chainOmega-3PUFASupplementation SANTOSJUNIOR,JULIANAMARIACARRAZZONE BORBAANDRUBEMCARLOSARAU´JOGUEDES andBrainFattyAcidComposition 291 DirectComparisonofALAandLong-chainOmega-3PUFA ImportanceofEssentialFattyAcidsasNeuroprotectorsDuring SupplementationonBrainFattyAcidComposition 297 BrainDevelopmentandAging 237 Conclusions 297 SubstantiaNigraVulnerabilitytoNeurodegeneration 238 References 301 viii CONTENTS 25. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cognitive Behavior 29. Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Aggression GRACEE.GILES,CAROLINER.MAHONEYANDROBINB.KANAREK KEIHAMAZAKI,TOMOHITOHAMAZAKIANDHIDEKUNIINADERA Introduction 303 Introduction 359 EpidemiologicalStudies:TheAssociationBetween FirstTrialofOmega-3PUFAsandAggressioninYoung Omega-3PUFAIntake,Omega-3PUFALevels, Adults 359 andCognitiveDecline 314 Conclusion 362 Conclusion 322 References 364 References 322 30. Multiple Sclerosis: Modification by Fish Oil 26. Lipids and Lipid Signaling in Drosophila Models GILBERTLUJANRIVERAJR.ANDRONALDROSSWATSON of Neurodegenerative Diseases Introduction 367 KYOUNGSANGCHO,SEMINBANGANDAMANDATOH Overview 367 Introduction 327 CellularLevelofMultipleSclerosis 368 DrosophilaasaModelSystemofNeurodegenerative Omega-3SupplementationofMSPatients 369 Diseases 327 VaryingResultsAmongstResearchers 369 EffectsofLipidsandLipidSignalingonDrosophilaModels Summary 370 ofNeurodegenerativeDiseases 330 Acknowledgement 371 PointstoConsiderWhenDrosophilaModelsareUsed References 371 forStudyingtheRoleofLipids 334 Perspective 334 31. Deuterium Protection of Polyunsaturated References 335 Fatty Acids against Lipid Peroxidation: A Novel Approach to Mitigating Mitochondrial 27. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Relation to Neurological Diseases Sleep Quality and Depression in Obstructive MIKHAILS.SHCHEPINOV,VITALYA.ROGINSKY,J.THOMASBRENNA, Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome ROBERTJ.MOLINARI,RANDYTO,HUITSUI,CATHERINEF.CLARKE ANDAMYB.MANNING-BOg˘ CHRISTOPHERPAPANDREOU Introduction 373 Introduction 337 PUFAsinMitochondrialMembranesandOxidativeStress 373 OSAHS 337 MitochondrialDysfunction,OxidativeStress,andPD 375 Conclusion 345 IsotopeProtectionofPUFASAgainstautoxidation 376 References 345 YeastModelsConfirmtheNon-LinearProtectiveEffect FurtherReading 347 ofD-PUFAsinvivo 378 IsotopeReinforcementofPUFAinPre-ClinicalPD 28. Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Intellectual Disability, Modeling 378 Conclusion 380 Schizophrenia, Depression, Autism, and References 381 Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 32. Obesity, Cognitive Functioning, and Dementia: BASANTK.PURIANDDINAGAZIZOVA A Lifespan Prospective Introduction 349 MERRILLF.ELIAS,GEORGINAE.CRICHTON Background 349 ANDAMANDAL.GOODELL PlasmaLipidsinAdultswithIntellectualDisability andtheEfficacyofOmega-3FattyAcids 350 Introduction 385 PlasmaLipidsinSchizophreniaandtheEfficacy Weight-RelatedVariablesandDementia 385 ofOmega-3FattyAcids 352 WeightandCognitiveFunction:RoleofCVDFactors 389 PlasmaLipidsinDepressiveIllnessandEfficacy InitialSummary 391 ofOmega-3FattyAcids 353 MetS 391 PlasmaLipidsinAutismandEfficacyofOmega-3 Mechanisms:General 392 FattyAcids 354 EarlyInfluencesonRelationsbetweenObesityand PlasmaLipidsinADHDandEfficacyofOmega-3 Cognition 393 FattyAcids 355 MorbidObesityandClinicallyImportantCognitiveDeficit 394 Conclusions 355 TreatmentofOverweightandObesity 395 References 356 TreatmentofObesitywithOmega-3FattyAcids 396 ix CONTENTS Omega-3FattyAcidMechanismsfor GeneralDiscussion 440 ReducingWeightLoss 397 References 441 Methodologies:GeneralIssues 397 FinalSummaryandConclusions 398 References 399 36. Fish Oil Supplements, Contaminants, and Excessive Doses 33. Dairy Products and Cognitive Functions NICOLEBURCAANDRONALDROSSWATSON GEORGINAE.CRICHTONANDMERRILLF.ELIAS Introduction 447 Mercury 447 Introduction 403 Lead 449 ReviewoftheLiterature 403 Selenium 449 EarlyCross-SectionalandProspectiveResearchFindings Arsenic 450 inAssociationsbetweenDairyandCognition 405 Cadmium 451 Discussion 410 PCBs 451 Summary 413 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 452 DirectionsforFutureResearch 413 Dieldrin 452 References 413 Conclusion 453 FurtherReading 427 Acknowledgment 453 References 453 34. Obesity and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Kinematic Approach 37. Introduction to Fish Oil Oxidation, Oxidation VERONICACIMOLIN,LUCAVISMARA,MANUELAGALLI, Prevention, and Oxidation Correction NICOLACAUANDPAOLOCAPODAGLIO PETERLEMBKEANDANETTSCHUBERT Introduction 417 Introduction 455 QuantitativeMovementAnalysis 418 OxidationProcess 455 Conclusions 425 OxidationIndicators 455 References 425 OxidationCorrection 458 Summary 459 References 459 35. Fatty Acids and the Hippocampus FurtherReading 460 HEATHERM.FRANCISANDRICHARDSTEVENSON Introduction 429 FattyAcidsandMemory/Hippocampus 429 Index 461 FattyAcidsandAD 435
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