Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health

454 Pages·2014·24.57 MB·English

by  Ronald Ross Watson

OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS IN BRAIN AND
NEUROLOGICAL HEALTH
OMEGA-3 FATTY
ACIDS IN BRAIN AND
NEUROLOGICAL
HEALTH
R R W
ONALD OSS ATSON
UniversityofArizona,ArizonaHealthSciencesCenter,Tucson,AZ,USA
F D M
ABIEN E EESTER
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Preface
Brain disorders resulting from omega-3 fatty acid on neurological diseases is still emerging. Waluk and
deficiencies or inadequacies are one of the major pre- coauthors describe the actions of mammalian fatty
ventative health opportunities, as treatment by dietary amides in the brain and central nervous system to help
food and supplementation show great benefits, are understand their roles in health and disease. Similarly,
safe, and relatively economic. As reviewed by Singh Serfaty and coworkers describe the extensive data
andWatson,the dietary long-chainomega-3fattyacids showing that low omega-3 fatty acids adversely affect
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid development of visual connections. With industrializa-
(DHA) are showing benefits in longevity as well as in tion, societies have changed their traditional dietary
molecular gerontology applications, as defined by consumption of fats, frequently with adverse conse-
Rattan. Their mechanisms of action in neurological tis- quences to health and mental function. A sedentary
sues include unregulated lipid peroxidation, as lifestyle with increased availability of high energy
described by Yoshida and Shichiri, with peroxisomal foodshas occurred. There hasbeen a dramaticincrease
pathways in neurodegenerative disorders and thera- in the use of corn oil with its omega-6 polyunsaturated
peutic strategies, as summarized by Rise, Paroni, and fatty acids, trans fatty acids, with more animal pro-
Petroni. Not surprisingly, mental health issues are sig- ducts modified by diets high in fats. Simultaneously,
nificantly affected due to low intakes of omega-3 fatty the use of omega-3 fatty acids, primarily from fish,
acids in much of the world on a similar magnitude to has been reduced. In the past several decades there
that of the expanding obesity epidemic. Kanoski has been approximately a 10-fold increase in the ratio
describes the role of traditional Western diets, with of omega-6 compared to omega-3 consumption. As
their promotion of obesity, on cognitive impairment. expected, Tokuyama found that omega-3 fatty acids
For example, the Japanese, through a high consump- modulated other aspects of neurological dysfunction,
tion of fish, have an adequate intake of 1000mg/day, especially pain. In addition, Judge and coworkers
while typical European diets provide only found significant confirmatory research on the role of
100(cid:1)125mg/day. This yields inadequacy or deficiency fatty acids in maternal and child mental health. At the
within the brain and neurological effects, so that ade- other end of the age spectrum, Alfos defines the role
quate levels of omega-3 fatty acids impact the quality of fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids in preventing
of life, according to van de Rest. Farooqui defines the age-related memory loss via hormone receptors, while
fatty acids’ lipid mediators which reduce neurological Tan reviews blood levels of fatty acids in aging brain
oxidative stress as key mechanisms of action. function to understand their mechanisms of action.
Gazzaruso and coworkers note the importance of Paul also found limited evidence that omega-3 fatty
genetic risk factors as targets in the major chronic dis- acids acted on Alzheimer’s disease. Clearly the com-
easediabeticneuropathy. panion omega-6 fatty acids have adverse effects in
high or disproportionate levels. Unfortunately, omega-
6 fatty acids are the primary fatty acids consumed in
most Western diets. Freeman described the association
FATTYACIDS AND THE BRAIN
between the accumulation of other fats and fatty acids
and obesity and changed cerebrovascular functions.
It is critical that more scientists research and evalu- The actions of such fatty acids in clinical depression
ate the effects of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in are outlined by Chandola and coworkers, and their
brain health and neurological function. This will effects on major depression are outlined by Lawson.
increase understanding at government, scientific, and In children, their potential functions incorporated in
importantly, general population levels. While it is fish oil in the growing epidemic of attention deficit
increasingly accepted that omega-3 fatty acids in high hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are summarized and
levels benefit a variety of human diseases, their effects reviewed by Ali.
xi
xii
PREFACE
OMEGA-3 FATTYACIDS IN
accumulation of pesticides, mercury, and other such
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
materials that can be taken up by plants which are a
NEUROLOGICAL CHANGES
food source for fish. Finally, Lembke reviews the risks
of oxidation to fatty acids, its prevention, and correc-
Actual brain and neuron structural changes are tion to keep them useful and beneficial as well as safe.
important in brain dysfunction. Reviews by da Costa Shchepinov and coworkers describe the isotope deute-
showed that substantia nigra was modulated by rium as a novel approach to reducing mitochondrial
omega-3fattyacids,whileDyallfoundthattheymodu- lipid peroxidation, and thus, neurological diseases. In
latedhippocampalneurogenesis.Francisalsodescribed summary, fish oils provide some protection of cogni-
the effects of dietary fatty acids on the hippocampus. tive function during dementia with senile decline in
As might be expected, Parisi’s review found that obese Alzheimer’s disease, normal aging of the brain, some
children with high levels of fat and non-omega-3 fatty peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, and multiple sclero-
acids were at more risk of migraine headaches. Lower sis. The book experts review the role and effect of
back pain was similarly susceptible to a kinematic various intakes of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive
approachintheobese,assummarizedbyCimonlinand function in normal aging, dementia and its treatment,
coauthors. multiple other neurological diseases, and the progres-
sion of multiple sclerosis and related disorders, citing
research that supports the use of dietary and food
FATTYACIDS AND NEUROLOGICAL sources to increase omega-3 fatty acid intake to pro-
OUTCOMES
mote health.
The second section of the book focuses on the wide
Fly models are routinely used as efficient systems to variety of neurologicaleffects ofhighandlow omega-3
look at neurological signaling. Cho summarizes the and/or omega-6 fatty acids. The third section aims at
role of lipids and their signaling on insect models of defining the role of omega-3 fatty acids in some of the
neurological diseases. Human diseases with a neuro- various structural changes in neurons and neurological
logical component, such as cognitive behavior, are tissues. The fourth section relates to special roles dur-
reviewed by Giles, while Papandreou summarized ing the time neurological tissues are developing, pri-
their role in sleep quality with its depression in marily in infants and children and the importance of
obstructivesleepapnea.Puridescribedother neurolog- omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. The fifth section
ical dysfunctions as being modified by omega-3 fatty focuses on a diffuse area of diseases that have a neuro-
acids including intellectual disability, schizophrenia, logical component, but are not primarily neurological
and autism, while Hamazaki and coworkers discussed diseases. The final section aims to define neurological
their actions on aggression. Rivera described the auto- diseases due to immune dysfunction, particularly
immune disease, multiple sclerosis, looking for a role multiplesclerosis.
of therapy with fish oil. The review by Elias provides a Clearly, fatty acids fit the modern paradigm of
life-span prospective of the role of fatty acids in obe- being dangerous in the wrong amounts and types,
sity, and thus, cognitive function and dysfunction while being health promoting otherwise. This informa-
yielding dementia. In addition to the standard fish oil tion, as it is analyzed and defined by experts in this
as neuromodulators, Elias describes dairy products book, will promote research as well as logical, health
andtheiractionson the brain via cognitive function. promoting choices by patients and their physicians.
These are increasingly science-based dietary choices to
prevent and treat neurological diseases that are
CONTAMINANTS AND THEIR REMOVAL increasingly prevalent in the 21st century, due to an
FROM FISH OILS
increasingly aged population living with lifestyle
changes, moving us away from the traditional diets
Fish oils are a major source of dietary and supple- and foods of our ancestors.
mentary omega-3 fatty acids. They do, however, have
Ronald Ross Watson
the potential for contamination. Burca reviewed the
List of Contributors
SergeAlfos UniversityofBordeauxandINRAUMR1286 Catherine F. Clarke Department of Chemistry and
Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology Biochemistry,UCLA,LosAngeles,California
Bordeaux,France
Adriana Coppola Internal Medicine, Diabetes, Vascular
Modhi Ali S. Alshammari Mel and Enid Zuckerman andEndocrine-metabolicDiseasesUnitandtheCentrefor
CollegeofPublicHealth,UniversityofArizona,Arizona AppliedClinical Research, Clinical Institute Beato Matteo,
Vigevano,Italy,andDepartmentofInternalMedicine,San
Belmira Lara da Silveira Andrade da Costa Departamento
DonatoMilanese,Italy
deFisiologiaeFarmacologia,CentrodeCie`nciasBiolo´gicas,
UniversidadeFederaldePernambuco,Recife(PE),Brasil Georgina E. Crichton Nutritional Physiology Research
Centre,UniversityofSouthAustralia,Adelaide,Australia
Se Min Bang Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk
University,Seoul,RepublicofKorea Lisette C.P.G.M. de Groot Wageningen University,
DivisionofHumanNutrition,theNetherlands
Matthew R. Battistini Department of Chemistry,
UniversityofSouthFlorida,Tampa,Florida DanielR.Dempsey DepartmentofChemistry,University
ofSouthFlorida,Tampa,Florida
Cheryl Tatano Beck University of Connecticut School of
Nursing,Connecticut Patricia Coelho de Velasco Laborato´rio de Plasticidade
Neural, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Programa de
Juliana Maria Carrazone Borba Departamento de
Po´s-Graduac¸a˜o em Neurocieˆncias, Instituto de Biologia,
Nutric¸a˜o, Centro de Cie`ncias da Sau´de, Universidade
UniversidadeFederalFluminense,Nitero´i,Brazil
FederaldePernambuco,Recife(PE),Brasil
Ana Francisca Diallo University of Connecticut School of
J. Thomas Brenna Division of Nutritional Sciences,
Nursing,Connecticut
CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA
FabianaDiSabatino DivisionofChildNeurology,Faculty
Nicole Burca University of Arizona Mel and Enid
of Medicine & Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome,
Zuckerman College of Public Health, and School of
Italy
Medicine,UniversityofArizona
Simon C. Dyall Department of Life Sciences, University
Philip C. Calder Human Development & Health
ofRoehampton,WhitelandsCollege,London
Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Southampton,Southampton,UnitedKingdom Merrill F. Elias Department of Psychology, University
of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA and Graduate School of
Paolo Capodaglio Rehabilitation Unit and Research
Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of
Laboratory in Biomechanics and Rehabilitation, San
Maine,Orono,Maine,USA
Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS,
Piancavallo(VB),Italy Akhlaq A. Farooqui Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University,
Henriqueta Dias Cardoso Departamento de Fisiologia e
Columbus,Ohio
Farmacologia, Centro de Cie`ncias Biolo´gicas,
UniversidadeFederaldePernambuco,Recife(PE),Brasil Emma K. Farrell Department of Chemistry, University of
SouthFlorida,Tampa,Florida
Nicola Cau Department of Electronics, Information and
Bioengineering,PolitecnicodiMilano,Italy Alessandro Ferretti Division of Child Neurology, Faculty
of Medicine & Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome,
H.M. Chandola Ch. Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak
Italy
Sansthan,KheraDabar,Najafgarh,NewDelhi,India
Heather M. Francis Department of Psychology,
Caroline E. Childs Human Development & Health
MacquarieUniversity,Sydney,Australia
Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Southampton,Southampton,UnitedKingdom LinneaR.Freeman MedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina,
Charleston,SouthCarolina
Kyoung Sang Cho Department of Biological Sciences,
KonkukUniversity,Seoul,RepublicofKorea Dina Gazizova Central and North West London NHS
FoundationTrust,London
VeronicaCimolin DepartmentofElectronics,Information
and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy and Manuela Galli Department of Electronics, Information
Rehabilitation Unit and Research Laboratory in and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy and
Biomechanics and Rehabilitation, San Giuseppe Hospital, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana Tosinvest Sanita`, Roma,
IstitutoAuxologicoItalianoIRCCS,Piancavallo(VB),Italy Italy
xiii
xiv
LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS
CarmineGazzaruso InternalMedicine,Diabetes,Vascular RobertJ.Molinari RetrotopeInc.,LosAltos,California
andEndocrine-metabolicDiseasesUnitandtheCentrefor
Kazuo Nakamoto Department of Clinical Pharmacy,
AppliedClinical Research, Clinical Institute Beato Matteo,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin
Vigevano,Italy,andDepartmentofInternalMedicine,San
University,Kobe,Japan
DonatoMilanese,Italy
Etsuo Niki Health Research Institute, National Institute
Grace E. Giles Department of Psychology, Tufts
of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST),
University,Medford,MA
Osaka,Japan
CatarinaGonc¸alves-Pimentel DepartamentodeFisiologia
Maria Chiara Paolino Division of Child Neurology,
e Farmacologia, Centro de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas,
Faculty of Medicine & Psychology, Sapienza University,
UniversidadeFederaldePernambuco,Recife(PE),Brasil
Rome,Italy
Amanda L. Goodell Department of Psychology,
Christopher Papandreou Department of Nutrition &
UniversityofMaine,Orono,Maine,USA
Dietetics,HarokopioUniversityofAthens,Athens,Greece
Rubem Carlos Arau´jo Guedes Departamento de
Pasquale Parisi Division of Child Neurology, Faculty
Nutric¸a˜o, Centro de Cieˆncias da Sau´de, Universidade
of Medicine & Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome,
FederaldePernambuco,Recife(PE),Brasil
Italy
Kei Hamazaki Department of Public Health, Faculty of
Rita Paroni Department of Health Science, University of
Medicine,UniversityofToyama,Toyama,Japan
Milan,Milan,Italy
Tomohito Hamazaki Laboratory for Molecular
Priscila Pereira Passos Departamento de Fisiologia e
Psychiatry,RIKENBrainScienceInstitute,Saitama,Japan
Farmacologia, Centro de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas,
Lucas W. Hernandez Department of Chemistry, UniversidadeFederaldePernambuco,Recife(PE),Brasil
UniversityofSouthFlorida,Tampa,Florida
Gaurav Paul Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public
Ted M. Hsu Neuroscience Graduate Program, University Health,UniversityofArizona,Arizona
ofSouthernCalifornia,California
Steven Pennell Neuroscience Graduate Program,
Mary C. Hunt School of Biological Science, Dublin UniversityofSouthernCalifornia
InstituteofTechnology,Dublin,Ireland
Anna Petroni Department of Pharmacological and
Hidekuni Inadera Department of Public Health, Faculty BiomolecularSciences,UniversityofMilan,Milan,Italy
ofMedicine,UniversityofToyama,Toyama,Japan
BasantK.Puri ImperialCollegeLondon,London
Kristen A. Jeffries Department of Chemistry, University
Stanley I. Rapoport Brain Physiology and Metabolism
ofSouthFlorida,Tampa,Florida
Section, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute
Michelle Price Judge University of Connecticut School of onAging,NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,MD
Nursing,Connecticut
Suresh I.S. Rattan Laboratory of Cellular Ageing,
Robin B. Kanarek Department of Psychology, Tufts Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus
University,Medford,MA University,Denmark
Scott E. Kanoski Department of Biological Sciences, Patrizia Rise´ Department of Pharmacological and
University of Southern California, and Neuroscience BiomolecularSciences,UniversityofMilan,Milan,Italy
GraduateProgram,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia
Gilbert Lujan Rivera Jr. Mel and Enid Zuckerman
Lauren E. Lawson Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of College of Public Health Undergraduate Student,
PublicHealth,UniversityofArizona,Arizona UniversityofArizona,Arizona
Peter Lembke KD Pharma Bexbach GmbH, Bexbach, VitalyA.Roginsky Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian
Germany AcademyofSciences,Moscow,Russia
Caroline R. Mahoney Department of Psychology, Tufts Eraldo Fonseca Santos Junior Departamento de
University,Medford,MA Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas,
UniversidadeFederaldePernambuco,Recife(PE),Brasil
Amy B. Manning-Bog˘ Center for Health Sciences, SRI
International,MenloPark,CA,USA Anett Schubert KD Pharma Bexbach GmbH, Bexbach,
Germany
Joshua C. McBride Department of Chemistry, University
ofSouthFlorida,Tampa,Florida Claudio Alberto Serfaty Laborato´rio de Plasticidade
Neural, Departamento de Neurobiologia Programa de
DavidJ.Merkler DepartmentofChemistry,Universityof
Po´s-Graduac¸a˜o em Neurocieˆncias, Instituto de Biologia,
SouthFlorida,Tampa,Florida
UniversidadeFederal,Fluminense,Nitero´i,Brazil
Perry Mitchell Department of Chemistry, University of
Mikhail S. Shchepinov Retrotope, Inc., Los Altos, CA,
SouthFlorida,Tampa,Florida
USA
xv
LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS
Mototada Shichiri Health Research Institute, National Hui Tsui Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology UCLA,LosAngeles,California
(AIST),Kagawa,Japan
Ondine van de Rest Wageningen University, Division of
Vijay Karam Singh Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of HumanNutrition,theNetherlands
PublicHealth,UniversityofArizona
Alyssa Bianca Velasco, Department of Cardiology,
R.J. Stevenson Department of Psychology, Macquarie BostonChildren’sHospital,Boston
University,Sydney,Australia
Alberto Verrotti Division of Child Neurology, Faculty
Ameer Taha Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, of Medicine & Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome,
Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Italy
NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,MD
Luca Vismara Rehabilitation Unit and Research
Zaldy S. Tan Department of Medicine, Division of Laboratory in Biomechanics and Rehabilitation, San
Geriatric Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Giuseppe Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS,
University of California at Los Angeles, Easton Center for Piancavallo(VB),Italy
Alzheimer’s Disease Research and the UCLA Alzheimer’s
Dominik P. Waluk Department of Biochemistry and
andDementiaCareProgram,LosAngeles
Biophysics (DBB), Stockholm University, Stockholm,
IlaTanna MahatmaGandhiAyurvedCollege,Hospital& Sweden.
Research Centre, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical
Ronald Ross Watson Mel and Enid Zuckerman College
Sciences,Sawangi,Wardha(Maharashtra),India
ofPublicHealth,UniversityofArizona,Arizona
Randy To Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Yasukazu Yoshida Health Research Institute, National
UCLA,LosAngeles,California
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Amanda Toh School of Life Sciences and Chemical (AIST),Osaka,Japan
Technology,NgeeAnnPolytechnic,Singapore
Shogo Tokuyama Department of Clinical Pharmacy,
SchoolofPharmaceuticalSciences,KobeGakuinUniversity,
Kobe,Japan
Acknowledgments
TheworkofDr.Watson’seditorialassistant,Bethany LLD, DMF Ltd, the TsimTsoum Institute, and the
L.Stevensandtheprojectmanager,KristiAnderson,in Natural Health Research Institute. Finally, the work of
communicating with authors and working on the librarian Mari Stoddard, of the Arizona Health Science
manuscriptswascriticaltothesuccessfulcompletionof Library, was vital and very helpful in identifying key
the book. It is very much appreciated. Support for Ms. researcherswhoparticipatedinthebook.
Stevens’ and Dr. Watson’s work was graciously pro-
vided by Southwest Scientific Editing & Consulting RobertRossWatson and Fabian De Meester
xvii
C H A P T E R
1
Enhanced Longevity and Role of Omega-3
Fatty Acids
Vijay Karam Singh and Ronald Ross Watson
INTRODUCTION life expectancy of 82 years of age, whereas Nigeria has
a life expectancy of 50 years of age. A variety of differ-
The average life span for a human being is 78 years ent studies describe how longevity has changed over
of age. Longevity is generally defined as duration of the past 200 years. The mysteries of longevity have
life, an individual’s life span. There are many different always been looked into as something that is both
contributory factors that develop someone’s longevity interesting and fascinating. Ultimately, longevity has
including behavior, diet, exercise, and overall health. been shown to be the result of a combination of many
Further extending the average human life expectancy contributory factors. Trends also differ depending on
will be a very profound advance for science as well as the time andsituation within differentregions.
the world. Longevity in humans may also be enhanced As the baby boomer generation of the 1960s ages,
by omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids are found increasing attention is being given to the study of lon-
in the oils of fish, algae, squid, and a few diverse gevity (Myers and Ryu, 2008). The increase in the
plants. They have many health benefits, are considered worldwide proportion of the population that is elderly
to be ‘essential’ fatty acids to the body, and are is a major economic and healthcare issue. There is
depressed by omega-6 fatty acids. This review will more information available now to help us define how
investigate the key factors that affect longevity, focus- longevity has come about. How are centenarians able
ing on omega-3 fatty acids. to escape the ailments present in aging? The elderly
populace in the United States is growing in size, unset-
tling the declining death rates, growing life expec-
LONGEVITY tancy, and the aging of baby boomers (Rice and
Fineman, 2004). Although the prevalence of chronic ill-
Life expectancy is a major factor in human progres- nesses and disabilities has now increased with age,
sion. Historically, the human population has had a successful aging in the elderly population is wide-
verylow life expectancy. Theincreasinglyagingnature spread, and the elderly populace is generally healthy
of populations is a current phenomenon in most west- (Rice and Fineman, 2004).
ern societies. Evidence for this is given by the large Deciphering the reasons for longevity uncovers a
increases in the number of older (85 years or older) variety of different perspectives. Some of the primary
humans (Waite, 2004), the increase in the number of factors affecting longevity include: staying smoke-free,
centenarians (Robine and Paccaud, 2005), along with exercising, eating healthily, getting a healthy amount
steady recordings of maximum-recorded life span of sleep, staying mentally and physically active, along
(Wilmoth, 2000). These facts have contributed to an withconsumptionofhealthy foodsanddietarysupple-
increased interest in the question of what really causes ments (Rice and Fineman, 2004). This review will
us to live longer. Longevity is defined as the capability investigate a food and dietary supplement known as
to survive past the average age of death (De Benedictis omega-3 fatty acids and will look at how this modifies
and Franceschi, 2006). Developed countries such as longevity. The intake of omega-3 fatty acids may play
Japan have the highest life expectancy rate, much a key role in assessing an individual’s life span. How
higherthanmanyAfricannations.Japanhasanaverage can longevity be enhanced by fish oils, and what has
Omega-3FattyAcidsinBrainandNeurologicalHealth.
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-410527-0.00001-6 1 ©2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.