Omar Malik PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

489 Pages·2009·54.63 MB·English

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A STRATEGIC ANALYSIS
OF THE ORIGINS OF
INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST ATTACKS
ON AVIATION
AND THE BRITISH RESPONSES
!
A'DREAN
A THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS
August 1997
OMAR MALIK
DECLARATIONS
1, OMAR MALIK, hereby that this thesis, is 108,000 in
certify which approximately words
length, has been by that it is the by that it has
written me, record of work carried out me and
been in for higher degree.
not submitted any previous application a
Date Signature Candidate
of
..... ..... .........
I Ordinance No. 12 in October 1993
was admitted as a research student under and as a
for the degree Doctor Philosophy in October 1993, the higher for
candidate of of study which
this is in the University St. Andrews between 1993 1996.
a record was carried out of and
4-4116
ý4ý
1.4 ýT
Date Signature Candidate
of
.... ..... .
... ...
I hereby that the has fulfilled the the Resolution
certify candidate conditions of and
Regulations for the degree Doctor Philosophy in the University St
appropriate of of of
Andrews that the is to this thesis in for that
and candidate qualified submit application
degree
Date
Signature Supervisor
of
........................................
.............................................
In this thesis to the University St. Andrews I that I
submitting of understand am giving
permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the
University Library for the time being in force, to in the
subject any copyright vested work not
being thereby. I that the title be
affected also understand and abstract will published, and
that the be to bona fide library
a copy of work may made and supplied any or research
worker.
low*
I-Af
Date Signature Candidate
of
...... ........ ....... .
A STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF THE ORIGINS OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST
ATTACKS ON AVIATION AND THE BRITISH RESPONSES
ABSTRACT
This the Great Britain international terrorist
research examines effects on of attacks on
The is It is drawing
aviation. methodology utilitarian. also eclectic, upon scholarly and
The first factual: to the international
operational sources. objective was establish origins of
their Great Britain, the British It found that the
attacks on aviation, effects on and responses.
"blocked tactic! ' the Palestine They had
attacks were a product of conflict. neither political
Great Britain. HMG in its The
nor economic effect on was steadfast neutrality. second
to the the to their the
objective was analytical: assess value of attacks exponents, and
the British The is that the despite tactical
of response. evidence attacks,
effectiveness
to the Palestinians; they Israel's
successes, were strategically counterproductive assisted
to label Palestinian to Israel terrorism. By targeting the West
all resistance as
endeavours
forming' its the Palestinians deprived themselves Western
alliances with enemies, of
and
to their Since terrorism
diplomatic and economic resources crucial cause. renouncing
(1988), they have than in the 40 The international
made more progress preceding year's.
is to be in the but in the implementation It
not measured number, of enactments.
response
has been inadequate. The British by the Lockerbie.
response was re-energised atrocity of
The HMG, both MPs has been laudable. Britain's
conduct of and civil servants, aviation
is but the between industry is
security programme effective, relationship government and
The third to derive for improvements in
now confrontational. objective was proposals
The for financial
aviation security. recommendations are government contribution, a
between industry, holistic Bilaterals
partnership government and and a approach. and
the best international Attacks have
alliances are means of obtaining progress. on aviation
but Countermeasures be The
abated may recur. should systematically strengthened.
has
research recognised the need to withhold information of value to attackers of aviation.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The to thanks to Professor Paul Wilkinson, has been
researcher wishes extend warm who
in his knowledge international terrorism.
unfailingly generous sharing encyclopedic of
He is indebted to in the insurance industries,
senior civil servants, managers aviation and
to furnished data None these
security professionals, and others who and advice. of sources
in to
order respect confidentiality.
are named,
He to thanks, financial from the British Airline Pilots
wishes acknowledge, with assistance
Association towards University fees.
He to thanks, from the Director Safety, Security
also wishes acknowledge, with support of
Environment, British Airways, to key departments
who authorised unrestricted access of
and
BA.
Finally, the heartfelt thanks to his lady typist
researcher's
ABBREVIATIONS
ACI Airports Council International
AD Action Directe
-
AEA Association European Airports
of
-
AOA Air Operators Association
-
ATC Air Traffic Control
-
AUC Air Users Council
-
BA British Airways
-
BALPA British Air Line Pilots Association
-
Board Aviation Representatives the UK
BARUK
of of
-
British Aviation Tourist Association
BATA
-
Mad Cow Disease
BSE
-
Civil Aviation Authority
CAA
-
Commonwealth Independent States
cis
of
-
Department Transport
DoT
of
-
European Community
EC
-
European Civil Aviation Conference
ECAC
-
Basque Separatists
ETA
-
European Union
EU
-
Federal Aviation Authority (USA)
FAA
-
Algerian Separatists
FLN
-
Aden Separatists
FLOSY
-
Corsican Separatists
FNLC
-
Algerian Fundamentalists
GIA
-
French Special Forces
GIGN
-
Gross National Product
GNP
-
German Special Forces
GSG9
-
Her Majesty's Government
HMG
-
International Air Passengers Association
IAPA
-
International Air Transport Association
IATA
-
International Civil Aviation Organization
ICAO
-
Improvised Explosive Device
IED
-
International Federation Air Line Pilots Associations
IFALPA
of
-
International Organisation Consumers Users
IOCU of and
-
Irish Republican Army
IRA
-
Inter Tropical Front
ITF
-
JAL Japanese Air Lines
-
JRA Japanese Red Army
-
LEHI Jewish Terrorist Organisation
-
OPEC Organization Petroleum Exporting Countries
of
-
PFLP Popular Front for the Liberation Palestine
of
-
PFLP-GC Popular Front for the Liberation Palestine-General Command
of
-
PFLP-SOG Popular Front for the Liberation Palestine-Special Operations Group
of
-
PIRA Provisional Irish RepublicanArmy
-
PLO Palestine Liberation Organization
-
PNC Palestinian National Covenant
-
RAF Red Army Faction
-
RB Red Brigades
-
SAS Special Air Service
-
CRW Counter Revolutionary Warfare
-
vi
SCUD
Ballistic Missile
T&PV Journal Terrorism Political Violence
of and
-
TWA Trans World Airways
-
UN United Nations
-
UPU United Postal Unions
-
WTTC World Travel Tourism Council
and
-
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE RESEARCH
xix
1. PERSPECTIVES ON AVIATION SECURITY I
I. I. Introduction Perspectives Definitions 1
: and
1.2. The Researcher's Perspective 2
1.3. The Aviation Safety Perspective 2
1.3.1 The Management Aviation Safety 2
of
1.3.2 Aircraft Accidents: Level Acceptability 4
of
1.3.3 Parallels Aviation Security 8
with
1.4. The Political Science Perspective 10
1.4.1 Criterion Contribution 10
of
1.4.2 The Liberal State Terrorism 13
and
1.4.3 Definitions Terrorism 16
of
1.4.4 Purpose Definition 17
of
1.4.5 The Elements Terrorism 18
of
1.4.5.1 General 18
1.4.5.2 Group 20
1.4.5.3 Political 20
1.4.5.4 Violence Force 21
and
1.4.5.5 Target Victim 21
and
1.4.5.6 Liberal Democracy 22
1.4.5.7 Terror 22
24
1.4.5.8 Publicity
1.5 The Liberal Democracy Perspective 25
1.6. Conclusion: Perspectives 28
Definitions
and
viii
2. ATTACKS ON AVIATION: BACKGROUND 29
2.1 Introduction: Aviation Terrorism 29
2.2 Attac ks Aviation 30
on
2.2.1 Introduction 30
2.2.2 The Nature International Terrorism 32
of
2.2.3 The Distinction between International Domestic 35
and
2.2.3.1 Definitional Difficulties 35
2.2.3.2 Territory 37
2.2.3.3 Nationalities Attackers 37
of
2.2.3.4 Nationalities Victims 37
of
2.2.3.5 Nationality Target 38
of
2.2.4 Palestinian Attacks Aviation 38
on
2.2.5 Conclusion: Attacks Aviation 45
on
2.3 Palestine Century Conflict 46
:A of
2.3.1 Introduction 46
2.3.2 The Course Events 48
of
2.3.3 Land People 50
and
2.3.4 Peoples Palestine 51
of
2.3.5 Land Palestine 54
of
2.3.6 Conduct the Israelis 58
of
2.3.7 Conduct the Palestinians 65
of
2.3.7.1 Introduction 65
2.3.7.2 The Denial Israel's Right to Exist 65
of
2.3.7.3 Lack Unified Strategy 66
of
2.3.7.4 Recourse to International Terrorism 68
2.3.8 Conclusion 69