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International Journal of Agronomy
Oilseeds Crops: Agronomy,
Science, and Technology
Guest Editors: Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan Hassanien, Sascha Rohn,
Hesham Farouk Oraby, Bertrand Matthäus, and Abdalbasit Adam Mariod
Oilseeds Crops: Agronomy, Science,
and Technology
International Journal of Agronomy
Oilseeds Crops: Agronomy, Science,
and Technology
Guest Editors: Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan Hassanien,
Sascha Rohn, Hesham Farouk Oraby, Bertrand Mattha¨us,
and Abdalbasit Adam Mariod
Copyright©2012HindawiPublishingCorporation.Allrightsreserved.
Thisisaspecialissuepublishedin“InternationalJournalofAgronomy.”AllarticlesareopenaccessarticlesdistributedundertheCreative
CommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginal
workisproperlycited.
Editorial Board
ArdeshirAdeli,USA GlacielaKaschuk,Brazil ShyamS.Phartyal,India
KassimAl-Khatib,USA RobertJ.Kremer,USA CraigRamsey,USA
A.V.Barker,USA YongInKuk,RepublicofKorea CoenJ.Ritsema,TheNetherlands
WinfriedE.H.Blum,Austria J.K.Ladha,USA AshutoshSarker,India
KentBurkey,USA BerndLennartz,Germany EwaldSchnug,Germany
RavindraN.Chibbar,Canada KrishnaGopalMandal,India GeraldK.Sims,USA
DavidChikoye,Nigeria PaulMapfumo,Zimbabwe TomStalker,USA
PremS.Chourey,USA OthmaneMerah,France MariamB.Sticklen,USA
DavidClay,USA DennisP.Murr,Canada M.AliTabatabai,USA
PeterCsatho,Hungary AlirezaNavabi,Canada M.Tejada,Spain
KevinD.Gibson,USA DerrickOosterhuis,USA IskenderTiryaki,Turkey
WilliamD.Hutchison,USA RodomiroOrtiz,Sweden PatrickJ.Tranel,USA
SilviaImhoff,Argentina ShannonOsborne,USA IoannisVasilakoglou,Greece
AlphaY.Kamara,Nigeria TheibOweis,Syria
Contents
OilseedsCrops:Agronomy,Science,andTechnology,MohamedFawzyRamadanHassanien,SaschaRohn,
HeshamFaroukOraby,BertrandMattha¨us,andAbdalbasitAdamMariod
Volume2012,ArticleID278534,2pages
EffectofPotSizeonVariousCharacteristicsRelatedtoPhotosyntheticMatterProductioninSoybean
Plants,MinobuKasai,KeisukeKoide,andYuyaIchikawa
Volume2012,ArticleID751731,7pages
AdvancesinAgronomicManagementofIndianMustard(Brassicajuncea(L.)Czernj.Cosson):An
Overview,KapilaShekhawat,S.S.Rathore,O.P.Premi,B.K.Kandpal,andJ.S.Chauhan
Volume2012,ArticleID408284,14pages
ImprovementofSoybeanOilSolventExtractionthroughEnzymaticPretreatment,F.V.Grasso,
P.A.Montoya,C.C.Camusso,andB.G.Maroto
Volume2012,ArticleID543230,7pages
EffectoftheHarvestDateontheChemicalCompositionofPataua´(OenocarpusbatauaMart.)Fruits
fromaForestReserveintheBrazilianAmazon,RaimundoSilvadeSouza,JerusaSouzaAndrade,
andSuelydeSouzaCosta
Volume2012,ArticleID524075,6pages
SoybeanOil-QualityVariantsIdentifiedbyLarge-ScaleMutagenesis,KarenHudson
Volume2012,ArticleID569817,7pages
HindawiPublishingCorporation
InternationalJournalofAgronomy
Volume2012,ArticleID278534,2pages
doi:10.1155/2012/278534
Editorial
Oilseeds Crops: Agronomy, Science, and Technology
MohamedFawzyRamadanHassanien,1SaschaRohn,2HeshamFaroukOraby,3
BertrandMattha¨us,4andAbdalbasitAdamMariod5
1DepartmentofBiochemistry,FacultyofAgriculture,ZagazigUniversity,Zagazig44519,Egypt
2Institutfu¨rLebensmittelchemie,HamburgUniversity,Grindelallee117,20146Hamburg,Germany
3CellulosicBiofuelNetwork,SoilsandCropsResearchandDevelopmentCenter,AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada,Canada
4InstituteforLipidResearch,FederalResearchCenterforNutritionandFood,Germany
5FoodSciencesandTechnologyDepartment,CollegeofAgriculturalStudies,SudanUniversityofScience&Technology,
P.O.Box71KhartoumNorth,Sudan
CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoMohamedFawzyRamadanHassanien,[email protected]
Received10August2012;Accepted10August2012
Copyright©2012Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan Hassanien et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
originalworkisproperlycited.
Oilseedsareexpectedtoplayanincreasingroleinfuturefood and shortening are used food applications. These products
supply. Even though the species are diverse, interestingly supplement or replace animal products (e.g., butter and
there are many varieties which possess potentials for food lard),suppliesofwhichareinadequatetomeettheneedsof
production. Various seeds are generally rich in lipids and an increasing world population. On the other side, oilseed
providethemajorpartofoilandfatneedsofthepopulations. mealsarerichinprotein;mixedwithotheringredients(e.g.,
Major conventional edible vegetables oils and fats pro- cerealgrains),theyprovidenutritionallybalancedfeeds.
duced worldwide are generally provided by cotton, soy, Traditionally, the main non-food uses for fats and oils
sunflower, rapeseed, peanut, palm kernel, and cocoa seeds have been in the manufacture of soaps and detergents and
usingtraditionalandindustrialprocesses.Inmanycountries in the production of greases, lubricants, and candles. More
traditional processes for producing oil are very important, recently, the biofuels market has provided significant new,
especiallyamongruralcommunitieswhichhaveeasyaccess non-fooduseforedibleoilseeds;itisusedasthefeedstockfor
to raw oleaginous materials. Traditional processing tends theproductionofbiodieselandasanalternativetomineral
to be environmentally sound and the skills required are oilsforagriculturalmachinery.However,edibleoilseedsare
familyorgroupactivities.Thelackofsuitableconservation not in surplus supply and such raw materials for biodiesel
methods for the local oilseeds before processing limits the arenotusefulfromaneconomicalpointofview.Therefore,
opportunity for export. Food conservation constitutes a Jatrophacurcascharacterizedbyarapidgrowth,lowcostof
primordial problem in the tropics where postharvest losses seeds, and high oil content (ca. 50%) has been successfully
are estimated at more than 50%. In large-scale production, testedforbiodieselproduction.
refinedoilsareproducedthroughdevelopmentprojectsfrom Fatsandoilsassourcesofcarbon-carbondoublebonds
raw materials like cottonseed using industrial operations. canundergotransformationbymetathesisreactiontoform
The edible oils obtained meet the requirements of urban intermediates, which could then be used for the synthesis
consumers such as bland flavor and odor, clear appear- of a wide range of reaction products ranging from phar-
ance, light color, stability to oxidation, and suitability for maceuticals and cosmetics to polymers and fine chemicals.
frying. In many countries, hectares of lands available as well as a
While there are many uses for industrial vegetable oils, favorableclimatefortheproductionofoilcropsandforstock
totalworldproductionisonlyabout3%ofthatofedibleoils. farming.Thesemustbeconsideredasnewopportunitiesfor
Fats and oils are essential nutrients, comprising about 40% the continent that is currently positioning itself to take a
of the calories in the diet. Edible vegetable oils, margarine, moreproactiveroleintheglobaleconomy.
2 InternationalJournalofAgronomy
Although a lot of literature is available on the physico-
chemical and nutritional characteristics of conventional
vegetable oils and fats, very few researches based on non-
conventionaloilseedsforindustryaremade.Inthisspecial
issue concerning oilseeds crops, international researchers
contributed original research papers and review articles on
potential topics including crop management, genetics and
breeding, genomics and biotechnology, plant protection,
qualityandnutritionofseedoils,biofuels,andeconomics.
Acknowledgment
Special thanks are due to guest editors Professor Rohn
Sascha, Dr. H. F. Oraby, Dr. B. Mattha¨us, and Dr. A. A.
Mariodforeffortsbeenmadetoreviewandeditthearticles
forthisspecialissue.
MohamedFawzyRamadanHassanien
RohnSascha
HeshamFaroukOraby
BertrandMattha¨us
AbdalbasitAdamMariod
HindawiPublishingCorporation
InternationalJournalofAgronomy
Volume2012,ArticleID751731,7pages
doi:10.1155/2012/751731
Research Article
Effect of Pot Size on Various Characteristics Related to
Photosynthetic Matter Production in Soybean Plants
MinobuKasai,KeisukeKoide,andYuyaIchikawa
DepartmentofBiology,FacultyofAgricultureandLifeScience,HirosakiUniversity,Hirosaki036-8561,Japan
CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoMinobuKasai,[email protected]
Received13December2011;Revised28March2012;Accepted10April2012
AcademicEditor:AbdalbasitAdamMariod
Copyright©2012MinobuKasaietal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,
whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
Despite the wide uses of potted plants, information on how pot size affects plant photosynthetic matter production is
still considerably limited. This study investigated with soybean plants how transplantation into larger pots affects various
characteristicsrelatedtophotosyntheticmatterproduction.Thetransplantationwasanalyzedtoincreaseleafphotosyntheticrate,
transpirationrate,andstomatalconductancewithoutaffectingsignificantlyleafintercellularCO concentration,implicatingthat
2
the transplantation induced equal increases in the rate of CO diffusion via leaf stomata and the rate of CO fixation in leaf
2 2
photosynthetic cells. Analyses of Rubisco activity and contents of a substrate (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)) for Rubisco
and total protein in leaf suggested that an increase in leaf Rubisco activity, which is likely to result from an increase in leaf
Rubisco content, could contribute to the transplantation-induced increase in leaf photosynthetic rate. Analyses of leaf major
photosyntheticcarbohydratesanddryweightsofsourceandsinkorgansrevealedthattransplantationincreasedplantsinkcapacity
that uses leaf starch, inducing a decrease in leaf starch content and an increase in whole plant growth, particularly, growth of
sink organs. Previously, in the same soybean species, it was demonstrated that negative correlation exists between leaf starch
contentandphotosyntheticrateandthataccumulationofstarchinleafdecreasestherateofCO diffusionwithinleaf.Thus,
2
itwassuggestedthatthetransplantation-inducedincreaseinplantsinkcapacitydecreasingleafstarchcontentcouldcausethe
transplantation-inducedincreaseinleafphotosyntheticratebyinducinganincreaseintherateofCO diffusionwithinleafand
2
therebysubstantiatinganincreaseinleafRubiscoactivityinvivo.Itwasthereforeconcludedthattransplantationofsoybeanplants
intolargerpotsattemptedinthisstudyincreasedtheplantphotosyntheticmatterproductionbyincreasingmainlysinkcapacity
thatusesleafstarchforwholeplantgrowth,particularly,growthofsinkorgans.
1.Introduction [1].Theauthorcollecteddataofpotsizeanddatarelatedto
photosyntheticmatterproductionfromanumberofstudies
Plant photosynthetic matter production is affected by vari- that had conducted high CO treatment experiments in
2
ous environments. In studies for understanding how plant pottedplants,andreportedthattherewereroughlypositive
photosyntheticmatterproductionrespondstovariousenvi- correlations between pot size and leaf photosynthetic rate
ronments and what mechanisms are responsible for the and pot size and increased ratio of root to shoot and
responses,therearecasesthatpottedplantsareused.There pot size and leaf chlorophyll content [1]. The high CO
2
arealsocasesthatpottedplantsaredealtwithascommercial treatment experiments have been conducted to examine
goods or foods. It is important to accumulate information responses of plants to high CO environments that will
2
ofhowphotosyntheticmatterproductioninpottedplantsis comeinthefuture[2].Arppointedoutfromcollecteddata
affected by pot size, since even in the future potted plants and his own research data [3] that downregulation of leaf
will be used by many people for various uses. However, photosynthesis can occur more in potted plants than in
the information has been only a few, and only in recent field grown plants [1], and with respect to the reason(s),
years the importance of pot size for plant photosynthetic he pointed out the importance of a well-known hypothesis
matter production was shown with scientific data by Arp thatthereisdownregulationofleafphotosynthesisthrough
2 InternationalJournalofAgronomy
accumulationofphotosyntheticcarbohydrateinleaf,which Leaf photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal
occursfromphotosyntheticsourcecapacitythatisexcessive conductance, and intercellular CO concentration were
2
to sink capacity of sink organs such as roots, although the determinedinfullyexpandedmiddletrifoliateleavesmainly
detailedmechanism(s)isstillunclear[1].Toourknowledge, on day 14 and 24 after transplantation at a light intensity
since Arp, only one study using cotton seedlings provided of800µmolphotonsm−2s−1,airflowrateof200mLmin−1,
informationthatsmallerpotsdecreasedleafphotosynthetic airtemperatureof25◦C,relativehumidityof60%,andCO
2
rate and stomatal conductance and increased leaf starch concentration of 350ppm using a portable photosynthetic
content[4]. analyzer (Cylus-1; Koito Industries Ltd.). After measure-
In point of photosynthetic source-sink balance, for ex- ments, leaf disks (1.79cm2) were taken from the middle
ample, growing plant materials with smaller pots may be trifoliateleavesfortheotheranalyses,asdescribedpreviously
similar to removing sink organs (e.g., flowers, fruits, or [5].
pods) from plant materials. A number of studies have The initial and total activities of Rubisco in leaf extract
usedthemanipulationthatremovessinkorgansfromplant were determined at 25◦C as described previously [5]. Con-
materials to examine how reducing plant sink capacity tent of RuBP in leaf was determined as described below.
affects photosynthetic matter production [5, 6]. However, Toaleafextractobtained byhomogenizing aleafdisk with
removalofsinkorgansfromplantmaterialsisnotidentical an ice-cold buffer (100mM HEPES-KOH, pH 7.8, 1mL),
to growing plant materials with smaller pots. Smaller pots HClO (finalconc.,0.5M)wasadded,andthemixturewas
4
should affect in particular sink organs of roots, since roots centrifuged(10,000g,10min)afterleavingonicefor10min.
aremainlypresentwithinthepots.Inaddition,theremoval Theresultingsupernatantwascentrifuged(10,000g,10min)
ofsinkorgansgivesexcisions’damagetoplantmaterials[6]. afterneutralizingtopH5.6withK CO ,andthesupernatant
2 3
Thus, to obtain more information of how pot size affects was used for the determination of RuBP content [5]. The
plant photosynthetic matter production, it is important to contentoftotalproteininleafwasdeterminedbyquantifying
alter pot size directly. This study investigated the effect of protein included in leaf extract that had been prepared
alteringpotsizeonplantphotosyntheticmatterproduction for determination of Rubisco activity by the method of
using soybean, which is one of the most important crops Bradford [9]. The leaf chlorophyll content was determined
grown in the world [7, 8]. Actually, with potted soybean accordingtothemethodofMackinney[10].Thecontentsof
plants, it was analyzed how transplantation into larger sucrose and starch in leaf were determined as described by
potsaffectsvariouscharacteristicsrelatedtophotosynthetic Sawada et al. [11]. Dry weights of source (leaves) and sink
matter production, that is, leaf photosynthetic rate, tran- organs(stems,floralorgansincludingpods,androots)were
spiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO determinedforplantsonday24aftertransplantation.Each
2
concentration, initial and total activities of Rubisco in leaf organwasdriedat75◦Cforaweek.
extract, contents of a substrate (RuBP) for Rubisco, major
photosynthetic carbohydrates (sucrose and starch), total
proteinandchlorophyllinleaf,anddryweightsofsourceand 3.Results
sinkorgans.Insimilarstudiesotherthanthisstudy,thesame
seriesofanalyseshavenotbeenconducted,andtranspiration On both days 14 and 24 after transplantation, the ana-
rate and content of total protein in leaf and initial and lyzed leaf photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were
total activities of Rubisco in leaf extract have not been significantly higher in transplanted soybean plants than in
analyzed. control plants (Figure1). Leaf stomatal conductance was
alsohigherintransplantedplantsthanincontrolplantson
both days, while leaf intercellular CO concentration did
2
2.MaterialsandMethods not differ significantly between control and transplanted
plants (Figure2). Initial and total activities of Rubisco in
Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Tsurunoko) seeds were leaf extract were significantly higher in transplanted plants
sowninplasticpots(11.4cminheight,7.5cmindiameter) than in control plants on both days (Figure3), while the
containingmixedvermiculiteandsand(1:1involume)and activationratios(initialactivity/totalactivity)didnotdiffer
grown in growth chambers (Koitotoron, HNL type; Koito significantly between control and transplanted plants (not
IndustriesLtd.,Tokyo,Japan)underdailylight/darkperiods shown). Contents of chlorophyll and total protein in leaf
of 10/14h, day/night temperatures of 24/17◦C, and relative were significantly higher in transplanted plants than in
humidity of 60%. After 40 days, half of the plants were control plants on both days (Figure4). Leaf RuBP content
transplanted into larger pots (24cm in height, 20cm in was significantly (day 14) or on the average lower (day
diameter) and grown with the remaining plants (controls) 24)intransplantedplantsthanincontrolplants(Figure5).
for14or24daysunderthesamegrowthconditions.Nutri- Leafsucrosecontentwassignificantlyhigherintransplanted
ents were supplied twice a week with a 1000-fold diluted plants than in control plants, while leaf starch content was
solution of Hyponex (6-10-5 type (N:P:K = 6:10:5); significantly lower in transplanted plants than in control
Hyponex Co., Osaka, Japan), and tap water was supplied plantsonbothdays(Figure6).Dryweightsofleaves,floral
insufficientamounts.Intensityoflight,whichwassupplied organs including pods, and roots in transplanted plants on
with incandescent lamps, was 80µmol photons m−2s−1 day24weresignificantlyheavierthanthoseincontrolplants,
(400–700nm)ontopoftheoriginalpot. whiledryweightofstemsdidnotdiffersignificantlybetween