Oil Revenues, Security and Stability in West Africa

224 Pages·2020·2.782 MB·English

by  Vandy Kanyako

Oil Revenues, Security and
Stability in West Africa
Vandy Kanyako
Oil Revenues, Security and Stability in West Africa
Vandy Kanyako
Oil Revenues, Security
and Stability in West
Africa
Vandy Kanyako
Conflict Resolution Program
Portland State University
Portland, OR, USA
ISBN 978-3-030-37985-8 ISBN 978-3-030-37986-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37986-5
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Acknowledgments
Thisbookistheproductofextensiveresearchandseveralyearsofcollab-
oration and dialogue with many individuals and groups to whom I owe a
debt of gratitude. It would not have been possible without the generous
funding I received from the faculty development grant at Portland State
University. The book would not have been possible without the support
and encouragement of various individuals, organizations and institutions,
both inside and outside of West Africa. My foremost thanks goes to all
thoseindividualsandcivilsocietyorganizationsandgrassrootscommunity
groups that are working every day to draw attention to the core issues
covered in this book. Their support and guidance provided rich mate-
rials that helped in making this endeavor feasible. A big thank you to all
thosewhotooktimeoutoftheirbusyscheduletomeetwithmeorshare
ideas via different mediums throughout the process of writing this book,
including PC David Mandu Farley Keili-Coomber of Mandu Chiefdom,
SierraLeone,whoseincisiveknowledgeoflocallawsandnaturalresource
owenership proved invaluable.
To my colleagues in the Conflict Resolution program at Portland
State University, Portland, Oregon, (Dr. Patricia Schechter [Interim
Director], Dr. Robert Gould, Dr. Harry Anastasiou, Dr. Barbara Tint,
Dr. Amanda Byron, Dr. Rachel Cunliffe, and Dr. Tom Hastings), I am
eternally grateful for your collegial support, Dr. Schechter’s encourage-
ment and professional guidance was particularly critical to the success of
v
vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
this venture. I say a big thank you as well to Aislyn Matias, our hard-
workingProgramCoordinatorwhohelpedtoweavethedifferentstrands
together!
Tomyfamilyandfriends,Iwouldliketoexpressmydeepestgratitude.
It was a great comfort and relief to know that you were pushing me on
and motivating me to embark on this project. Your words of encourage-
mentkeptmegoingtilltheveryend.TomysonIveaghwhokeptasking
“Dad, Is the book done yet?” I say big thank you (with hugs) for your
patience and understanding.
To Dr. Susan Shepler of American University in Washington DC, and
mycolleagueattheWestAfricaOilWatch,Dr.RobertTynes,myheartfelt
thanks for your intellectual inspiration and continued support. A note
of appreciation to my research assistants for this project: Evan Way, Lisa
Serrano and Anisuz Zaman, who put in countless hours to help me meet
the deadline.
I’m eternally grateful to the various reviewers and endorsers including
Dr. Lansana Gberie, Dr. Jeffrey Colgan, and Ambassador Herman J.
Cohen. Your work on the extractive industry in particular and on sub-
Saharan Africa in general, has been a great source of inspiration for me.
Versions of Chapter 5 on community agitation has appeared in the
Journal for the Study of Peace and Conflict, and I am grateful to The
Wisconsin Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies for letting me repro-
duce it in this book.
Finally, to the team at Palgrave Macmillan: Alina Yurova, Balaji Varad-
haraju, Rachel Moore, and countless others who made this venture a
reality my heartfelt appreciation. There are countless others that I have
notlistedhere,moreoutoftheneedforbrevity,ratherthanoutofnegli-
gence. If your name is not listed, please understand. I appreciate all of
youreffortsinhelpingmereachthismilestoneinmyprofessionaljourney.
Contents
1 Introduction: Human Security, Oil Revenues, and
Conflict 1
2 The History and Geology of Petroleum in West Africa 25
3 External Stakeholders and the Geopolitics of Oil 45
4 Oil Revenues and the State 73
5 Oil and Community Agitation 109
6 Civil Society and Global Frameworks 143
7 Managing Disputes in West Africa’s Petroleum Industry 165
8 Conclusion: Implications for the Field of Conflict
Resolution 191
Epilogue: West Africa and the Pandemic of Oil 213
Index 215
vii
Abbreviations
AU African Union
BBLS Barrels
BCM Billion Cubic Meters
BOE Barrels of Oil Equivalent
BP British Petroleum
CENTAL Center for Transparency and Accountability in Liberia
CNOOC China National Oil Corporation
CNPC China National Petroleum Corporation
CSO Civil Society Organization
CSPOG Civil Society Platform on Oil and Gas
DACDF Diamond Area Community Development Fund
DFID Department for International Development
ECOMOG EconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStatesMonitoringGroup
(peace enforcement arm of ECOWAS)
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EIA Energy Information Administration
EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
ENI Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi
EPA Economic Partnership Agreements
ERA Environmental Rights Action
FNLA National Liberation Front of Angola
GDP Gross Domestic Product
ICISD International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
IEA International Energy Agency
IMF International Monetary Fund
ix
x ABBREVIATIONS
IMTD The Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy
INGO International Non-Governmental Organization
IOCs International Oil Companies
IYC Ijaw Youth Council
JVC Joint Venture Contracts
LCIA London Court of International Arbitration
LDI Liberia Democratic Institute
LOGI Liberia Oil and Gas Initiative
MEND Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta
MODEC Mitsui Ocean Development & Engineering Company Inc.
MOSIEN Movement for the Survival of Ijaw Ethnic Nationality
MOSOP Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MRU Mano River Union
NACE National Advocacy Coalition on Extractives
NEITI Nigeria Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative
NEPDG National Energy Policy Development Group
NEPG National Energy Policy Group
NEW National Elections Watch
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NMJD Network Movement for Justice and Development
NOC National Oil Company
NOCAL National Oil Company of Liberia
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
PSA Production Sharing Agreement
PSC Production Sharing Contract
SANONGOL Sociedade Nacional de Combustiveis
SERAP Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project
SINOPEC China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation
SLEITI Sierra Leone Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative
SLIMM Sierra Leone Indigenous Miners Movement
UMaT University of Mines and Technology
UN United Nations
UNCLOS UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
UNITA National Union for the Total Liberation of Angola
USAID United States Agency for International Development
USEIA US Energy Information Administration
USGS United States Geological Survey
WACSI West Africa Civil Society Institute
WACSOF West Africa Civil Society Forum
WANEP West Africa Network for Peacebuilding
WAOFCO West Africa Oil and Fuel Company
List of Figures
Fig. 2.1 Oil zones of West Africa: February 2010 (Credit U.S.
Geological Survey. Department of the Interior/USGS) 36
Fig. 4.1 Oil rents (% of GDP) (Source Estimates based on sources
and methods described in “The Changing Wealth of
Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in the New
Millennium” [World Bank 2011]. License: CC BY-4.0) 89
Fig. 4.2 Oil rents (% of GDP) in West Africa (Source Estimates
basedonsourcesandmethodsdescribedin“TheChanging
Wealth of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in
the New Millennium” [World Bank 2011]. License: CC
BY-4.0) 90
Fig. 4.3 Military expenditure (% of GDP) (Source Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute [SIPRI], Yearbook:
Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, ID
MS.MILXPND.CN. License: Use and distribution of
these data are subject to Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute [SIPRI] terms and condition) 98
Fig. 4.4 Military expenditure (% of GDP) in 1999 (Source
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute [SIPRI],
Yearbook: Armaments, Disarmament and International
Security, ID MS.MILXPND.CN. License: Use and
distribution of these data are subject to Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute [SIPRI] terms and
condition) 99
Fig. 5.1 Civic response to oil ‘capture’ 131
xi