Oil [2 volumes]: A Cultural and Geographic Encyclopedia of Black Gold

824 Pages·2014·20.755 MB·English

by  Xiaobing Li (editor), Michael Molina (editor)

Oil
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Oil
A Cultural and Geographic
Encyclopedia of Black Gold
Volume 1: Topics
XIAOBING LI AND MICHAEL MOLINA, EDITORS
Copyright©2014byABC-CLIO,LLC
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval
system,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,
photocopying,recording,orotherwise,exceptfortheinclusionofbriefquotationsina
review,withoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Oil:aculturalandgeographicencyclopediaofblackgold/XiaobingLiandMichael
Molina,editors.
volumescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978–1–61069–271–7(cloth:alk.paper)—ISBN978–1–61069–272–4(ebook)
1. Petroleumengineering—Encyclopedias.2. Petroleumreserves—Encyclopedias.
I.Li,Xiaobing,1954–editorofcompilation.II.Molina,Michael,editorofcompilation.
TN865.O54 2014
338.2072803—dc23 2014006601
ISBN:978–1–61069–271–7
EISBN:978–1–61069–272–4
18 17 16 15 14 1 2 3 4 5
ThisbookisalsoavailableontheWorldWideWebasaneBook.
Visitwww.abc-clio.comfordetails.
ABC-CLIO,LLC
130CremonaDrive,P.O.Box1911
SantaBarbara,California93116-1911
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper
ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction xix
Volume 1: Topics
Abu DhabiNational Oil Company 1
Alaska OilPipeline 3
AmericanPetroleumInstitute (API) 7
Amoco Cadiz(France) (1978) 8
Anglo-AmericanPetroleumAgreement (1944) 12
Anglo-PersianOilCompany (APOC) 13
ArcticNational Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) 15
AsianEconomic Crisis(1997–1998) 19
AzadeganField(Iran) 22
BolivarCoastalField(Venezuela) 25
Branobel OperatingCompany 27
British Petroleum(BP) 29
BurganField(Kuwait) 32
Cantarell Field(Mexico) 37
Chesapeake Energy 39
China NationalOffshore OilCorporation (CNOOC) 41
China NationalPetroleum Corporation(CNPC) 45
China Petroleumand ChemicalCorporation(Sinopec) 51
ConocoPhillips 55
Crude Oil 56
Cushing,Oklahoma 58
DeepwaterHorizon OilSpill(Gulfof Mexico, 2010) 61
DevonEnergyCorporation 64
vi CONTENTS
Drake Well(Pennsylvania) 66
Drillship 69
Dubai PetroleumCompany 70
Dutch Disease 72
East TexasOil Field 75
Egyptian GeneralPetroleumCorporation (EGPC) 76
EnergyConsumption 79
Exploration 82
Exports 85
Extraction 88
ExxonValdez (Alaska, 1989) 90
ExxonMobil 93
FossilFuels 99
Gasoline 101
Gazprom(Russia) 103
GhawarField (SaudiArabia) 105
Globalization 107
GreatDepression (1930s) 111
GreenhouseGas 114
GuimarasOilSpill(Philippines, 2006) 119
Hirsch Report (2005) 123
House of Saud 124
Hubbert, M.King(1903–1989) 128
Hubbert Peak Theory 130
HurricaneRita (2005) 133
Imports 139
IndustrialRevolution 141
InternationalEnergyAgency (IEA) 145
Iraq, U.S.Invasion of (2003) 148
Iraq NationalOil Company(INOC) 152
IxtocOil Spill(Gulfof Mexico,1979–1980) 154
JakobMaersk (Portugal,1975) 159
Kerosene 163
Kerr-McGee 166
Keystone XLPipeline 170
CONTENTS vii
KuwaitOilFires (1991) 173
KuwaitPetroleumCorporation (KPC) 176
Lakeview Gusher(California) 179
Liquefied NaturalGas (LNG) 181
Liquefied PetroleumGas (LPG) 182
Lukasiewicz,Ignacy (1822–1882) 183
Lukoil(Russia) 185
Mossadegh,Mohammad(1882–1967) 189
MTIndependenta (Turkey, 1979) 190
Nasser, Gamal Abdel(1918–1970) 195
National Iranian OilCompany(NIOC) 196
NaturalGas 198
New YorkMercantile Exchange(NYMEX) 201
NigerDelta (Nigeria)(1976–1996) 204
Nigerian NationalPetroleum Corporation(NNPC) 207
1967Oil Embargo 208
1973EnergyCrisis 212
1979EnergyCrisis 216
Nobel,Ludvig(1831–1888) 220
North Slope(Alaska) 222
Occidental Petroleum 225
Odyssey(North Atlantic, 1988) 228
Offshore Oil 230
Oiland Gas Pipeline 233
OilBarrel 237
OilBoom 238
OilConservation 242
OilDepletion 243
OilField 245
OilImperialism 247
OilMajor 250
OilNationalization 253
OilOligarchs 256
OilPrices 261
OilSands 264
viii CONTENTS
OilShale 266
OilTanker 268
OilTransportation 271
OilWell 273
Organizationof Arab PetroleumExportingCountries(OAPEC) 274
Organizationof the PetroleumExporting Countries(OPEC) 276
Pahlavi,MohammadReza, Shahof Iran (1919–1980) 281
Pemex (Mexico) 283
Pennzoil 284
Pertamina(Indonesia) 287
Petrobras (Brazil) 289
Petrochemicals 291
Petrodollars 293
Petroecuador (Ecuador) 294
Petroleos de VenezuelaSA (PDVSA)(Venezuela) 297
PetroleumPolitics 299
PetroleumProducts 303
Petronas (Malaysia) 305
Pipeline 307
PiperAlpha NorthSea Explosion(1988) 310
Pollutantsof the PetroleumIndustry 311
Prestige Oil Spill(Spain,2002) 313
ProrationRegulatory Laws 316
Prudhoe Bay(Alaska) 318
QatarPetroleum Company 323
Refining 327
Reserves 330
Rockefeller, JohnD.(1839–1937) 332
RomanianNational OilCompany 336
Rosneft(Russia) 337
RoyalDutch Shell 340
RumailaField (Iraq) 342
Russia-UkraineOil Dispute(1991–) 345
Sadat, Anwar(1918–1981) 349
SamotlorField(Russia) 350
CONTENTS ix
SantaBarbara (California)Oil Spill(1969) 353
SaudiAramco 354
SeaEmpress (South Wales, 1996) 357
SeaStar (Gulfof Oman,1972) 360
SevenSisters 361
Simmons,Matthew (1943–2010) 363
Sonatrach(Algeria) 366
SpindletopGusher(1901) 368
Standard OilCompany 371
Strategic PetroleumReserve 373
Suez Canal (Egypt) 376
Suez Canal Crisis(1956) 377
SugarLoaf Field (Brazil) 379
Taghiyev,Zeynalabdin(c. 1822–1924) 383
Tarbell,Ida (1857–1944) 385
Teapot Dome Scandal(1924) 387
Texaco 390
Venezuela, NationalStrikes in (2003) 393
Volume 2: Countries
Albania 397
Algeria 400
Angola 405
Argentina 409
Australia 413
Austria (RepublikÖsterreich) 418
Azerbaijan 421
Bahrain 429
Belarus 432
Bolivia 436
Brazil 439
Brunei 443
Bulgaria 447
Canada 451
Chad 455