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Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production PDF

649 Pages·2017·89.68 MB·English
by  Laik
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Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production http://taylorandfrancis.com Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production Sukumar Laik CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-0612-4 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, trans- mitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright .com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Laik, Sukumar, author. Title: Offshore petroleum drilling and production / Sukumar Laik. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017038200| ISBN 9781498706124 (hardback : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9781315157177 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Offshore oil well drilling. Classification: LCC TN871.3 .L285 2018 | DDC 622/.33819--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017038200 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedicated to my wife, Jayanti, for her constant support, cooperation and tolerance. http://taylorandfrancis.com Contents Preface .....................................................................................................................xv Author ...................................................................................................................xix 1. Introduction .....................................................................................................1 1.1 Historical Background .........................................................................1 1.1.1 Era of Surface Oil and Gas Shows .........................................1 1.1.2 Onshore Oil and Gas Industry ..............................................3 1.1.3 Offshore Oil and Gas Industry ..............................................7 1.1.4 Genesis of ‘Offshore’ .............................................................10 1.2 Background of Geology and Reservoir of Oil and Gas .................15 1.2.1 Geology of Rocks ...................................................................15 1.2.2 Theory of Origin of Oil and Gas ..........................................17 1.2.2.1 Inorganic Theory ....................................................18 1.2.2.2 Organic Theory.......................................................19 1.2.2.3 Criteria and Mechanism for Generation of Petroleum ............................................................21 1.2.3 Migration of Oil and Gas ......................................................23 1.2.3.1 Primary Migration .................................................24 1.2.3.2 Secondary Migration .............................................25 1.2.4 Structure for Accumulation of Oil and Gas .......................25 1.2.5 Reservoir Types and Drives .................................................34 1.2.5.1 Reservoir ..................................................................34 1.2.5.2 Reservoir Characterisation ...................................35 1.2.5.3 Types of Reservoirs ................................................44 1.2.5.4 Reservoir Drives .....................................................47 1.2.6 Oil and Gas Reserve Estimation ..........................................55 1.2.6.1 Reserve .....................................................................55 1.2.6.2 Reserve Estimation.................................................58 1.3 Offshore Oil and Gas Operations .....................................................70 1.3.1 Exploration ..............................................................................70 1.3.1.1 Geological Method .................................................70 1.3.1.2 Geophysical Method ..............................................71 1.3.1.3 Geochemical Method .............................................75 1.3.2 Drilling ....................................................................................76 1.3.2.1 Exploratory Drilling ...............................................76 1.3.2.2 Development Drilling ............................................76 1.3.3 Production ...............................................................................77 1.3.4 Transportation ........................................................................78 Bibliography ...................................................................................................78 vii viii Contents 2. Ocean Environment/Sea States ..................................................................81 2.1 Meteorology .........................................................................................81 2.1.1 Atmosphere ............................................................................82 2.1.2 Wind ........................................................................................83 2.1.3 Weather Phenomenon ...........................................................85 2.1.4 Cloud .......................................................................................92 2.2 Oceanography ......................................................................................94 2.2.1 Wave .........................................................................................94 2.2.1.1 Wave Description ...................................................95 2.2.2 Current ....................................................................................97 2.2.3 Tides .........................................................................................99 2.2.4 Sea Ice ....................................................................................101 2.2.4.1 Types of Sea Ice .....................................................101 2.3 Sea Bed Soil ........................................................................................102 Bibliography .................................................................................................106 3. Offshore Drilling and Production Platforms/Units ............................107 3.1 Fixed Platforms..................................................................................107 3.1.1 Jacketed Platform .................................................................108 3.1.1.1 Well-Protector Platforms .....................................112 3.1.1.2 Tender Platform ....................................................114 3.1.1.3 Self-Contained Template Platform .....................114 3.1.1.4 Self-Contained Tower Platform ..........................121 3.1.2 Gravity Platform ..................................................................123 3.1.2.1 Condeep Platform ................................................123 3.1.2.2 Andoc and Sea Tank Platform ............................131 3.1.2.3 CG Doris Platform ................................................131 3.1.2.4 Installation of Gravity Platform .........................133 3.2 Compliant Platforms.........................................................................136 3.2.1 Compliant Tower ..................................................................136 3.2.1.1 Installation of Compliant Tower ........................138 3.2.2 Guyed Tower.........................................................................139 3.2.3 Tension Leg Platform...........................................................140 3.2.3.1 Installation of TLP ................................................143 3.3 Mobile Units .......................................................................................145 3.3.1 Bottom-Supported Unit .......................................................147 3.3.1.1 Submersible ...........................................................147 3.3.1.2 Jack-Up ...................................................................147 3.3.2 Floating Units .......................................................................155 3.3.2.1 Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) ...........156 3.3.2.2 Floating Production Unit.....................................159 3.3.3 Buoyancy and Stability .......................................................169 3.3.3.1 Theory and Analysis ............................................169 3.3.3.2 Conditions of Stability .........................................179 Contents ix 3.3.3.3 Static versus Dynamic Stability .........................182 3.3.3.4 Other Stability Considerations ...........................183 3.3.4 Station Keeping ....................................................................184 3.3.4.1 Conventional Mooring System ...........................187 3.3.4.2 Turret Mooring .....................................................207 3.3.4.3 Dynamic Positioning System ..............................209 Bibliography .................................................................................................221 4. Offshore Drilling .......................................................................................223 4.1 Outline of Normal Drilling Operation ..........................................223 4.1.1 Rotary Drilling Rig Operation and Its Components ......223 4.1.1.1 Hoisting .................................................................223 4.1.1.2 Rotation ..................................................................232 4.1.1.3 Circulation .............................................................242 4.1.2 Types of Configuration of Wells and Drilling Methods ...247 4.1.2.1 Vertical and Directional Drilling .......................248 4.1.2.2 Horizontal, Multilateral and Extended Reach Well .............................................................258 4.1.2.3 Underbalanced, Managed Pressure, and Dual Gradient Drilling ................................261 4.1.3 Geochemical Aspects of Drilling through Salt to Sub-Salt and Pre-Salt Layers ..........................................272 4.1.3.1 Drilling Challenges ..............................................273 4.1.3.2 Mitigating the Challenges Posed by Salt and Sub-Salt ..........................................................276 4.2 Difference in Spudding from Land Drilling .................................280 4.2.1 Topsides .................................................................................281 4.2.2 Linkage between Topside and Subsea ..............................286 4.2.2.1 Conductor ..............................................................289 4.2.2.2 Drilling Riser ........................................................291 4.2.2.3 Guidance Systems ................................................301 4.2.3 Subsea Drilling Unit ............................................................303 4.2.3.1 Guide Base and Drilling Template ....................303 4.2.3.2 Subsea Wellhead ...................................................310 4.2.3.3 Subsea Blowout Preventer (BOP) .......................315 4.2.4 Heave Compensator and Bumper Sub ..............................319 4.2.4.1 Heave Compensator .............................................320 4.2.4.2 Bumper Sub ...........................................................323 4.3 Procedure of Offshore Drilling .......................................................323 4.3.1 Drilling from a Jack-Up .......................................................324 4.3.2 Drilling from a Floating Unit .............................................329 Bibliography .................................................................................................334

Description:
"Although the extraction of oil and gas from the bottom of the sea began more than 40 years ago, new technology has led to a rapid expansion of drilling and production in deep and ultra-deep waters, which holds the key for the oil security of any nation. This book provides comprehensive coverage of
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