of Your Base Are Belong to Us?

526 Pages·2011·10.36 MB·English

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All of Your Base Are Belong to Us? Shmups as a Source for Better Game Design
Table  of  Contents  
Table  of  Contents  ......................................................................................................  I  
List  of  Figures  .........................................................................................................  VII  
List of Scores  .......................................................................................................  XIII  
Abstract  ................................................................................................................  XIV  
Statement  of  Authenticity............................................................................................  XVI  
Acknowledgements  ..............................................................................................  XVII  
Foreword.............................................................................................................  XVIII  
Chapter  1:    Introduction  ............................................................................................  1  
Rationale  .........................................................................................................................  1  
Problem  ..........................................................................................................................  1  
Research  Questions  .........................................................................................................  1  
Objectives  .......................................................................................................................  2  
Specific  Objectives  ...........................................................................................................  2  
Chapter  Overview  ............................................................................................................  3  
Significance  of  the  Study  ..................................................................................................  5  
Chapter  2:  Defining  the  Shmup  .................................................................................  8  
Defining  the  Rules  ...........................................................................................................  9  
Objectives  .....................................................................................................................  10  
Game  AI  (Artificial  Intelligence)  ......................................................................................  11  
What  about  games  that  don't  meet  all  of  these  criteria?  ................................................  11  
Vertical  and  Horizontal  Shmups  .....................................................................................  12  
Pre-­‐History  of  the  Shmup  Genre  the  Year  of  the  Invasion  ...............................................  15  
Space  Invaders  ..............................................................................................................  16  
Outside  Influences  on  Space  Invaders  ............................................................................  20  
The Family Tree ..................................................................................................... 22  
Sky Raider .............................................................................................................. 22  
Phantom II, Midway and the 8080 ......................................................................... 23  
HeliFire, Radar Scope and Nintendo ...................................................................... 24  
Defender ................................................................................................................. 26  
Scramble (Konami, 1981)....................................................................................... 28  
Universal: Cosmic Avenger (cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:180) ............................................ 31  
Chapter  3:  Methodology  .........................................................................................  37  
Definition  of  Heuristics  ..................................................................................................  38  
I
Luke McMillan 2010
Constants  and  variables  .................................................................................................  42  
The  2004  and  2008  Studies  into  Nostalgia  &  Age  ............................................................  44  
Existing Methods .................................................................................................... 44  
General Procedure .................................................................................................. 46  
Choosing  the  Case  Studies  .............................................................................................  51  
Period One: 1987-1990 ........................................................................................... 51  
Period Two: 1990-1995 .......................................................................................... 51  
Period Three: 1995-2000 ........................................................................................ 52  
Period Four: 2000-2005 .......................................................................................... 52  
(cid:100)(cid:346)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:94)(cid:286)(cid:367)(cid:286)(cid:272)(cid:410)(cid:349)(cid:381)(cid:374)(cid:3)(cid:18)(cid:396)(cid:349)(cid:410)(cid:286)(cid:396)(cid:349)(cid:258)(cid:3)(cid:296)(cid:381)(cid:396)(cid:3)(cid:410)(cid:346)(cid:286)(cid:3)(cid:862)(cid:94)(cid:349)(cid:374)(cid:336)(cid:437)(cid:367)(cid:258)(cid:396)(cid:863)(cid:3)(cid:94)(cid:346)(cid:373)(cid:437)(cid:393)(cid:400)  ............................................................  53  
Representation  .......................................................................................................  54  
Emotive  Traits  ...............................................................................................................  64  
Chapter  4:    Extended  Literature  Review  -­‐  the  Design  Heuristics  and  their  
Implementation  as  Analytical  Devices  .....................................................................  67  
The  First  Heuristic:  Empowerment  .................................................................................  68  
Empowerment via Ownership ................................................................................ 70  
Empowerment: Controllers & Input Mechanisms .................................................. 71  
Empowerment and Fitts Law .................................................................................. 72  
Empowerment: Game Feel Theory......................................................................... 73  
Empowerment through Perspective ........................................................................ 77  
The  Second  Heuristic:  Flow  ............................................................................................  81  
The  Third  Heuristic:  Bring  the  Player  to  Action  ................................................................  82  
The Function of Id, Super-Ego and Ego for Shmups ............................................. 85  
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Bring the Player to Action: Movement................................................................... 99  
Purposefulness:  Figure  62  ...............................................................................................  99  
Indirection:  Figure  63  ....................................................................................................  100  
Forcefulness:  Figure  64  .................................................................................................  100  
Forcefulness  and  Control:  Figure  65  .............................................................................  101  
Lack  of  Control:  Figure  66  .............................................................................................  101  
Playfulness,  Disempowerment:  Figure  67  .....................................................................  102  
Victim  Relationship:  Figure  68  ......................................................................................  103  
Hunter  /Prey  Relationship:  Figure  69  ............................................................................  104  
Power  Relationship:  Figure  70  ......................................................................................  104  
Inferior  Relationship:  Figure  71  .....................................................................................  105  
Mutual  Relationships:  Figure  72  ...................................................................................  106  
Fearful  Relationships:  Figure  73  ....................................................................................  107  
Fight  or  Flight  Relationships  /  Underdog  Relationships:  Figure  74  ...............................  107  
II
All of Your Base Are Belong to Us? Shmups as a Source for Better Game Design
Bring the player to Action: Sensation to Affect ................................................... 108  
Bring the Player to Action: Semiotic Theory and Coding ................................... 109  
The  Fourth  Heuristic:  Education  ...................................................................................  114  
The  Fifth  and  Sixth  Heuristic:  Challenge  &  Reward  ........................................................  116  
The  Seventh  Heuristic:  Immersion  ................................................................................  120  
The  Eighth  Heuristic:  Immediate  Feedback  ...................................................................  122  
The  Ninth  Heuristic:  Contemporary  Coding  ...................................................................  123  
The  Tenth  Heuristic:  Familiarity  ...................................................................................  124  
Familiarity & Nostalgia ........................................................................................ 125  
Familiarity & Pseudo-Individualisation ............................................................... 131  
Chapter  5:    Analysis  and  Case  Studies  ...................................................................  134  
Period  One:  1987-­‐1990  ................................................................................................  134  
Zeitgeists R-Type ................................................................................................. 139  
Giger and Popular Culture .................................................................................... 144  
Platformers ........................................................................................................... 146  
Birth Trauma ........................................................................................................ 148  
The Music of R-Type ........................................................................................... 154  
Zeitgeists: Darius & Darius II .............................................................................. 160  
Zeitgeists: Contra .................................................................................................. 165  
Evaluating  Period  One  .................................................................................................  171  
Period One: Empowerment .................................................................................. 171  
Period One: Flow .................................................................................................. 175  
Period One: Instant feedback ................................................................................ 175  
Period One: Bring the Player to Action ................................................................ 177  
Period One: Education .......................................................................................... 179  
Period One: Challenge and Reward...................................................................... 180  
Period One: Immersion ......................................................................................... 180  
Period One: Contemporary Coding ...................................................................... 182  
Period One: Familiarity ........................................................................................ 183  
Period  One  in  Summary  ...............................................................................................  184  
Period  Two:  1990  -­‐  1995  ..............................................................................................  186  
Street Fighter 2 ..................................................................................................... 186  
Z-Axis Movement ................................................................................................ 188  
The 3D revolution and the 2D demise; Video Killed the Radio Star ................... 190  
Polygons and Sprites ............................................................................................ 190  
I am Me, This is Me: FPS vs. Shmups ................................................................. 192  
Rotational Mechanisms / Perspective Mechanisms in Shmups............................ 196  
Forgotten Worlds .................................................................................................. 199  
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Luke McMillan 2010
Pseudo 3D Shmups ............................................................................................... 202  
Angles of Perspective and Reality ........................................................................ 204  
Zeitgeists: Silpheed (Mega CD) ........................................................................... 207  
(cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:179)(cid:48)(cid:72)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:42)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81) ........................................................................................... 208  
Personification of Shmups .................................................................................... 211  
Are the invaders actually us? Are we trying to kill ourselves? ............................ 216  
Size Matters .......................................................................................................... 218  
Zeitgeists: The Raiden Series ............................................................................... 222  
Raiden & Epic Form ............................................................................................. 230  
(cid:179)(cid:58)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:180)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71) .............................................................................. 230  
Accompaniment .................................................................................................... 234  
Evaluating  Period  Two  .................................................................................................  235  
Period Two: Empowerment .................................................................................. 236  
Period Two: Flow ................................................................................................. 238  
Period Two: Bring the Player to Action ............................................................... 239  
Period Two: Education ......................................................................................... 240  
Period Two: Challenge & Reward ....................................................................... 242  
Period Two: Immersion ........................................................................................ 244  
Period Two: Immediate Feedback ........................................................................ 245  
Period Two: Contemporary Coding ..................................................................... 247  
Period Two: Familiarity ....................................................................................... 250  
Period  Two  in  Summary  ...............................................................................................  252  
Period  Three  (1995-­‐1999)  .....................................................................................  253  
Zeitgeists: Zero Gunner ........................................................................................ 258  
The Raiden Face Off............................................................................................. 262  
The Downfall of the Arcade ................................................................................. 269  
Zeitgeists: DoDonPachi (Atlus/Cave, 1997) ........................................................ 273  
DoDonPachi, Visual Semiotics & Kinetic Semiotics ........................................... 275  
Zeitgeists: Radiant Silvergun ............................................................................... 280  
Narrative Meets Shmups ...................................................................................... 282  
Radiant Silvergun Mechanics ............................................................................... 287  
Radiant  Silvergun:  Semiotic  Analysis  ............................................................................  290  
Radiant Silvergun Mechanics: Fighting Games ................................................... 302  
Radiant Silvergun Mechanics: The Puzzle-em-up ............................................... 305  
Radiant Silvergun Flow Analysis ......................................................................... 307  
Evaluating  Period  Three  ...............................................................................................  310  
Period Three: Empowerment ................................................................................ 312  
Period Three: Flow ............................................................................................... 313  
IV
All of Your Base Are Belong to Us? Shmups as a Source for Better Game Design
Period Three: Instant feedback ............................................................................. 315  
Period Three: Bring the Player to Action ............................................................. 315  
Period Three: Education ....................................................................................... 317  
Period Three: Challenge and Reward ................................................................... 317  
Period Three: Immersion ...................................................................................... 318  
Period Three: Contemporary Coding ................................................................... 320  
Period Three: Familiarity...................................................................................... 320  
Period Three: In Summary ................................................................................... 321  
Period  Four:  2000-­‐2005  .........................................................................................  322  
Period Four: Colour Saturation and Reality ......................................................... 323  
Zeitgeists: Ikaruga (Treasure, 2001) ..................................................................... 334  
Ikaruga and its peers ............................................................................................. 335  
The Music of Ikaruga ........................................................................................... 343  
Ikaruga: Game Mechanics .................................................................................... 345  
Ikaruga, Colour, Saturation & Hyper-reality ........................................................ 346  
Zeitgeists: Border Down ....................................................................................... 349  
(cid:179)(cid:36)(cid:36)(cid:36)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:180) ........................................................................................................ 359  
Zeitgeists: Espgaluda ............................................................................................ 364  
Evaluating  Period  4  ......................................................................................................  370  
Period Four: Empowerment.................................................................................. 371  
Period Four: Flow ................................................................................................. 372  
Period Four: Instant feedback ............................................................................... 375  
Period Four: Bring the Player to Action ............................................................... 376  
Period Four: Education ......................................................................................... 377  
Period Four: Challenge and Reward ..................................................................... 378  
Period Four: Immersion ........................................................................................ 380  
Period Four: Contemporary Coding ..................................................................... 380  
Period Four: Familiarity ....................................................................................... 381  
Period Four in Summary ...................................................................................... 383  
Chapter  6:  The  Tenth  Heuristic,  Familiarity  &  the  Findings  of  the  2004  and  2008  
Surveys  into  Nostalgia  and  Age  ............................................................................  386  
The 2004 Data ...................................................................................................... 388  
The 2008 Data ...................................................................................................... 390  
Implications  of  the  Data  ...............................................................................................  395  
Limitations  of  the  data  .................................................................................................  397  
Chapter  7:  Conclusion  ...........................................................................................  398  
The  First  Heuristic:  Empowerment  ...............................................................................  399  
Empowerment over time ...................................................................................... 402  
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Luke McMillan 2010
The  Second  Heuristic:  Flow  ..........................................................................................  403  
Flow over time ...................................................................................................... 405  
The  Third  Heuristic:  Bring  the  Player  to  Action  ..............................................................  406  
Bringing the Player to Action over time ............................................................... 410  
The  Third  Heuristic:  Flow  .............................................................................................  411  
Flow over time ...................................................................................................... 413  
The  Fourth  Heuristic:  Education  ...................................................................................  414  
Education over time .............................................................................................. 416  
The  Fifth  and  Sixth  Heuristic:  Challenge  &  Reward  ........................................................  416  
Challenge and Reward over time.......................................................................... 418  
The  Seventh  Heuristic:  Immersion  ................................................................................  419  
Immersion over time ............................................................................................. 422  
The  Eighth  Heuristic:  Immediate  Feedback  ...................................................................  423  
The  Ninth  Heuristic:  Contemporary  Coding  ...................................................................  423  
Contemporary Coding over time .......................................................................... 426  
Hypothesis  Evaluation  &  Concluding  Thoughts  ......................................................  426  
Bibliography  .........................................................................................................  437  
Bibliography  (Software)*  .............................................................................................  454  
Appendix  ..............................................................................................................  490  
Nostalgia  and  Age  2004  Findings  and  Experiment  Overview  ..........................................  490  
Nostalgia  and  Age  Revisited  (Findings  From  Aussie  Arcade,  2008)  .................................  491  
Nostalgia  and  Age  Revisited  (Findings  From  Digitpress,  2008)  .......................................  492  
Nostalgia  and  Age  Revisited  (Killercabs  Findings,  2008)  ................................................  493  
Nostalgia  and  Age  Revisited  (Total  Findings).................................................................  494  
Nostalgia  and  Age  Revisited  (Total  Findings  /  Average  Data)  .........................................  495  
List  of  Consulted  Shmups  According  to  Release  Year  .....................................................  496  
MAME  Statistics  ..........................................................................................................  509  

VI
All of Your Base Are Belong to Us? Shmups as a Source for Better Game Design
List  of  Figures  
Figure 1 ............................................................................................................................ 6  
Figure 2 .......................................................................................................................... 10  
Figure 3 .......................................................................................................................... 12  
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VIII