of Students History of England Vol 1 Author Samuel R Gardiner

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Title: A Student's History of England, v. 1 (of 3)
From the earliest times to the Death of King Edward VII

Author: Samuel Rawson Gardiner

Release Date: February 23, 2009 [EBook #28157]

Language: English

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STUDENT'S

HISTORY OF ENGLAND

FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE DEATH OF KING EDWARD VII

BY

SAMUEL R. GARDINER, D.C.L., LL.D.

LATE FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD

ETC.

VOL. I.

B.C. 55—A.D. 1509

NEW IMPRESSION (1915)

REISSUE

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON

FOURTH AVENUE & 30th STREET, NEW YORK

BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS

1916

All rights reserved

WORKS

BY

SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER.

HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603-1642. With

Maps. 10 vols. crown 8vo. 5s. net each.

A HISTORY OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR, 1642-1649. With Maps. 4 vols. crown 8vo. 5s. net each.

A HISTORY OF THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE PROTECTORATE,
1649-1656. With Maps. 4 vols.

crown 8vo. 5s. net each.

THE LAST YEARS OF THE PROTECTORATE,
1656-1658. By CHARLES HARDING FIRTH, M.A., Regius

Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford. With 3 Plans. 2 vols. 8vo. 24s. net.

A STUDENT'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. From the Earliest Times to the Death of King Edward VII.

Vol. I. B.C. 55-A.D. 1509. With 173 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s.

Vol. II. 1509-1689. With 96 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s.

Vol. III. 1689-1910. With 112 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s.

⁂ Complete in One Volume, with 381 Illustrations, crown 8vo. 12s.

PREPARATORY QUESTIONS ON S. R. GARDINER'S STUDENT'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND.
By R.

SOMERVELL, M.A. Crown 8vo. 1s.

SUMMARY OF ENGLISH HISTORY,
based on S. R. Gardiner's 'Outline of English History.' Brought down to

the Accession of Edward VII. By W. REEP. Fcp. 8vo. 6d.

A SCHOOL ATLAS OF ENGLISH HISTORY.
Edited by SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, D.C.L., LL.D. With 66

Coloured Maps and 22 Plans of Battles and Sieges. Fcp. 4to. 5s.

LONGMANS' ELEMENTARY HISTORICAL ATLAS,
abridged from S. R. Gardiner's 'School Atlas of English

History.' Post 4to. 1s.

CROMWELL'S PLACE IN HISTORY. Founded on Six Lectures delivered at Oxford. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.

OLIVER CROMWELL. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 5s. net.

THE FIRST TWO STUARTS AND THE PURITAN REVOLUTION, 1603-1660. 4 Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.

THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR, 1618-1648. With a Map. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.

OUTLINE OF ENGLISH HISTORY, B.C. 55-A.D. 1910. With 67 Woodcuts and 17 Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1795. By Mrs. S. R. GARDINER. With 7 Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d.

LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 39 Paternoster Row, London, New York, Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras.

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION

The present work is intended for such students as have already an elementary knowledge of the main facts of English history, and

aims at meeting their needs by the use of plain language on the one hand, and by the avoidance, on the other hand, of that multiplicity of
details which is apt to overburden the memory.

At the close of the book I have treated the last eleven years, 1874 to 1885, in a manner which precludes all expression of my own

views, either on the characters of the actors or on the value of the work performed by them; and something of the same reticence will
be observed in the pages dealing with the years immediately preceding 1874. We have not the material before us for the formation of a
final judgment on many points arising in the course of the narrative, and it is therefore better to abstain from the expression of decided
opinion, except on matters so completely before the public as to leave no room for hesitation. Especially is this rule to be observed in a

book addressed to those who are not yet at an age when independent investigation is possible.

I hope it will be understood that in my mention of various authors I have had no intention of writing a history of literature, however

brief. My object has been throughout to exhibit that side of literature which connects itself with the general political or intellectual
movement of the country, and to leave unnoticed the purely literary or scientific qualities of the writers mentioned. This will explain, for
instance, the total omission of the name of Roger Bacon, and the brief and, if regarded from a different point of view, the very
unsatisfactory treatment of writers like Dickens and Thackeray.

Those of my readers who have complained that no maps were to be found in the book may now be referred to a 'School Atlas of

English History,' recently edited by me for Messrs. Longmans & Co. To include an adequate number of maps in this volume would
have increased its size beyond all fitting limits.

In the spelling of Indian names I have not adopted the modern and improved system of transliteration. Admirable as it is when used

by those who are able to give the right sound to each letter, it only leads to mispronunciation in the mouths of those who are, as most
of the readers of this volume will be, entirely in the dark on this point. The old rough method of our fathers at least ensures a fair
approximation to the true pronunciation.

My warmest thanks are due to Mr. GEORGE NUTT, of Rugby, and to the Rev. W. HUNT. Mr. NUTT not only looked over the proof-

sheets up to the death of Edward I. with excellent results, but gave me most valuable advice as to the general arrangement of the book,
founded on his own long experience of scholastic teaching. The Rev. W. HUNT looked over a considerable portion of the remaining
proof-sheets, and called my attention to several errors and omissions which had escaped my eye.

The illustrations have been selected by Mr. W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, Assistant-Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries. He wishes to

acknowledge much valuable assistance given to him in the choice of portraits by GEORGE SCHARF, Esq., C.B., F.S.A., who is
recognised as the highest authority on the subject.

I am indebted to Her Majesty the QUEEN for permission to engrave two of the portraits appearing in the following pages—viz.,

those of Bishop Fisher, on p. 393, and the Duke of Norfolk, on p. 410—the originals in both cases being at Windsor Castle.

I have to thank Earl SPENCER for permission to engrave the portrait on p. 362; the Earl of ESSEX for that on p. 476; the Earl of

WARWICK for that on p. 403; the Earl of CARLISLE for that on p. 459; the Viscount DILLON, F.S.A., for that on p. 376; the Hon Sir
SPENCER PONSONBY-FANE, K.C.B., for that on p. 365; Sir JOHN FARNABY LENNARD, Bart., for that on p. 463; Dr. EVANS for those on
pp. 2, 4, 6; EDWARD HUTH, Esq., for that on p. 387; Mrs. DENT, of Sudeley, for that on p. 395; H. HUCKS GIBBS, Esq., for that on p.
419; T. A. HOPE, Esq., for that on p. 487; E. B. NICHOLSON, Esq., for the portrait of Lord Burghley in the Bodleian Library, Oxford,
engraved at p. 479; the authorities of the University of Cambridge for that on p. 477; of Jesus College, Cambridge, for that on p. 414;
and of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, for that on p. 567; and the Treasurer of Christ's Hospital, London, for the portrait of
Charles II. on p. 579. I have also to thank Mr. JOHN MURRAY for permission to engrave the figures on pp. 130, 150, 160, 166, 177,
188, 260; Messrs. PARKER & CO., Oxford, for those on pp. 19, 51, 75, 91, 107, 128, 170, 192, 197, 230, 245, 246, 247, 253,
409, 451; Mr. W. NIVES for those at pp. 381, 409, 451; Mr. J. G. WALLER for those on pp. 219, 229, 292, 298, 515; Mr. BRUCE for
those on pp. 17, 18, 21; Messrs. POULTON & SONS, Lee, for those on pp. 7, 132; Mr. G. A. NICHOLS, Stamford, for those on pp.
311, 316, Mr. G. T. CLARKE, for that on p. 74; Messrs. CARL NORMAN & CO., Tunbridge Wells, for that on p. 171; Mr. R. KEENE,
Derby, for that on p. 318; the Rev. H. H. HENSON, Vicar of Barking, Essex, for the photograph of the monument of Sir Charles
Montague on p. 507; the Science and Art Department for those on pp. 371, 440, 518, 612; Mr. W. H. WHEELER, of Oxford, for
those on pp. 319, 384; Messrs. VALENTINE & SONS, Dundee, for those on pp. 109, 206, 213, 238, 244, 276, 355, 378, 485, 662,
666, 668, 683, 907, 919, 937, 942; and Mr. R. KEENE, Derby, for those on pp. 466, 467, 469, 471.

CONTENTS

OF

THE FIRST VOLUME

PART I.

ENGLAND BEFORE THE NORMAN CONQUEST.

CHAPTER I.

PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN BRITAIN.

1. Palæolithic Man of the River-Drift

2. Cave-dwelling Palæolithic Man

3. Neolithic Man

PAGE

1

2

3

4. Celts and Iberians

5. The Celts in Britain

6. Goidels and Britons

7. Phœnicians and Greeks

8. Gauls and Belgians in Britain

9. Culture and War

10. Religion of the Britons

11. The Romans in Gaul B.C. 55

12. Cæsar's First Invasion. B.C. 55

13. Cæsar's Second Invasion. B.C. 54

14. South-eastern Britain after Cæsar's Departure. B.C. 54—A.D. 43

15. The Roman Empire

16. The Invasion of Aulus Plautius. A.D. 43

17. The Colony of Camulodunum

18. The Conquests of Ostorius Scapula

19. Government of Suetonius Paullinus. 58

20. Boadicea's Insurrection. 61

21. The Vengeance of Suetonius

22. Agricola in Britain. 78—84

23. Agricola's Conquests in the North

24. The Roman Walls

25. The Roman Province of Britain

26. Extinction of Tribal Antagonism

27. Want of National Feeling

28. Carausius and Allectus. 288—296

29. Constantius and Constantine. 296—337

30. Christianity in Britain

31. Weakness of the Empire

32. The Picts and Scots

33. The Saxons

34. Origin of the Saxons

35. The Roman Defence

36. End of the Roman Government. 383—410

CHAPTER II.

THE ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS.

1. Britain after the Departure of the Romans. 410—449?

2. The Groans of the Britons

3. The Conquest of Kent. 449?

4. The South Saxons. 477

5. The West Saxons and the East Saxons

6. The Anglian Settlements

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7. Nature of the Conquest

8. The Cultivators of the Soil

9. Eorls, Ceorls, Gesiths

10. The Gesiths and the Villagers

11. English and Welsh

12. The Township and the Hundred

13. Weregild

14. Compurgation and Ordeal

15. Punishments

16. The Folk-moot

17. The Kingship

18. The Legend of Arthur

19. The West Saxon Advance

20. Repulse of the West Saxons

21. The Advance of the Angles

22. The Kymry

23. Britain at the End of the Sixth Century

CHAPTER III.

THE STRIFE OF THE ENGLISH KINGDOMS.

1. England and the Continent

2. Æthelberht's Supremacy

3. Gregory and the English

4. Augustine's Mission. 597

5. Monastic Christianity

6. The Archbishopric of Canterbury

7. Death of Æthelberht. 616

8. The Three Kingdoms opposed to the Welsh

9. Æthelfrith and the Kymry

10. Æthelfrith's Victories

11. The Greatness of Eadwine

12. Eadwine's Supremacy

13. Character of the later Conquests

14. Political Changes

15. Eadwine's Conversion and Fall

16. Oswald's Victory at Heavenfield

17. Oswald and Aidan

18. Oswald's Greatness and Overthrow

19. Penda's Overthrow

20. The Three Kingdoms and the Welsh

21. The English Missionaries

22. Dispute between Wilfrid and Colman. 664

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23. Archbishop Theodore and the Penitential System

24. Ealdhelm and Cædmon

25. Bede. 673—735

26. Church Councils

27. Struggle between Mercia and Wessex

28. Mohammedanism and the Carolingian Empire

29. Ecgberht's Rule. 802—839

CHAPTER IV.

THE ENGLISH KINGSHIP AND THE STRUGGLE WITH THE DANES.

1. The West Saxon Supremacy

2. The Coming of the Northmen

3. The English Coast Plundered

4. The Danes in the North

5. Ælfred's Struggle in Wessex. 871—878

6. The Treaty of Chippenham, and its Results. 878

7. Ælfred's Military Work

8. His Laws and Scholarship

9. Eadward the Elder. 899—925

10. Eadward's Conquests

11. Eadward and the Scots

12. Æthelstan. 925—940

13. Eadmund (940—946) and Eadred (946—955)

14. Danes and English

15. Eadwig. 955—959

16. Dunstan

17. Archbishop Oda

18. Eadwig's Marriage

CHAPTER V.

EADGAR'S ENGLAND.

1. Eadgar and Dunstan. 959—975

2. The Cession of Lothian

3. Changes in English Institutions

4. Growth of the King's Power

5. Conversion of the Freemen into Serfs

6. The Hundred-moot and the Lord's Court

7. The Towns

8. The Origin of the Shires

9. The Shire-moot

10. The Ealdormen and the Witenagemot

11. The Land

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12. Domestic Life

13. Food and Drink

CHAPTER VI.

ENGLAND AND NORMANDY.

1. Eadward the Martyr. 975—979

2. Æthelred's Early Years. 979—988

3. The Return of the Danes. 984

4. The Norman Dukes. 912—1002

5. Political Contrast between Normandy and England

6. Svend's Conquest. 1002—1013

7. Æthelred Restored. 1014—1016

8. Eadmund Ironside. 1016

9. Cnut and the Earldoms. 1016—1035

10. Cnut's Empire

11. Cnut's Government

12. The Sons of Cnut. 1035—1042

13. Eadward the Confessor and Earl Godwine. 1042—1051

14. The Banishment of Godwine. 1051

15. Visit of Duke William. 1051

16. William and the Norman Church

17. The Return and Death of Godwine. 1052—1053

18. Harold's Greatness. 1053—1066

19. Harold and Eadward. 1057—1065

20. Death of Eadward. 1066

21. Harold and William. 1066

22. Stamford Bridge. 1066

23. The Landing of William. 1066

24. The Battle of Senlac. 1066

25. William's Coronation. 1066

PART II.

THE NORMAN AND ANGEVIN KINGS.

CHAPTER VII.

WILLIAM I. 1066—1087.

1. The First Months of the Conquest. 1066—1067

2. The Conquest of the West and North. 1067—1069

3. The Completion of the Conquest. 1070

4. Hereward's Revolt and the Homage of Malcolm. 1070—1072

5. How William kept down the English

6. How William kept down the Normans

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103

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104

105

7. Ecclesiastical Organisation.

8. Pope Gregory VII.

9. William and Gregory VII.

10. The Rising of the Earls. 1075

11. The New Forest

12. Domesday Book. 1085—1086

13. William's Great Councils

14. The Gemot at Salisbury. 1086

15. William's Death. 1087

CHAPTER VIII.

WILLIAM II. 1087—1100.

1. The Accession of the Red King. 1087

2. The Wickedness of the Red King

3. Ranulf Flambard

4. Feudal Dues

5. Archbishop Anselm

6. The Council of Rockingham. 1095

7. William II. and his Brothers

8. William and Scotland. 1093—1094

9. Mowbray's Rebellion. 1095

10. The First Crusade. 1095—1099

11. Normandy in Pledge. 1096

12. The Last Years of the Red King

13. The Death of the Red King. 1100

CHAPTER IX.

HENRY I. AND STEPHEN.

HENRY I., 1100—1135. STEPHEN, 1135—1154.

1. The Accession of Henry I. 1100

2. Invasion of Robert. 1101

3. Revolt of Robert of Bellême. 1102

4. The Battle of Tinchebrai. 1106

5. Henry and Anselm. 1100—1107

6. Roger of Salisbury

7. Growth of Trade

8. The Benedictines

9. The Cistercians

10. The White Ship

11. The Last Years of Henry I.

12. Stephen's Accession. 1135

13. Civil War

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133

14. Stephen's Quarrel with the Clergy. 1139

15. Anarchy. 1139

16. The End of the War. 1141—1148

17. Henry, Duke of the Normans. 1149

18. The Last Days of Stephen. 1153—1154

CHAPTER X.

HENRY II. 1154—1189.

1. Henry's Accession. 1154

2. Pacification of England

3. Henry and Feudality

4. The Great Council and the Curia Regis

5. Scutage

6. Archbishop Thomas. 1162

7. Breach between Henry and Thomas

8. The Constitutions of Clarendon. 1164

9. The Persecution of Archbishop Thomas. 1164

10. The Assize of Clarendon. 1166

11. Recognitions

12. The Germ of the Jury

13. The Itinerant Justices Revived

14. The Inquisition of the Sheriffs. 1170

15. The Nobles and the Church

16. The Coronation of Young Henry. 1170

17. The Return of Archbishop Thomas. 1170

18. Murder of Archbishop Thomas. 1170

19. Popular Indignation. 1171

20. State of Ireland

21. Partial Conquest of Ireland. 1166—1172

22. Young Henry's Coronation and the Revolt of the Barons. 1172—1174

23. The Assize of Arms. 1181

24. Henry II. and his Sons

25. The Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1187

26. The Last Years of Henry II. 1188—1189

27. The Work of Henry II.

CHAPTER XI.

RICHARD I. 1189—1199.

1. Richard in England. 1189

2. William of Longchamps. 1189—1191

3. The Third Crusade. 1189—1192

4. The Return of Richard. 1192—1194

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151

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161

161

5. Heavy Taxation

6. The Administration of Hubert Walter. 1194—1198

7. Death of Richard. 1199

8. Church and State under the Angevin Kings

9. Growth of Learning

10. The University of Oxford

11. Country and Town

12. Condition of London

13. Architectural Changes

PART III

THE GROWTH OF THE PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUTION. 1199-1399.

CHAPTER XII.

JOHN. 1199-1216.

1. The Accession of John. 1199

2. John's First War with Philip II. 1199-1200

3. John's Misconduct in Poitou 1200-1201

4. The Loss of Normandy and Anjou. 1202-1204

5. Causes of Philip's Success

6. The Election of Stephen Langton to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. 1205

7. Innocent III. and Stephen Langton. 1206

8. John's Quarrel with the Church. 1206-1208

9. England under an Interdict. 1208

10. John Excommunicated. 1209

11. The Pope threatens John with Deposition. 1212-1213

12. John's Submission. 1213

13. The Resistance of the Barons and Clergy. 1213

14. The Battle of Bouvines. 1214

15. The Struggle between John and the Barons. 1214-1215

16. Magna Carta. 1215

17. War between John and the Barons. 1215-1216

18. Conflict between Louis and John. 1216

CHAPTER XIII.

HENRY III. 1216-1272.

1. Henry III. and Louis. 1216-1217

2. The Renewal of the Great Charter. 1216-1217

3. Administration of Hubert de Burgh. 1219-1232

4. Administration of Peter des Roches. 1232-1234

5. Francis of Assisi

6. St. Dominic

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190

7. The Coming of the Friars. 1220-1224

8. Monks and Friars

9. The King's Marriage. 1236

10. The Early Career of Simon de Montfort. 1231-1243

11. Papal Exactions. 1237-1243

12. A Weak Parliamentary Opposition. 1244

13. Growing Discontent. 1244-1254

14. The Knights of the Shire in Parliament. 1254

15. Fresh Exactions. 1254-1257

16. The Provisions of Oxford. 1258

17. The Expulsion of the Foreigners. 1258

18. Edward and the Barons. 1259

19. The Breach amongst the Barons. 1259—1261

20. Royalist Reaction and Civil War. 1261

21. The Mise of Amiens. 1264

22. The Battle of Lewes. 1264

23. Earl Simon's Government. 1264—1265

24. The Battle of Evesham. 1265

25. The Last Years of Henry III. 1265—1272

26. General Progress of the Country

CHAPTER XIV.

EDWARD I. AND EDWARD II.

EDWARD I., 1272—1307. EDWARD II., 1307—1327.

1. The First Years of Edward I. 1272—1279

2. Edward I. and Wales. 1276—1284

3. Customs Duties. 1275

4. Edward's Judicial Reforms. 1274—1290

5. Edward's Legislation. 1279—1290

6. Edward as a National and as a Feudal Ruler

7. The Scottish Succession. 1285—1290

8. Death of Eleanor of Castile. 1290

9. The Award of Norham. 1291—1292

10. Disputes with Scotland and France. 1293—1295

11. The Model Parliament. 1295

12. The First Conquest of Scotland. 1296

13. The Resistance of Archbishop Winchelsey. 1296—1297

14. The 'Confirmatio Cartarum.' 1297

15. Wallace's Rising. 1297—1304

16. The Second Conquest of Scotland. 1298—1304

17. The Incorporation of Scotland with England. 1305

18. Character of Edward's Dealings with Scotland

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19. Robert Bruce. 1306

20. Edward's Third Conquest of Scotland and Death. 1306—1307

21. Edward II. and Piers Gaveston. 1307—1312

22. Success of Robert Bruce. 1307—1314

23. Lancaster's Government. 1314—1322

24. A Constitutional Settlement. 1322

25. The Rule of the Despensers. 1322—1326

26. The Deposition and Murder of Edward II. 1327

CHAPTER XV.

FROM THE ACCESSION OF EDWARD III. TO THE TREATY OF BRETIGNI.

1327—1360.

1. Mortimer's Government. 1327—1330

2. The French Succession. 1328—1331

3. Troubles in Scotland. 1331—1336

4. Dispute with France. 1336—1337

5. Edward's Allies. 1337—1338

6. Chivalry and War

7. Commerce and War

8. Attacks on the North of France. 1338—1340

9. Battle of Sluys. 1340

10. Attacks on the West of France. 1341—1345

11. The Campaign of Creçy. 1346

12. The Tactics of Creçy. 1346

13. The Battle of Creçy. August 26, 1346

14. Battle of Nevill's Cross, and the Siege of Calais. 1346—1347

15. Constitutional Progress. 1337—1347

16. Edward's Triumph. 1347

17. The Black Death. 1348

18. The Statute of Labourers. 1351

19. The Statute of Treasons. 1352

20. The Black Prince in the South of France. 1355

21. The Battle of Poitiers. 1356

22. The Courtesy of the Black Prince

23. Misery of France. 1356—1359

24. Edward's Last Invasion. 1359—1360

25. The Treaty of Bretigni. 1360

CHAPTER XVI.

REIGN OF EDWARD III. AFTER THE TREATY OF BRETIGNI.

1360—1377.

1. The First Years of Peace. 1360—1364

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2. The Spanish Troubles. 1364—1368

3. The Taxation of Aquitaine. 1368—1369

4. The Renewed War. 1369—1375

5. Anti-Papal Legislation. 1351—1366

6. Predominance of the English Language

7. Piers the Plowman. 1362

8. The Anti-Clerical Party. 1371

9. The Duke of Lancaster. 1374—1376

10. John Wycliffe. 1366—1376

11. Lancaster and the Black Prince. 1376

12. The Good Parliament. 1376

13. The Last Year of Edward III. 1376—1377

14. Ireland from the Reign of John to that of Edward II.

15. The Statute of Kilkenny. 1367

16. Weakness of the English Colony. 1367—1377

CHAPTER XVII.

RICHARD II. AND THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION.

1377—1381.

1. The First Years of Richard II. 1377—1378

2. Wycliffe and the Great Schism. 1378—1381

3. The Poll Taxes. 1379—1381

4. The Peasants' Grievances

5. The Peasants' Revolt. 1381

6. The Suppression of the Revolt

7. Results of the Peasants' Revolt

8. Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales'

9. The Prologue of the 'Canterbury Tales'

10. Chaucer and the Clergy

11. Roads and Bridges

12. Modes of Conveyance

13. Hospitality and Inns

14. Alehouses

15. Wanderers

16. Robbers and Criminals

17. Justices of the Peace

CHAPTER XVIII.

RICHARD II. AND THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION.

1382—1399.

1. Progress of the War with France. 1382—1386

2. Richard's Growing Unpopularity. 1385—1386

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3. The Impeachment of Suffolk and the Commission of Regency. 1386

4. The Lords Appellant and the Merciless Parliament. 1387—1388

5. Richard's Restoration to Power. 1389

6. Richard's Constitutional Government. 1389—1396

7. Livery and Maintenance. 1390

8. Richard's Domestic Policy. 1390—1391

9. Richard's Foreign Policy. 1389—1396

10. Richard's Coup d'État. 1397

11. The Parliament of Shrewsbury. 1398

12. The Banishment of Hereford and Norfolk. 1398

13. Richard's Despotism. 1398—1399

14. Henry of Lancaster in England. 1399

15. The Deposition of Richard and the Enthronement of Henry IV. 1399

16. Nature of the Claim of Henry IV.

PART IV.

LANCASTER, YORK, AND TUDOR. 1399—1509.

CHAPTER XIX.

HENRY IV. AND HENRY V.

HENRY IV., 1399—1413. HENRY V., 1413—1422.

1. Henry's First Difficulties. 1399—1400

2. Death of Richard II. 1400

3. Henry IV. and the Church

4. The Statute for the Burning of Heretics. 1401

5. Henry IV. and Owen Glendower. 1400—1402

6. The Rebellion of the Percies. 1402—1404

7. The Commons and the Church. 1404

8. The Capture of the Scottish Prince. 1405

9. The Execution of Archbishop Scrope. 1405

10. France, Wales, and the North. 1405—1408

11. Henry, Prince of Wales. 1409—1410

12. The Last Years of Henry IV. 1411-1413

13. Henry V. and the Lollards. 1413-1414

14. Henry's Claim to the Throne of France. 1414

15. The Invasion of France. 1415

16. The March to Agincourt. 1415

17. The Battle of Agincourt, October 25, 1415

18. Henry's Diplomacy. 1416-1417

19. Henry's Conquest of Normandy. 1417-1419

20. The Murder of the Duke of Burgundy and the Treaty of Troyes. 1419-1420

21. The Close of the Reign of Henry V. 1420-1422

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CHAPTER XX.

HENRY VI. AND THE LOSS OF FRANCE. 1422-1451.

1. Bedford and Gloucester. 1422

2. Bedford's Success in France. 1423-1424

3. Gloucester's Invasion of Hainault. 1424

4. Gloucester and Beaufort. 1425-1428

5. The Siege of Orleans. 1428-1429

6. Jeanne Darc and the Relief of Orleans. 1429

7. The Coronation of Charles VII. and the Capture of the Maid. 1429-1430

8. The Martyrdom at Rouen. 1431

9. The Last Years of the Duke of Bedford. 1431-1435

10. The Defection of Burgundy. 1435

11. The Duke of York in France. 1436-1437

12. The English Lose Ground. 1437-1443

13. Continued Rivalry of Beaufort and Gloucester. 1439-1441

14. Beaufort and Somerset. 1442-1443

15. The Angevin Marriage Treaty. 1444-1445

16. Deaths of Gloucester and Beaufort. 1447

17. The Loss of the French Provinces. 1448-1449

CHAPTER XXI.

THE LATER YEARS OF HENRY VI. 1450-1461.

1. The Growth of Inclosures

2. Increasing Power of the Nobility

3. Case of Lord Molynes and John Paston

4. Suffolk's Impeachment and Murder. 1450

5. Jack Cade's Rebellion. 1450

6. Rivalry of York and Somerset. 1450-1453

7. The First Protectorate of the Duke of York. 1453-1454

8. The First Battle of St. Albans and the Duke of York's Second Protectorate

9. Discomfiture of the Yorkists. 1456-1459

10. The Battle of Northampton and the Duke of York's Claim to the Throne. 1460

11. The Battle of Wakefield. 1460

12. The Battle of Mortimer's Cross and the Second Battle of St. Albans. 1461

13. The Battle of Towton and the Coronation of Edward IV. 1461

CHAPTER XXII.

THE YORKIST KINGS.

1461—1485.

1. Edward IV. and the House of Commons. 1461

2. Loss of the Mediæval Ideals

3. Fresh Efforts of the Lancastrians. 1462—1465

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