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The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Student's History of England, v. 1 (of 3), by Samuel Rawson Gardiner This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: A Student's History of England, v. 1 (of 3) From the earliest times to the Death of King Edward VII Author: Samuel Rawson Gardiner Release Date: February 23, 2009 [EBook #28157] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF ENGLAND *** Produced by Darren Izzard, Christine P. Travers and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) Transcriber's note: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected, all other inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's spelling has been maintained. Each page of the original book had a side note stating the time span treated on that page. Those side notes have been deleted. STUDENT'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE DEATH OF KING EDWARD VII BY SAMUEL R. GARDINER, D.C.L., LL.D. LATE FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE, OXFORD ETC. VOL. I. B.C. 55—A.D. 1509 NEW IMPRESSION (1915) REISSUE LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON FOURTH AVENUE & 30th STREET, NEW YORK BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS 1916 All rights reserved WORKS BY SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER. HISTORY OF ENGLAND, from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603-1642. With Maps. 10 vols. crown 8vo. 5s. net each. A HISTORY OF THE GREAT CIVIL WAR, 1642-1649. With Maps. 4 vols. crown 8vo. 5s. net each. A HISTORY OF THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE PROTECTORATE, 1649-1656. With Maps. 4 vols. crown 8vo. 5s. net each. THE LAST YEARS OF THE PROTECTORATE, 1656-1658. By CHARLES HARDING FIRTH, M.A., Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford. With 3 Plans. 2 vols. 8vo. 24s. net. A STUDENT'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. From the Earliest Times to the Death of King Edward VII. Vol. I. B.C. 55-A.D. 1509. With 173 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s. Vol. II. 1509-1689. With 96 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s. Vol. III. 1689-1910. With 112 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s. ⁂ Complete in One Volume, with 381 Illustrations, crown 8vo. 12s. PREPARATORY QUESTIONS ON S. R. GARDINER'S STUDENT'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By R. SOMERVELL, M.A. Crown 8vo. 1s. SUMMARY OF ENGLISH HISTORY, based on S. R. Gardiner's 'Outline of English History.' Brought down to the Accession of Edward VII. By W. REEP. Fcp. 8vo. 6d. A SCHOOL ATLAS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. Edited by SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER, D.C.L., LL.D. With 66 Coloured Maps and 22 Plans of Battles and Sieges. Fcp. 4to. 5s. LONGMANS' ELEMENTARY HISTORICAL ATLAS, abridged from S. R. Gardiner's 'School Atlas of English History.' Post 4to. 1s. CROMWELL'S PLACE IN HISTORY. Founded on Six Lectures delivered at Oxford. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d. OLIVER CROMWELL. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 5s. net. THE FIRST TWO STUARTS AND THE PURITAN REVOLUTION, 1603-1660. 4 Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR, 1618-1648. With a Map. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. OUTLINE OF ENGLISH HISTORY, B.C. 55-A.D. 1910. With 67 Woodcuts and 17 Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789-1795. By Mrs. S. R. GARDINER. With 7 Maps. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 39 Paternoster Row, London, New York, Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION The present work is intended for such students as have already an elementary knowledge of the main facts of English history, and aims at meeting their needs by the use of plain language on the one hand, and by the avoidance, on the other hand, of that multiplicity of details which is apt to overburden the memory. At the close of the book I have treated the last eleven years, 1874 to 1885, in a manner which precludes all expression of my own views, either on the characters of the actors or on the value of the work performed by them; and something of the same reticence will be observed in the pages dealing with the years immediately preceding 1874. We have not the material before us for the formation of a final judgment on many points arising in the course of the narrative, and it is therefore better to abstain from the expression of decided opinion, except on matters so completely before the public as to leave no room for hesitation. Especially is this rule to be observed in a book addressed to those who are not yet at an age when independent investigation is possible. I hope it will be understood that in my mention of various authors I have had no intention of writing a history of literature, however brief. My object has been throughout to exhibit that side of literature which connects itself with the general political or intellectual movement of the country, and to leave unnoticed the purely literary or scientific qualities of the writers mentioned. This will explain, for instance, the total omission of the name of Roger Bacon, and the brief and, if regarded from a different point of view, the very unsatisfactory treatment of writers like Dickens and Thackeray. Those of my readers who have complained that no maps were to be found in the book may now be referred to a 'School Atlas of English History,' recently edited by me for Messrs. Longmans & Co. To include an adequate number of maps in this volume would have increased its size beyond all fitting limits. In the spelling of Indian names I have not adopted the modern and improved system of transliteration. Admirable as it is when used by those who are able to give the right sound to each letter, it only leads to mispronunciation in the mouths of those who are, as most of the readers of this volume will be, entirely in the dark on this point. The old rough method of our fathers at least ensures a fair approximation to the true pronunciation. My warmest thanks are due to Mr. GEORGE NUTT, of Rugby, and to the Rev. W. HUNT. Mr. NUTT not only looked over the proof- sheets up to the death of Edward I. with excellent results, but gave me most valuable advice as to the general arrangement of the book, founded on his own long experience of scholastic teaching. The Rev. W. HUNT looked over a considerable portion of the remaining proof-sheets, and called my attention to several errors and omissions which had escaped my eye. The illustrations have been selected by Mr. W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, Assistant-Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries. He wishes to acknowledge much valuable assistance given to him in the choice of portraits by GEORGE SCHARF, Esq., C.B., F.S.A., who is recognised as the highest authority on the subject. I am indebted to Her Majesty the QUEEN for permission to engrave two of the portraits appearing in the following pages—viz., those of Bishop Fisher, on p. 393, and the Duke of Norfolk, on p. 410—the originals in both cases being at Windsor Castle. I have to thank Earl SPENCER for permission to engrave the portrait on p. 362; the Earl of ESSEX for that on p. 476; the Earl of WARWICK for that on p. 403; the Earl of CARLISLE for that on p. 459; the Viscount DILLON, F.S.A., for that on p. 376; the Hon Sir SPENCER PONSONBY-FANE, K.C.B., for that on p. 365; Sir JOHN FARNABY LENNARD, Bart., for that on p. 463; Dr. EVANS for those on pp. 2, 4, 6; EDWARD HUTH, Esq., for that on p. 387; Mrs. DENT, of Sudeley, for that on p. 395; H. HUCKS GIBBS, Esq., for that on p. 419; T. A. HOPE, Esq., for that on p. 487; E. B. NICHOLSON, Esq., for the portrait of Lord Burghley in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, engraved at p. 479; the authorities of the University of Cambridge for that on p. 477; of Jesus College, Cambridge, for that on p. 414; and of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, for that on p. 567; and the Treasurer of Christ's Hospital, London, for the portrait of Charles II. on p. 579. I have also to thank Mr. JOHN MURRAY for permission to engrave the figures on pp. 130, 150, 160, 166, 177, 188, 260; Messrs. PARKER & CO., Oxford, for those on pp. 19, 51, 75, 91, 107, 128, 170, 192, 197, 230, 245, 246, 247, 253, 409, 451; Mr. W. NIVES for those at pp. 381, 409, 451; Mr. J. G. WALLER for those on pp. 219, 229, 292, 298, 515; Mr. BRUCE for those on pp. 17, 18, 21; Messrs. POULTON & SONS, Lee, for those on pp. 7, 132; Mr. G. A. NICHOLS, Stamford, for those on pp. 311, 316, Mr. G. T. CLARKE, for that on p. 74; Messrs. CARL NORMAN & CO., Tunbridge Wells, for that on p. 171; Mr. R. KEENE, Derby, for that on p. 318; the Rev. H. H. HENSON, Vicar of Barking, Essex, for the photograph of the monument of Sir Charles Montague on p. 507; the Science and Art Department for those on pp. 371, 440, 518, 612; Mr. W. H. WHEELER, of Oxford, for those on pp. 319, 384; Messrs. VALENTINE & SONS, Dundee, for those on pp. 109, 206, 213, 238, 244, 276, 355, 378, 485, 662, 666, 668, 683, 907, 919, 937, 942; and Mr. R. KEENE, Derby, for those on pp. 466, 467, 469, 471. CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME PART I. ENGLAND BEFORE THE NORMAN CONQUEST. CHAPTER I. PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN BRITAIN. 1. Palæolithic Man of the River-Drift 2. Cave-dwelling Palæolithic Man 3. Neolithic Man PAGE 1 2 3 4. Celts and Iberians 5. The Celts in Britain 6. Goidels and Britons 7. Phœnicians and Greeks 8. Gauls and Belgians in Britain 9. Culture and War 10. Religion of the Britons 11. The Romans in Gaul B.C. 55 12. Cæsar's First Invasion. B.C. 55 13. Cæsar's Second Invasion. B.C. 54 14. South-eastern Britain after Cæsar's Departure. B.C. 54—A.D. 43 15. The Roman Empire 16. The Invasion of Aulus Plautius. A.D. 43 17. The Colony of Camulodunum 18. The Conquests of Ostorius Scapula 19. Government of Suetonius Paullinus. 58 20. Boadicea's Insurrection. 61 21. The Vengeance of Suetonius 22. Agricola in Britain. 78—84 23. Agricola's Conquests in the North 24. The Roman Walls 25. The Roman Province of Britain 26. Extinction of Tribal Antagonism 27. Want of National Feeling 28. Carausius and Allectus. 288—296 29. Constantius and Constantine. 296—337 30. Christianity in Britain 31. Weakness of the Empire 32. The Picts and Scots 33. The Saxons 34. Origin of the Saxons 35. The Roman Defence 36. End of the Roman Government. 383—410 CHAPTER II. THE ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS. 1. Britain after the Departure of the Romans. 410—449? 2. The Groans of the Britons 3. The Conquest of Kent. 449? 4. The South Saxons. 477 5. The West Saxons and the East Saxons 6. The Anglian Settlements 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 19 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 7. Nature of the Conquest 8. The Cultivators of the Soil 9. Eorls, Ceorls, Gesiths 10. The Gesiths and the Villagers 11. English and Welsh 12. The Township and the Hundred 13. Weregild 14. Compurgation and Ordeal 15. Punishments 16. The Folk-moot 17. The Kingship 18. The Legend of Arthur 19. The West Saxon Advance 20. Repulse of the West Saxons 21. The Advance of the Angles 22. The Kymry 23. Britain at the End of the Sixth Century CHAPTER III. THE STRIFE OF THE ENGLISH KINGDOMS. 1. England and the Continent 2. Æthelberht's Supremacy 3. Gregory and the English 4. Augustine's Mission. 597 5. Monastic Christianity 6. The Archbishopric of Canterbury 7. Death of Æthelberht. 616 8. The Three Kingdoms opposed to the Welsh 9. Æthelfrith and the Kymry 10. Æthelfrith's Victories 11. The Greatness of Eadwine 12. Eadwine's Supremacy 13. Character of the later Conquests 14. Political Changes 15. Eadwine's Conversion and Fall 16. Oswald's Victory at Heavenfield 17. Oswald and Aidan 18. Oswald's Greatness and Overthrow 19. Penda's Overthrow 20. The Three Kingdoms and the Welsh 21. The English Missionaries 22. Dispute between Wilfrid and Colman. 664 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 33 34 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 41 41 41 42 43 44 44 45 46 47 47 47 48 48 49 49 23. Archbishop Theodore and the Penitential System 24. Ealdhelm and Cædmon 25. Bede. 673—735 26. Church Councils 27. Struggle between Mercia and Wessex 28. Mohammedanism and the Carolingian Empire 29. Ecgberht's Rule. 802—839 CHAPTER IV. THE ENGLISH KINGSHIP AND THE STRUGGLE WITH THE DANES. 1. The West Saxon Supremacy 2. The Coming of the Northmen 3. The English Coast Plundered 4. The Danes in the North 5. Ælfred's Struggle in Wessex. 871—878 6. The Treaty of Chippenham, and its Results. 878 7. Ælfred's Military Work 8. His Laws and Scholarship 9. Eadward the Elder. 899—925 10. Eadward's Conquests 11. Eadward and the Scots 12. Æthelstan. 925—940 13. Eadmund (940—946) and Eadred (946—955) 14. Danes and English 15. Eadwig. 955—959 16. Dunstan 17. Archbishop Oda 18. Eadwig's Marriage CHAPTER V. EADGAR'S ENGLAND. 1. Eadgar and Dunstan. 959—975 2. The Cession of Lothian 3. Changes in English Institutions 4. Growth of the King's Power 5. Conversion of the Freemen into Serfs 6. The Hundred-moot and the Lord's Court 7. The Towns 8. The Origin of the Shires 9. The Shire-moot 10. The Ealdormen and the Witenagemot 11. The Land 50 51 52 52 52 54 54 55 56 57 57 58 59 60 60 62 62 63 63 63 64 64 65 65 67 67 68 69 69 69 72 72 73 73 73 75 12. Domestic Life 13. Food and Drink CHAPTER VI. ENGLAND AND NORMANDY. 1. Eadward the Martyr. 975—979 2. Æthelred's Early Years. 979—988 3. The Return of the Danes. 984 4. The Norman Dukes. 912—1002 5. Political Contrast between Normandy and England 6. Svend's Conquest. 1002—1013 7. Æthelred Restored. 1014—1016 8. Eadmund Ironside. 1016 9. Cnut and the Earldoms. 1016—1035 10. Cnut's Empire 11. Cnut's Government 12. The Sons of Cnut. 1035—1042 13. Eadward the Confessor and Earl Godwine. 1042—1051 14. The Banishment of Godwine. 1051 15. Visit of Duke William. 1051 16. William and the Norman Church 17. The Return and Death of Godwine. 1052—1053 18. Harold's Greatness. 1053—1066 19. Harold and Eadward. 1057—1065 20. Death of Eadward. 1066 21. Harold and William. 1066 22. Stamford Bridge. 1066 23. The Landing of William. 1066 24. The Battle of Senlac. 1066 25. William's Coronation. 1066 PART II. THE NORMAN AND ANGEVIN KINGS. CHAPTER VII. WILLIAM I. 1066—1087. 1. The First Months of the Conquest. 1066—1067 2. The Conquest of the West and North. 1067—1069 3. The Completion of the Conquest. 1070 4. Hereward's Revolt and the Homage of Malcolm. 1070—1072 5. How William kept down the English 6. How William kept down the Normans 75 75 78 79 79 80 81 81 82 83 83 84 84 85 86 87 88 88 89 89 90 90 91 93 96 96 98 101 102 103 103 104 105 7. Ecclesiastical Organisation. 8. Pope Gregory VII. 9. William and Gregory VII. 10. The Rising of the Earls. 1075 11. The New Forest 12. Domesday Book. 1085—1086 13. William's Great Councils 14. The Gemot at Salisbury. 1086 15. William's Death. 1087 CHAPTER VIII. WILLIAM II. 1087—1100. 1. The Accession of the Red King. 1087 2. The Wickedness of the Red King 3. Ranulf Flambard 4. Feudal Dues 5. Archbishop Anselm 6. The Council of Rockingham. 1095 7. William II. and his Brothers 8. William and Scotland. 1093—1094 9. Mowbray's Rebellion. 1095 10. The First Crusade. 1095—1099 11. Normandy in Pledge. 1096 12. The Last Years of the Red King 13. The Death of the Red King. 1100 CHAPTER IX. HENRY I. AND STEPHEN. HENRY I., 1100—1135. STEPHEN, 1135—1154. 1. The Accession of Henry I. 1100 2. Invasion of Robert. 1101 3. Revolt of Robert of Bellême. 1102 4. The Battle of Tinchebrai. 1106 5. Henry and Anselm. 1100—1107 6. Roger of Salisbury 7. Growth of Trade 8. The Benedictines 9. The Cistercians 10. The White Ship 11. The Last Years of Henry I. 12. Stephen's Accession. 1135 13. Civil War 106 107 108 110 110 111 112 113 114 114 115 116 116 117 118 118 119 120 120 121 121 122 122 124 124 124 125 126 127 128 129 129 131 131 133 14. Stephen's Quarrel with the Clergy. 1139 15. Anarchy. 1139 16. The End of the War. 1141—1148 17. Henry, Duke of the Normans. 1149 18. The Last Days of Stephen. 1153—1154 CHAPTER X. HENRY II. 1154—1189. 1. Henry's Accession. 1154 2. Pacification of England 3. Henry and Feudality 4. The Great Council and the Curia Regis 5. Scutage 6. Archbishop Thomas. 1162 7. Breach between Henry and Thomas 8. The Constitutions of Clarendon. 1164 9. The Persecution of Archbishop Thomas. 1164 10. The Assize of Clarendon. 1166 11. Recognitions 12. The Germ of the Jury 13. The Itinerant Justices Revived 14. The Inquisition of the Sheriffs. 1170 15. The Nobles and the Church 16. The Coronation of Young Henry. 1170 17. The Return of Archbishop Thomas. 1170 18. Murder of Archbishop Thomas. 1170 19. Popular Indignation. 1171 20. State of Ireland 21. Partial Conquest of Ireland. 1166—1172 22. Young Henry's Coronation and the Revolt of the Barons. 1172—1174 23. The Assize of Arms. 1181 24. Henry II. and his Sons 25. The Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1187 26. The Last Years of Henry II. 1188—1189 27. The Work of Henry II. CHAPTER XI. RICHARD I. 1189—1199. 1. Richard in England. 1189 2. William of Longchamps. 1189—1191 3. The Third Crusade. 1189—1192 4. The Return of Richard. 1192—1194 134 134 135 136 137 138 138 140 141 141 142 143 143 145 146 147 147 148 148 149 149 149 149 151 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 157 159 159 161 161 5. Heavy Taxation 6. The Administration of Hubert Walter. 1194—1198 7. Death of Richard. 1199 8. Church and State under the Angevin Kings 9. Growth of Learning 10. The University of Oxford 11. Country and Town 12. Condition of London 13. Architectural Changes PART III THE GROWTH OF THE PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUTION. 1199-1399. CHAPTER XII. JOHN. 1199-1216. 1. The Accession of John. 1199 2. John's First War with Philip II. 1199-1200 3. John's Misconduct in Poitou 1200-1201 4. The Loss of Normandy and Anjou. 1202-1204 5. Causes of Philip's Success 6. The Election of Stephen Langton to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. 1205 7. Innocent III. and Stephen Langton. 1206 8. John's Quarrel with the Church. 1206-1208 9. England under an Interdict. 1208 10. John Excommunicated. 1209 11. The Pope threatens John with Deposition. 1212-1213 12. John's Submission. 1213 13. The Resistance of the Barons and Clergy. 1213 14. The Battle of Bouvines. 1214 15. The Struggle between John and the Barons. 1214-1215 16. Magna Carta. 1215 17. War between John and the Barons. 1215-1216 18. Conflict between Louis and John. 1216 CHAPTER XIII. HENRY III. 1216-1272. 1. Henry III. and Louis. 1216-1217 2. The Renewal of the Great Charter. 1216-1217 3. Administration of Hubert de Burgh. 1219-1232 4. Administration of Peter des Roches. 1232-1234 5. Francis of Assisi 6. St. Dominic 162 163 165 165 167 167 168 169 170 173 173 174 174 176 176 177 178 178 178 179 180 180 181 181 182 184 184 185 185 186 188 190 190 7. The Coming of the Friars. 1220-1224 8. Monks and Friars 9. The King's Marriage. 1236 10. The Early Career of Simon de Montfort. 1231-1243 11. Papal Exactions. 1237-1243 12. A Weak Parliamentary Opposition. 1244 13. Growing Discontent. 1244-1254 14. The Knights of the Shire in Parliament. 1254 15. Fresh Exactions. 1254-1257 16. The Provisions of Oxford. 1258 17. The Expulsion of the Foreigners. 1258 18. Edward and the Barons. 1259 19. The Breach amongst the Barons. 1259—1261 20. Royalist Reaction and Civil War. 1261 21. The Mise of Amiens. 1264 22. The Battle of Lewes. 1264 23. Earl Simon's Government. 1264—1265 24. The Battle of Evesham. 1265 25. The Last Years of Henry III. 1265—1272 26. General Progress of the Country CHAPTER XIV. EDWARD I. AND EDWARD II. EDWARD I., 1272—1307. EDWARD II., 1307—1327. 1. The First Years of Edward I. 1272—1279 2. Edward I. and Wales. 1276—1284 3. Customs Duties. 1275 4. Edward's Judicial Reforms. 1274—1290 5. Edward's Legislation. 1279—1290 6. Edward as a National and as a Feudal Ruler 7. The Scottish Succession. 1285—1290 8. Death of Eleanor of Castile. 1290 9. The Award of Norham. 1291—1292 10. Disputes with Scotland and France. 1293—1295 11. The Model Parliament. 1295 12. The First Conquest of Scotland. 1296 13. The Resistance of Archbishop Winchelsey. 1296—1297 14. The 'Confirmatio Cartarum.' 1297 15. Wallace's Rising. 1297—1304 16. The Second Conquest of Scotland. 1298—1304 17. The Incorporation of Scotland with England. 1305 18. Character of Edward's Dealings with Scotland 191 191 192 193 194 194 195 196 196 198 199 199 199 200 200 201 201 203 204 206 208 210 210 212 212 212 214 214 215 216 218 219 220 220 221 221 222 222 19. Robert Bruce. 1306 20. Edward's Third Conquest of Scotland and Death. 1306—1307 21. Edward II. and Piers Gaveston. 1307—1312 22. Success of Robert Bruce. 1307—1314 23. Lancaster's Government. 1314—1322 24. A Constitutional Settlement. 1322 25. The Rule of the Despensers. 1322—1326 26. The Deposition and Murder of Edward II. 1327 CHAPTER XV. FROM THE ACCESSION OF EDWARD III. TO THE TREATY OF BRETIGNI. 1327—1360. 1. Mortimer's Government. 1327—1330 2. The French Succession. 1328—1331 3. Troubles in Scotland. 1331—1336 4. Dispute with France. 1336—1337 5. Edward's Allies. 1337—1338 6. Chivalry and War 7. Commerce and War 8. Attacks on the North of France. 1338—1340 9. Battle of Sluys. 1340 10. Attacks on the West of France. 1341—1345 11. The Campaign of Creçy. 1346 12. The Tactics of Creçy. 1346 13. The Battle of Creçy. August 26, 1346 14. Battle of Nevill's Cross, and the Siege of Calais. 1346—1347 15. Constitutional Progress. 1337—1347 16. Edward's Triumph. 1347 17. The Black Death. 1348 18. The Statute of Labourers. 1351 19. The Statute of Treasons. 1352 20. The Black Prince in the South of France. 1355 21. The Battle of Poitiers. 1356 22. The Courtesy of the Black Prince 23. Misery of France. 1356—1359 24. Edward's Last Invasion. 1359—1360 25. The Treaty of Bretigni. 1360 CHAPTER XVI. REIGN OF EDWARD III. AFTER THE TREATY OF BRETIGNI. 1360—1377. 1. The First Years of Peace. 1360—1364 223 224 224 226 228 228 228 229 231 232 232 234 235 235 236 237 239 240 240 241 242 242 243 246 248 248 250 251 251 252 252 252 253 254 2. The Spanish Troubles. 1364—1368 3. The Taxation of Aquitaine. 1368—1369 4. The Renewed War. 1369—1375 5. Anti-Papal Legislation. 1351—1366 6. Predominance of the English Language 7. Piers the Plowman. 1362 8. The Anti-Clerical Party. 1371 9. The Duke of Lancaster. 1374—1376 10. John Wycliffe. 1366—1376 11. Lancaster and the Black Prince. 1376 12. The Good Parliament. 1376 13. The Last Year of Edward III. 1376—1377 14. Ireland from the Reign of John to that of Edward II. 15. The Statute of Kilkenny. 1367 16. Weakness of the English Colony. 1367—1377 CHAPTER XVII. RICHARD II. AND THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION. 1377—1381. 1. The First Years of Richard II. 1377—1378 2. Wycliffe and the Great Schism. 1378—1381 3. The Poll Taxes. 1379—1381 4. The Peasants' Grievances 5. The Peasants' Revolt. 1381 6. The Suppression of the Revolt 7. Results of the Peasants' Revolt 8. Chaucer's 'Canterbury Tales' 9. The Prologue of the 'Canterbury Tales' 10. Chaucer and the Clergy 11. Roads and Bridges 12. Modes of Conveyance 13. Hospitality and Inns 14. Alehouses 15. Wanderers 16. Robbers and Criminals 17. Justices of the Peace CHAPTER XVIII. RICHARD II. AND THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION. 1382—1399. 1. Progress of the War with France. 1382—1386 2. Richard's Growing Unpopularity. 1385—1386 254 256 256 257 258 258 259 260 261 261 262 262 264 265 265 266 266 267 268 268 269 269 270 270 271 272 273 274 274 274 275 277 278 278 3. The Impeachment of Suffolk and the Commission of Regency. 1386 4. The Lords Appellant and the Merciless Parliament. 1387—1388 5. Richard's Restoration to Power. 1389 6. Richard's Constitutional Government. 1389—1396 7. Livery and Maintenance. 1390 8. Richard's Domestic Policy. 1390—1391 9. Richard's Foreign Policy. 1389—1396 10. Richard's Coup d'État. 1397 11. The Parliament of Shrewsbury. 1398 12. The Banishment of Hereford and Norfolk. 1398 13. Richard's Despotism. 1398—1399 14. Henry of Lancaster in England. 1399 15. The Deposition of Richard and the Enthronement of Henry IV. 1399 16. Nature of the Claim of Henry IV. PART IV. LANCASTER, YORK, AND TUDOR. 1399—1509. CHAPTER XIX. HENRY IV. AND HENRY V. HENRY IV., 1399—1413. HENRY V., 1413—1422. 1. Henry's First Difficulties. 1399—1400 2. Death of Richard II. 1400 3. Henry IV. and the Church 4. The Statute for the Burning of Heretics. 1401 5. Henry IV. and Owen Glendower. 1400—1402 6. The Rebellion of the Percies. 1402—1404 7. The Commons and the Church. 1404 8. The Capture of the Scottish Prince. 1405 9. The Execution of Archbishop Scrope. 1405 10. France, Wales, and the North. 1405—1408 11. Henry, Prince of Wales. 1409—1410 12. The Last Years of Henry IV. 1411-1413 13. Henry V. and the Lollards. 1413-1414 14. Henry's Claim to the Throne of France. 1414 15. The Invasion of France. 1415 16. The March to Agincourt. 1415 17. The Battle of Agincourt, October 25, 1415 18. Henry's Diplomacy. 1416-1417 19. Henry's Conquest of Normandy. 1417-1419 20. The Murder of the Duke of Burgundy and the Treaty of Troyes. 1419-1420 21. The Close of the Reign of Henry V. 1420-1422 279 279 280 280 281 281 282 282 283 283 283 284 285 286 289 291 291 292 292 293 294 295 296 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 302 303 303 304 306 CHAPTER XX. HENRY VI. AND THE LOSS OF FRANCE. 1422-1451. 1. Bedford and Gloucester. 1422 2. Bedford's Success in France. 1423-1424 3. Gloucester's Invasion of Hainault. 1424 4. Gloucester and Beaufort. 1425-1428 5. The Siege of Orleans. 1428-1429 6. Jeanne Darc and the Relief of Orleans. 1429 7. The Coronation of Charles VII. and the Capture of the Maid. 1429-1430 8. The Martyrdom at Rouen. 1431 9. The Last Years of the Duke of Bedford. 1431-1435 10. The Defection of Burgundy. 1435 11. The Duke of York in France. 1436-1437 12. The English Lose Ground. 1437-1443 13. Continued Rivalry of Beaufort and Gloucester. 1439-1441 14. Beaufort and Somerset. 1442-1443 15. The Angevin Marriage Treaty. 1444-1445 16. Deaths of Gloucester and Beaufort. 1447 17. The Loss of the French Provinces. 1448-1449 CHAPTER XXI. THE LATER YEARS OF HENRY VI. 1450-1461. 1. The Growth of Inclosures 2. Increasing Power of the Nobility 3. Case of Lord Molynes and John Paston 4. Suffolk's Impeachment and Murder. 1450 5. Jack Cade's Rebellion. 1450 6. Rivalry of York and Somerset. 1450-1453 7. The First Protectorate of the Duke of York. 1453-1454 8. The First Battle of St. Albans and the Duke of York's Second Protectorate 9. Discomfiture of the Yorkists. 1456-1459 10. The Battle of Northampton and the Duke of York's Claim to the Throne. 1460 11. The Battle of Wakefield. 1460 12. The Battle of Mortimer's Cross and the Second Battle of St. Albans. 1461 13. The Battle of Towton and the Coronation of Edward IV. 1461 CHAPTER XXII. THE YORKIST KINGS. 1461—1485. 1. Edward IV. and the House of Commons. 1461 2. Loss of the Mediæval Ideals 3. Fresh Efforts of the Lancastrians. 1462—1465 307 307 308 308 309 310 311 312 312 313 313 313 314 317 317 318 318 320 321 321 322 322 323 323 324 325 326 327 328 328 329 330 331

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