OECD territorial reviews : trans-border urban co-operation in the pan Yellow Sea Region

228 Pages·2009·6.049 MB·English

by  OECD

OECD Territorial Reviews
OECD Territorial Reviews
Trans-border Urban Co-operation in the
Pan Yellow Sea Region
Trans-border Urban
O
The Pan Yellow Sea Region (PYSR) covers the coasts of northern China (Bohai Rim), western
E
and southern Korea and south-western Japan (Kyushu). It has been one of the fastest C Co-operation in the
D
growing economic zones in East Asia since China’s opening in the early 1990s, thanks to the T
region’s extensive manufacturing and transportation networks. Development has been driven er Pan Yellow Sea Region
r
by cities such as Dalian, Qingdao and Tianjin in China, Busan and Incheon in Korea, and ito
r
Fukuoka and Kitakyushu in Japan. ia
However, the PYSR has not yet fully utilised its assets nor reached its potential for growth. l R
e
Further economic integration has been hindered by excessive competition and inadequate v
ie
co-operation within the region. The regional transportation system requires structural w
s
changes to be integrated, especially in the container transportation market. Deepening the T
region’s social and cultural network remains a challenge. And environmental concerns are ra
n
increasingly attracting attention. This report analyses these factors and assesses a wide s
-
range of policies to improve the PYSR’s competitiveness and integration. b
o
r
In particular, the report examines the PYSR’s trans-border governance system, which has d
e
emerged since the 1990s as a key regional policy agenda. The harmonisation of authorities r
U
within the region is a prerequisite to achieving economic success and addressing the PYSR’s r
b
diverse challenges. A comparative analysis of trans-border co-operation in OECD countries a
n
in Europe and North America is also included in an annex. This report will be of special C
interest to policy makers, researchers, NGOs and others active in trans-border development o-
o
or Asian economic development. p
e
The Territorial Review of Trans-border Urban Co-operation in the Pan Yellow Sea Region ra
t
is integrated into a wider programme of national territorial reviews undertaken by the io
n
OECD Territorial Development Policy Committee. The overall aim of the territorial review in
series is to provide practical policy advice to national governments. The trans-border t
h
cases previously reviewed include Oresund (Denmark/Sweden) and Vienna-Bratislava e
P
(Austria/Slovak Republic). a
n
Y
e
llo
w
The full text of this book is available on line via these links: S
www.sourceoecd.org/governance/9789264076112 e
a
www.sourceoecd.org/regionaldevelopment/9789264076112 R
e
Those with access to all OECD books on line should use this link: g
www.sourceoecd.org/9789264060029 io
n
SourceOECD is the OECD’s online library of books, periodicals and statistical databases.
For more information about this award-winning service and free trials, ask your librarian, or write to
us at [email protected].
ISBN 978-92-64-07611-2 -:HSTCQE=U\[VVW:
04 2009 10 1 P
www.oecd.org/publishing

Faux-titre_16x23.fm Page 1 Wednesday, November 4, 2009 10:56 AM
OECD Territorial
Reviews:
Trans-border Urban
Co-operation in the Pan
Yellow Sea Region
Faux-titre_16x23.fm Page 2 Tuesday, November 3, 2009 4:24 PM
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to
address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at
the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments
and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an
ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy
experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate
domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the CzechRepublic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of
the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD.
OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering
and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions,
guidelines and standards agreed by its members.
This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions
expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the
Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.
ISBN 978-92-64-07611-2 (print)
ISBN 978-92-64-07612-9 (PDF)
Series: OECD Territorial Reviews
ISSN 1990-0767 (print)
ISSN 1990-0759 (online)
Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda.
© OECD 2009
You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications,
databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided
that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and
translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for
public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre
français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected].
foreword – 3
Foreword
at the beginning of this new millennium, regional economies are confronting
momentous changes. The globalisation of trade and economic activity is
increasingly testing their ability to adapt and maintain their competitive edge.
There is a tendency for income and performance gaps to widen between and
within regions, and the cost of maintaining social cohesion is increasing. on
the other hand rapid technological change and greater use of knowledge are
offering new opportunities for local and regional development but demand
further investment from enterprises, reorganisation of labour and production,
more advanced skills and environmental improvements.
amid this change and turbulence, regions continue to follow very differ-
ent paths. some regions are doing well and are driving growth. others are
less successful at capturing trade and additional economic activities. Many
territories with poor links to the sources of growth and prosperity, are finding
it difficult to keep up with the general trend.
at the same time central governments are no longer the sole provider
of territorial policy. The vertical distribution of power between the different
tiers of government needs to be reassessed as well as the decentralisation of
resources and competences in order to better respond to the different opportu-
nities and demands of the different regions and improve policy efficiency. in
that context public authorities need to weigh up current challenges, evaluate the
strategies pursued in recent years and define new options.
responding to a need to study and spread innovative territorial development
strategies and governance in a more systematic way, in 1999 the oecd created
the Territorial development policy committee (Tdpc) and its working party on
urban areas (wpua) as a unique forum for international exchange and debate.
The Tdpc has developed a number of activities, among which are a series of
specific case studies on metropolitan areas across national borders on the follow-
ing themes: multi-level governance, sustainable development at local levels and
regional networks for competitiveness. These studies, following a standard meth-
odology and a common conceptual framework, allow countries to share their
experiences and disseminate information on good practices, and are intended
to produce a synthesis that will formulate and diffuse policy recommendations.
Trans-border urban co-operaTion in The pan Yellow sea region – © oecd 2009

acknowledgeMenTs – 5
Acknowledgements
This review was elaborated by the directorate of public governance and
Territorial development (goV) of the oecd, with the co-operation of the
korean Ministry of land, Transport and Maritime affairs (MlTM) and the
Japanese Ministry of land, infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MliT).
special thanks are given to Mr. Jae-Young lee (then assistant Minister)
and Mr. chang-soo Jung (assistant Minister) from the korean MlTM and
Mr. Makoto Taketoshi (Vice-Minister) from the Japanese MliT. other
officials regarding regional policy of both countries including Mr. sun-ho
park, Mr. seog-Jun song, Mr. sang-hoon lee and Mrs. kong-Myoung oh
(from korean MlTM) and Mr. Yasuyuki kurano, Mr. soichi nakajima, Mr.
susumu shimaya (from Japanese MliT) are gratefully recognised for their
invaluable input and contributions.
The oecd secretariat also wishes to thank local authorities of cities
of fukuoka and kitakyushu of Japan, busan city of korea, and Tianjin
national development and reform commission of china for their hospital-
ity during the oecd mission study in 2008. This review also benefited
from the distinctive insights of international experts: dr. won-bae kim and
dr. Jung-ho Moon (korea research institute for human settlements), dr.
Yun-Jung chang and dr. Joong-Yup kim (incheon development institute),
dr. ho-kyung bang (korea institute for international economic policy),
dr. shoichi Yamashita (international centre for the study of east asian
development), dr. Xiaobing Yang (institute of spatial planning and regional
economy of china), and dr. Xiangming chen (Trinity college, cT, united
states).
precious comments were also provided by peer reviewers participated
in the review process: Mr. adam ostry, head of unit, policy and strategic
initiatives, cities and communities branch, infrastructure canada, chair
of the oecd working party on Territorial policy in urban areas and Mr.
olli Voutilainen, senior officer, department for development of regions and
public administration, Ministry of employment and the economy, finland.
The oecd Territorial review of Trans-border urban co-operation in
the pan Yellow sea region is part of a series of oecd Territorial reviews,
Trans-border urban co-operaTion in The pan Yellow sea region – © oecd 2009
6 – acknowledgeMenTs
directed by Mario pezzini, deputy director of the directorate of public
governance and Territorial development. This review was co-ordinated
and drafted by hyuck-Jin kwon and kazuko ishigaki, under the supervision
of hiroshi kobayashi, head of oecd’s regional policies for sustainable
development division. Valuable comments were provided by karen Maguire
and soo-Jin kim. sophia katsira prepared the review for publication.
statistical data were produced by brunella boselli and daniel sanchez-serra.
Trans-border urban co-operaTion in The pan Yellow sea region – © oecd 2009
Table of conTenTs – 7
Table of Contents
Acronyms and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Assessment and recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chapter 1. trends in trans-border co-operation in
the Pan Yellow sea Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.1 introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2 key social and economic indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.3 fact files for the psYr’s ten key port cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.4 Trans-border co-operation: a conceptual framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Chapter 2. towards deepening trans-border co-operation
in the Pan Yellow sea Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.1 evolving production networks in the pYsr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.2 hard infrastructure: an integrated transportation network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.3 soft infrastructure: the socio-cultural network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
2.4 Towards environmental co-operation in the pYsr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
Annex 2.A. Threshold test: methodology and dataset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
Chapter 3. trans-border institution building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
3.1 general understanding of trans-border governance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
3.2 institutional background of the three pYsr countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
3.3 Vision and strategies for trans-border collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
3.4 expanding inter-city linkages in the pYsr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
3.5 challenges and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185
bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Trans-border urban co-operaTion in The pan Yellow sea region – © oecd 2009
8 – Table of conTenTs
Annex A. comparative analysis of trans-border co-operation
in oecd countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
1. europe: rules and incentives for trans-border co-operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
2. north america: a focus on economic integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
3. comparative analysis: categorising trans-border co-operation . . . . . . . . . . . .213
4. comparing european and north american trans-border co-operation. . . . . .215
5. lessons from existing linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217
bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Figures
figure 1.1 geographical scope of the pYsr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
figure 1.2 a conceptual framework of a fully integrated trans-border region . . 48
figure 2.1 comparison of the percentage share of intra-regional trade in the
pYsr, nafTa and eu, 1990-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
figure 2.2 changes in trade structure of the three pYsr countries
between 1995 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
figure 2.3 intra-regional investment ratios for the pYsr, nafTa and the eu,
1993-2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
figure 2.4 intra-regional outward fdi in the pYsr, 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
figure 2.5 correlation coefficient of export structures between china-Japan,
Japan-korea and korea-china. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
figure 2.6 Motivating factors for Japanese firms to invest in china, 2000-2008 . . 77
figure 2.7 production bases of Japanese and korean complete carmakers in china . . 82
figure 2.8 Trade in automobile parts between Japan (kyushu) and korea,
1996-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
figure 2.9 Total passenger volume by region (million passengers), 2007-2017 . . 90
figure 2.10 Total passenger volume: china-Japan, china-korea, Japan-korea,
2002-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
figure 2.11 The international airport network in the pYsr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
figure 2.12 passenger volume on fukuoka-busan ferries and jet foils, 1991-2007. . . 93
figure 2.13 analysis of the prospective 1-day business zone in the pYsr . . . . . . 94
figure 2.14 container traffic in pYsr countries, 1990-2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
figure 2.15 Multi-modal transportation network in the pYsr: advanced
example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
figure 2.16 historical and forecast air cargo growth rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
tables
Table 1.1 key statistics for local economies in the pYsr, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Table 1.2 population development of the pYsr, 1995-2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Table 1.3 age structures in the pYsr in recent years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Trans-border urban co-operaTion in The pan Yellow sea region – © oecd 2009