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OECD territorial reviews : Athens, Greece. PDF

223 Pages·2004·2.593 MB·English
by  OECD
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« OECD Territorial Reviews Athens, Greece OECD This review outlines the key issues which will be important in shaping the future Territorial Reviews development of Athens. It identifies trends in governmental policies and highlights the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the Athens Region. Three policy areas identified as requiring particular attention have been examined: Athens, (cid:127) enhancing economic development and the competitiveness of the Athens Region; (cid:127) improving governance, in particular spatial planning and implementing regulatory Greece reforms; and (cid:127) capturing the benefits of the Olympic Games in the post-Olympic period. O E C D T e r r it o r ia l R e v ie w s A t h e OECD's books, periodicals and statistical databases are now available via www.SourceOECD.org, n our online library. s , G This book is available to subscribers to the following SourceOECD theme: r Territorial Economy e e c Ask your librarian for more details of how to access OECD books online, or write to us at e [email protected] Athens www.oecd.org ISBN 92-64-01594-9 04 2004 04 1 P -:HSTCQE=UVZ^YY: © OECD, 2004. © Software: 1987-1996, Acrobat is a trademark of ADOBE. All rights reserved. OECD grants you the right to use one copy of this Program for your personal use only. Unauthorised reproduction, lending, hiring, transmission or distribution of any data or software is prohibited. You must treat the Program and associated materials and any elements thereof like any other copyrighted material. All requests should be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD Publications Service, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. FOREWORD The efforts being made to implement European Union policies and programmes and to deliver the Olympic Games have together been instrumental in facilitating and sustaining a process of reform, which will help create a new role for Athens as a modern international and sustainable urban region. The Attica Region is undergoing bold and pragmatic changes, which should improve the performance of the urban region and impact on the way other Greek metropolitan areas are governed. The Review outlines key issues, which will be important in shaping the future development of Athens. These are: • enhancing economic development and competitiveness across the region; • improving governance, in particular spatial planning and implementing regulatory reform; and • making a success of the Olympic Games and capturing benefits in the post Olympic period. The review highlights trends in related governmental policies, which are creating a dynamic policy context in Athens, for example: • regulatory reforms in the banking, telecommunications and maritime transport sector are encouraging foreign direct investment; • reorientation of regional policy to underpin the role Athens will play as the “gateway” to Greece in a globalised economy; • relocation of numerous public sector jobs to the suburbs to liberate space in the central city; 3 • for the first time an integrated transport plan has being implemented to upgrade public transport, provide modern highway links, and improve accessibility throughout the metropolitan region; • spatial planning is being reformed and more closely connected to economic development requirements; • environmental policies are supporting the “greening” of Athens. The report highlights strengths and weaknesses of the Region, noting that key challenges will be: • to simplify the governance/administrative/planning framework to better integrate the economic, social and environmental concerns of the entire Attica Region; • to maintain the momentum of civic pride and public involvement created by the Olympic Games; • to ensure continuity in finance for investment in the metro region; • to develop endogenous economic activities which fully exploit the assets of the region, for example year round sporting and conference activities, the health, ecology and cultural/archaeological tourism; education as an economic activity, etc. OECD Reviews of Metropolitan Regions aim to improve the performance of urban regions by assisting decision makers to make better use of underdeveloped assets and comparative advantages and to implement policies more effectively. The Region of Athens illustrates the challenges, which urban regions face in dealing with occasional major events such as a world trade fair or international games. A key question is how such events contribute to the realisation of a city’s goals and development strategy. The Review was carried out over the period November 2002 – March 2003. The report, assessment and recommendations were discussed and approved by the OECD Urban Working Party in October 2003 and by the Territorial Development Policy Committee in November 2003. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Review outlines the key issues, which will be important in shaping the future development of Athens, identifies trends in related governmental policies, and highlights strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the Athens Region. Three policy areas identified as requiring particular attention are examined: Enhancing economic development and the competitiveness of the Athens Region; Improving governance, in particular spatial planning and implementing regulatory reform; and making a success of the Olympic Games and capturing benefits in the post Olympic period. The Review of Athens was supported by the Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works which co-ordinated the consultations of the Review Team with the following key actors of government, business and civil society in Athens: • Government: Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works; the Organisation for Planning and Environmental Protection of Athens; the Ministry of Culture, General Secretariat for the Olympic Games; the Ministry of Transport and Communications; the Ministry of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralisation; the Ministry of Economy and Finance; the Community Support Framework Managing Authority of the Ministry of Economy and Finance; the Ministry of Agriculture; the Authors of Greek Background Report from Thessaly University; the Prefectures of Athens, Piraeus; Local Authorities (Athens; Piraeus; Kifissia; Markopoulou; Kallithea; Chaidari; Paleo Faliron; the Municipalities of Athens Development Agency ; the Hellenic Agency for Regional Development and Local Government; the Unification of Archaeological Sites S.A. • Business Community: the Attica Hotel Association; the Athens Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI); the Economic Chamber of Greece; Attica Odos SA; the Economic and Social Council of Greece: Mr. Sklavounos Georgios, Business Consultant. • Universities and Research/Scientific Bodies: the University of Thessaly; KEPE: Centre for Planning and Economic Research; Mr. Panagiotis Balomenos, Real Estate Market Researcher; Association of Regionalists; Institute of Regional Development, Panteion University; Architectural Centre. 5 • Olympic Games Related Bodies: Ministry of Culture, General Secretariat of Olympic Games; Athens 2004 ATHOC; Olympic Games Knowledge Services (IGKS); International Olympic Committee (IOC); BUNG, Technical Consultant for the Coordination and Management of Olympic Projects • OECD: Delegation of Greece to OECD and Greek representatives to the Territorial Development Policy Committee. The OECD wishes to express gratitude to all who participated in the Review and gave so willingly of their time and knowledge. Mr. Christos Zambelis, Director General, Ministry of Environment, Planning and Public Works was instrumental in the Review process as was Mrs. Catherine Sykianaki, Director General of the Organisation for Planning and Environmental Protection of Athens. Mr. Evangelos Kyriazopoulos, Scientific Consultant and Ms. Maria Asteriadou of the Ministry of Environment, Planning and Public Works, and Mr. Yorgos Klidonas of the Delegation of Greece to OECD assured the co-operation with the OECD Secretariat. The Secretariat also benefited from the excellent co-operation and information provided by Prof. Costas Cartalis, General Secretary for the Olympic Games at the Ministry of Culture, Mr. Yannis Pyrgiotis, Executive Director, and Mr. Aristidis Romanos, Executive Adviser, of Athens 2004 as well as the assistance provided by the staff of Athens 2004. Thanks also go to Mr. Christophe Dubi, Manager, IOC and Mr. Craig McLatchey (OGKS) who provided advice and information concerning the Games. The Secretariat is also grateful to Prof Harris Coccossis and his team from Thessaly University, to Mrs. Calliope Pachaki of the Centre of Planning and Economic Research (KEPE) and alternate Delegate to the TDPC, to Mr. Panagiotis Balomenos and Mr. Vincent Goodstadt for their insightful analyses and Mrs. Ariane Ahl-Kampf for her background reports. The Review was drafted by Ms. Lindsay McFarlane and Ms. Debra Mountford, Administrators in the Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate. Professor Michael Parkinson of the European Institute for Urban Affairs and Mr. Greg Clark Executive Director of the London, Development Agency participated as Members of the Review Team and contributed as experts. Ms. Doris Grimm and Ms. Deirdre Claassen prepared the Review for publication. The review is published under the authority of the Secretary-General. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD.................................................................................................3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................5 ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................11 EVALUATION ET RECOMMANDATIONS............................................31 CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND KEY ISSUES................................53 Settlement and Population........................................................................53 Social Trends and Policies........................................................................57 Environmental Trends and Policies..........................................................60 Governance and Spatial Planning.............................................................61 CHAPTER 2 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND COMPETITIVENESS................................................73 Athens Metropolitan Area........................................................................75 Impact of International Economic Context and Trends on Athens...........79 Structural Aspects of the Economy of the Athens Metropolitan Area.....80 The Olympic Games and the Athenian Economy.....................................87 Small and Medium Sized Enterprises.......................................................91 Land and Property Markets in Attica........................................................96 Athens Real Estate Market.......................................................................97 Spatial Aspects of Economic Development in Athens...........................103 Policies Focused Specifically on Athens and Attica...............................112 Enhancing Undervalued Assets/Fostering New Types of Activities and Enhancing Competitiveness....................................................................113 CHAPTER 3 STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING................................117 Introduction.............................................................................................117 Spatial Planning, Regulatory Reform and the Implications for Athens..119 Urban Brownfields..................................................................................123 The Spatial Planning of Athens..............................................................132 The Catalyst for Change.........................................................................141 Sustainable Development.......................................................................146 7 CHAPTER 4 OLYMPIC GAMES............................................................161 Background.............................................................................................161 Olympic Games – Athens 2004..............................................................165 Post-Olympics -– Managing the Assets..................................................192 APPENDIX 1 COMPETITIVENESS IN METROPOLITAN REGIONS195 Understanding Competitiveness in a Metropolitan Context...................195 Policies to Enhance Competitiveness.....................................................198 APPENDIX 2 EUROPEAN SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND USE.................................203 APPENDIX 3 THE INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION.........205 APPENDIX 4 OECD PRINCIPLES OF METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE..............................211 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................215 Tables Table 2.1. Gross Value Added and its Components (%, Greece)............81 Table 2.2. Gross Value Added and its Components (%, Attica region)..82 Table 2.3. Athens Prime Office Rents (€ per sq. m. / per month).........100 Table 2.4. Athens Prime Office % Yields.............................................102 Table 3.1. Competencies, Capabilities and Processes of Effective Strategic Metropolitan Plans............................145 Table 4.1. Objectives of Recent & Upcoming Olympics Games..........178 Table A1. Breakdown of Finances by Priority Area (in Millions of Euros)...........................................................209 8 Figures Figure 1.1. Greece in Europe....................................................................53 Figure 1.2. Athens in Greece....................................................................54 Figure 1.3. Administrative Structure........................................................63 Figure 1.4. Urban Region of Attica..........................................................64 Figure 1.5. Administrative Structure of Attica.........................................67 Figure 2.1. Sites of Olympic Events.........................................................89 Figure 2.2. Core Office Locations, Alternative Office Locations and Emerging Office Locations..............................................99 Figure 2.3. Spatial Structure of Greece: International Gateways to Greece...............................................................................110 Figure 3.1. The Regulatory Spatial Planning System and Relevant Planning Tools................................................136 Figure 3.2. Major Projects......................................................................143 Boxes Box 1.1. The Main Characteristics of the Greek Housing Market........59 Box 2.1. Role of Athens Chamber of Commerce and Industry in the Olympic Games............................................................88 Box 2.2. Policies to Encourage Entrepreneurship and Increase Productivity.......................................................93 Box 2.3. Developing Clusters – OECD Experience.............................96 Box 2.4. The Role of the Thriasio Plain in the Development of the Attica Region.............................................................105 Box 2.5. Athens International Airport.................................................108 Box 2.6. Hellenic Agency for Local Development and Local Government SA (EETAA)..................................113 Box 3.1. The Grand Promenade..........................................................121 Box 3.2. Queens Tower Park..............................................................124 Box 3.3. Criteria for Successful Brownfield Redevelopment.............125 Box 3.4. The Athens Posidonia Project..............................................126 Box 3.5. Jerrabomberra Valley -- National Ideas Competition: A Case Study for Ecologically Sustainable Urban Development -- Report to the OECD and Australian Government, 1994................................................................128 Box 3.6. Sustainability Performance Areas: An option for the Messoghia Plain........................................................131 Box 3.7. Spatial Planning and Competitiveness.................................139 Box 3.8. Challenging Urban Sprawl...................................................140 Box 3.9. Glasgow and Clyde Valley Structure Plan 2000..................146 9 Box 3.10. The Organisational Environmental Programme of Greece..149 Box 3.11. Infrastructure-led urban regeneration: Laganside Corporation, Belfast, United Kingdom...............152 Box 3.12. A Global Action Plan for Energy Efficiency in Buildings and Settlements “Energy 2001”............................................155 Box 3.13. Canberra No Waste Strategy, 1996......................................156 Box 4.1. Innovations for Sustainable Olympic Games.......................163 Box 4.2. ATHENS 2004.....................................................................166 Box 4.3. Revenues from the Olympic Games.....................................171 Box 4.4. Spillover Benefits from the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games.171 Box 4.5. The Olympic Village............................................................173 Box 4.6. Faliron Coastal Zone............................................................175 Box 4.7. Candidate City Environmental Guidelines...........................181 Box 4.8. Turin 2006............................................................................184 Box A1. Information Society for the quality of life in the Region of Attica................................................................................209 Box A2. OECD Principles of Metropolitan Governance....................212 10

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