OECD Territorial Reviews.

301 Pages·2013·4.957 MB·English

by  OECD

OECD Territorial Reviews
ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE
Contents
Executive Summary OECD Territorial Reviews
Assessment and recommendations
Chapter 1. Antofagasta and Chile in the 21st century ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE
Chapter 2. Innovation trajectories and diversifi cation strategies in Antofagasta
Chapter 3. Enhancing urban policy outcomes for an improved quality of life in Antofagasta
Chapter 4. Innovating urban governance in Antofagasta
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OECD Territorial Reviews:
Antofagasta, Chile
2013
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3
FOREWORD –
Foreword
Across the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),
globalisation is increasingly testing the capacity of regional economies to adapt and
exploit their competitive advantages, while also offering new opportunities for regional
development. More and more, authorities at all levels of government are rethinking their
strategies for building competitive, sustainable, inclusive urban areas. Central
governments can no longer assume the full responsibility for development policies.
Effective relations between different levels of government, as well as greater participation
by citizens, firms, education and research institutions, and other non-state actors are
required in order to improve the delivery and quality of public services.
The need to maintain regional competitiveness and enhance governance is
particularly acute in natural resource-intensive economies. Such economies are
significant contributors to national and regional wealth, but they often bear a
disproportionate share of the costs of resource extraction, even if the benefits are largely
felt elsewhere. Though typically prosperous, such regions are also confronted with the
challenge of identifying ways to sustain their economic success and to mitigate the risks
associated with resource dependence. Economic and industrial diversification is
dependent on the talent available to generate change and innovation. This in turn can rest
significantly on the physical environment, public services and overall quality of life
offered by the territory.
In 1999, responding to a need to study and spread innovative territorial development
strategies and governance in a more systematic way, the OECD created the Territorial
Development Policy Committee (TDPC) and its Working Party for Territorial Policy in
Urban Areas (WPURB) as a unique forum for international exchange and debate. Among
its activities, the TDPC has developed a series of territorial reviews and case studies on
cities, metropolitan areas and countries that follow a standard methodology and
conceptual framework. This allows countries to share their experiences and disseminate
information on good policy practice.
The present review is the latest in a series of such studies. As such, it both draws on,
and contributes to, this ongoing process of policy learning and sharing of good practice.
Its findings should therefore resonate far beyond Antofagasta. The OECD is grateful for
the opportunity to work with the city and the region, to contribute to their efforts to build
a better future for their citizens and to share their challenges and achievements with a
wider audience.
OECD TERRITORIAL REVIEWS: ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE 2013 © OECD 2013
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– ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgements
The OECD Territorial Review of Antofagasta, Chile is part of a series of OECD
territorial reviews produced by the OECD Public Governance and Territorial
Development Directorate (GOV) and its Regional Policy Division, led by
Joaquim Oliveira Martins under the auspices of the OECD Territorial Development
Policy Committee and its Working Party on Urban Policy.
The OECD Secretariat is grateful to the regional government of Antofagasta, the
municipal government of Antofagasta, Creo Antofagasta and
Minera Escondida/BHP-Billiton for their active support in this review. Invaluable insight
was also provided by a wide range of regional, local and other public institutions as well
as civil society organisations in Antofagasta. Special thanks are given to the international
peer reviewers, Ed Cornies (Senior Associate, Canadian Urban Institute, Toronto,
Canada) and Huxley Lawler (Executive Co-ordinator for Environment and Climate
Change, Gold Coast City Council, Gold Coast, Australia) for their insight and
participation while on mission to Antofagasta and throughout the review process.
This report was drafted by Ioannis Kaplanis, Dimitris Mavridis,
Maria-Varinia Michalun and Marissa Plouin. It benefited from key contributions by
Patrick Dubarle, Carlos Icaza Lara, Olaf Merk and Eduardo Rojas, from thematic input
by David Gierten and Oscar Huerta Melchor, and from comments and input by
Mario Marcel, Deputy Director of the OECD Public Governance and Territorial
Development Directorate, and from William Tompson, Head of the Urban Programme.
The work was co-ordinated by Maria-Varinia Michalun. The manuscript was edited by
Victoria Elliott and Kate Lancaster and prepared for publication by Jennifer Allain,
Erin Byrne and Gemma Sheen.
OECD TERRITORIAL REVIEWS: ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE © OECD 2013
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TABLE OF CONTENTS –
Table of contents
Acronyms and abbreviations ...................................................................................................... 9
Executive summary .................................................................................................................... 15
Assessment and recommendations ........................................................................................... 19
Chapter 1 Antofagasta and Chile in the 21st century ............................................................. 35
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 36
Urban and regional growth analysis ......................................................................................... 37
Antofagasta’s economic growth and challenges ...................................................................... 41
Labour markets and skills ........................................................................................................ 52
Housing market challenges and commuting patterns ............................................................... 60
Quality of life ........................................................................................................................... 64
Conclusion and recommendations............................................................................................ 76
Notes ........................................................................................................................................ 78
Annex 1.A1Life satisfaction in Antofagasta and Chile ........................................................... 79
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 81
Chapter 2 Innovation trajectories and diversification strategies in Antofagasta ................. 87
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 88
Building innovation and entrepreneurship ............................................................................... 89
Antofagasta’s mining cluster: Suggestions for improvement ................................................ 112
Diversification: Opportunities for future development .......................................................... 117
Conclusions for the mining sector .......................................................................................... 125
Port performance and competitiveness ................................................................................... 127
Port impact ............................................................................................................................. 132
Port policies and governance .................................................................................................. 136
Conclusions for the port network ........................................................................................... 139
Notes ...................................................................................................................................... 140
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 143
Chapter 3 Enhancing urban policy outcomes for an improved quality of life
in Antofagasta .......................................................................................................................... 149
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 150
Urban and environmental challenges in Antofagasta ............................................................. 151
Strategies for more sustainable urban and environmental outcomes ..................................... 164
Accessibility and public transport policy ............................................................................... 175
Conclusion and recommendations.......................................................................................... 194
Notes ...................................................................................................................................... 198
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 200
OECD TERRITORIAL REVIEWS: ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE 2013 © OECD 2013
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– TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 4 Innovating urban governance in Antofagasta ...................................................... 207
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 208
Building Antofagasta’s financial capacity to support urban development ............................. 210
The need to invest in human capital ....................................................................................... 222
The central role of vision and strategy in urban development ............................................... 230
Working with citizens for high-quality service delivery and urban performance .................. 241
Building innovation in governance to realise urban redevelopment aims.............................. 249
Conclusion and recommendations.......................................................................................... 269
Notes ...................................................................................................................................... 273
Annex 4.A1 Government actors in Chilean urban development ............................................ 275
Annex 4.A2 Allocation of urban-related competences in Chile ............................................. 278
Annex 4.A3 Urban institutes: An international perspective ................................................... 283
Annex 4.A4 Structure, management and finance frameworks for an urban institute
in Angofagasta........................................................................................................................ 290
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 293
Tables
Table 1.1. Population of the municipalities of the region of Antofagasta ............................. 40
Table 1.A1.1. Life satisfaction and employment in Antofagasta ................................................ 79
Table 1.A1.2. Are miners less satisfied with their lives? ............................................................ 80
Table 2.1. Copper mines in the region of Antofagasta .......................................................... 88
Table 2.2. Average monthly salaries in Antofagasta, per sector (2011) ............................... 89
Table 2.3. Scimago ranking of major Chilean and selected other universities with
mining-related specialisations (2012) ................................................................ 101
Table 3.1. Spatial planning instruments in Antofagasta ...................................................... 156
Table 3.2. Number of trips by transport mode .................................................................... 177
Table 4.1. Own-source income and select spending dimensions for top “quality of
life” municipalities (2011) ................................................................................. 211
Table 4.2. Total revenues and expenditures in Antofagasta versus Chilean municipal
average (2011) .................................................................................................... 213
Table 4.3. Levels of public employees across employment categories in select
municipalities (2011).......................................................................................... 214
Table 4.4. Selected tools for bridging co-ordination and capacity gaps in OECD
countries ............................................................................................................. 234
Table 4.5. Service competence summary for urban actors in Antofagasta ......................... 242
Table 4.A1.1. Government and main attributions of Chile’s sub-national administrative
units .................................................................................................................... 277
Table 4.A2.1. Allocation of urban-related competences in Chile ............................................. 278
Figures
Figure 1.1. Growth in GDP per capita (1988-2011) ............................................................... 37
Figure 1.2. Population and population growth by type of functional urban area ................... 39
Figure 1.3. Population evolution 1992-2012 (indexed at 1992) ............................................. 40
Figure 1.4. Population growth by functional urban area (2002-2012) ................................... 41
Figure 1.5. Evolution of regional and national GDP (1970-2011) ......................................... 42
Figure 1.6. Annual growth rates (1988-2011) ........................................................................ 43
Figure 1.7. Mining production and GDP per capita (2003-2011) .......................................... 43
Figure 1.8. Economic growth in Chilean functional urban areas (2003-06) .......................... 44
OECD TERRITORIAL REVIEWS: ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE © OECD 2013
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TABLE OF CONTENTS –
Figure 1.9. Economic growth in Chilean functional urban areas (2009-2011) ...................... 45
Figure 1.10. Chilean functional urban area size and economic growth (2003-06)................... 46
Figure 1.11. GDP share by economic activity: Antofagasta region (2010) ............................. 47
Figure 1.12. GDP share by economic activity: Chile (2010) ................................................... 47
Figure 1.13. Employment share by economic activity: Region of Antofagasta (2009) ........... 48
Figure 1.14. Employment share by economic activity: Chile (2009) ....................................... 49
Figure 1.15. Specialisation in mining employment for Antofagasta ........................................ 49
Figure 1.16. City size and income in Chile .............................................................................. 50
Figure 1.17. Regional income and wages (2011) ..................................................................... 51
Figure 1.18. Urban poverty in Chile ......................................................................................... 52
Figure 1.19. Initial poverty levels and poverty growth in Chilean functional urban areas ...... 53
Figure 1.20. Unemployment rates for the Antofagasta region and Chile (1986-2013) ............ 53
Figure 1.21. Male and female unemployment rates for the Antofagasta region and Chile
(1986-2010).......................................................................................................... 54
Figure 1.22. City and regional unemployment rates (2006-2012) ........................................... 55
Figure 1.23. Male and female unemployment rates for Antofagasta (2006-2012) .................. 55
Figure 1.24. Male and female employment rates for the Antofagasta region and Chile
(1986-2010) .......................................................................................................... 56
Figure 1.25. Male and female inactivity rates for the Antofagasta region and Chile
(1986-2010) .......................................................................................................... 57
Figure 1.26. Unemployment rates by functional urban area (2011) ......................................... 58
Figure 1.27. Share of population with higher education degrees by functional urban area
(2011) ................................................................................................................... 59
Figure 1.28. Share of population with lower qualifications, by functional urban area
(2011) ................................................................................................................... 59
Figure 1.29. Housing stock in Chilean functional urban areas ................................................. 62
Figure 1.30. Growth in housing stock ...................................................................................... 63
Figure 1.31. Social housing stock (2009-2012) ........................................................................ 63
Figure 1.32. Internal migration rates ........................................................................................ 65
Figure 1.33. Quality of life in Chilean municipalities: Rankings out of 93 municipalities ...... 66
Figure 1.34. Life satisfaction by functional urban area ............................................................ 67
Figure 1.35. Life satisfaction and poverty rates ....................................................................... 67
Figure 1.36. Life satisfaction by employment status ................................................................ 69
Figure 1.37. Satisfaction with the neighbourhood .................................................................... 70
Figure 1.38. Selected crime rates in Antofagasta ..................................................................... 71
Figure 1.39. Arsenic concentration in drinking water in Antofagasta (1950-1996) ................. 72
Figure 1.40. Access to municipally maintained green areas in functional urban areas ............ 72
Figure 1.41. Concentration of PM particles in the air ............................................................ 73
10
Figure 1.42. NO emissions in Chilean functional urban areas ................................................ 74
x
Figure 1.43. SO emissions in Chilean functional urban areas (2009) ..................................... 74
x
Figure 1.44. PM emissions in Chilean functional urban areas .............................................. 75
2.5
Figure 1.45. Municipal waste in OECD and BRIICS countries ............................................... 75
Figure 1.46. Municipal waste generation in Chilean functional urban areas ............................ 76
Figure 2.1. The 30 largest ports in Chile .............................................................................. 128
Figure 2.2. Cargo profiles of ports in Antofagasta ............................................................... 129
Figure 2.3. Cargo profiles of state-owned ports in Chile (2011) .......................................... 130
Figure 2.4. Growth of port volumes for Antofagasta (2002-2011)....................................... 130
Figure 2.5. Maritime forelands of the port of Antofagasta (2004) ....................................... 133
Figure 2.6. Maritime forelands of the port of Antofagasta (2011) ....................................... 134
Figure 2.7. Proposed bridge and tunnel system for Antofagasta .......................................... 139
OECD TERRITORIAL REVIEWS: ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE 2013 © OECD 2013
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– TABLE OF CONTENTS
Figure 3.1. Number of private vehicles in the municipal territory of Antofagasta ............... 176
Figure 3.2. Number of vehicles per 1 000 people in the municipal territory
of Antofagasta .................................................................................................... 177
Figure 3.3. Number of trucks registered in the municipal territory of Antofagasta ............. 178
Figure 4.1. Quality of Life ranking of top 25 municipalities in Chile .................................. 208
Figure 4.2. Index of incorporation of citizen participation in the local government ............ 246
Figure 4.3. Innovation in governance ................................................................................... 250
Figure 4.4. The role of urban institutes in support of urban management ............................ 254
OECD TERRITORIAL REVIEWS: ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE © OECD 2013
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS –
Acronyms and abbreviations
AIA Association of Antofagasta Industrialists
(Asociación de Industriales de Antofagasta)
ADP Agenda for Productive Development
(Agenda de Desarrollo Productivo)
AP Programming agreements
(Acuerdos de programación)
ARDP Agency for Productive Regional Development
(Agencia Regional de Desarrollo Productivo)
ATI Antofagasta Terminal International
BIEM Brandenburg Institute for Entrepreneurship and SMEs
BOT Build-operate-transfer
BRT Bus rapid transit
CASEN National Socio-economic Characteristic Survey
(Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional)
CChC Chilean Chamber of Construction
(Cámara Chilena de la Construcción)
CCM Council on Mining Skills
(Consejo de Competencias Mineras)
CDP Corporation for Productive Development
(Corporación para el Desarrollo Productivo)
CEDEM Metropolitan Development Centre of Monterrey
(Centro de Desarrollo Metropolitano de Monterrey)
CEDUC Centre for Technical Education
(Centro de Educación y Capacitación)
CEITZASA Centre for Desert Water Technology
(Centro de Investigación Tecnológica del Agua y el Desierto)
CEMI Centre for Excellence in Mining Innovation
CFE Federal Electricity Commission (Mexico)
(Comisión Federal de Electricidad)
CICITEM Centre for Scientific and Technological Research in Mining
(Centro de Investigación Científico Tecnológico para la Minería)
CIMM Centre for Mining and Metallurgy Research
(Centro de Investigación Minería y Metalúrgica)
OECD TERRITORIAL REVIEWS: ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE 2013 © OECD 2013