OECD Studies on SMEs : Poland 2010.

227 Pages·2010·5.539 MB·English

by  OECD

O
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OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship S
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Poland d
ie OECD Studies on SMEs
s
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KEY ISSUES AND POLICIES n and Entrepreneurship
S
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The rapid growth of entrepreneurship and small firms has been one of the greatest successes E
in post-Communist transformation in Poland. SMEs have greatly contributed to employment, s a POLAND
investment and value added in the Polish economy. However, key barriers to further growth remain n
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in the business environment for SMEs and entrepreneurs. This book sets out the current SME E
n KEY ISSUES AND POLICIES
and entrepreneurship climate, reviews SME and entrepreneurship issues and policies at national t
r
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and local levels, and provides observations and recommendations for improving and supporting p
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entrepreneurship and SMEs in Poland. e
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u
r
s
Further reading h
ip
SMEs, Entrepreneurship and Innovation (2010)
Clusters Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2009)
OECD Framework for the Evaluation of SME and Entrepreneurship Policies and Programmes (2007)
P
The full text of this book is available on line via this link: O
L
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OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
SMEs
and Entrepreneurship
Poland
2010
KEY ISSUES AND POLICIES
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
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ISBN 978-92-64-08186-4 (print)
ISBN 978-92-64-08191-8 (PDF)
DOI 10.1787/9789264081918-en
Series: OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
ISSN 2078-0982 (print)
ISSN 2078-0990 (online)
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FOREWORD
Foreword
T
his book is the result of an OECD review at national and local levels of small and
medium-sized enterprise (SME) and entrepreneurship issues and policies in Poland, undertaken
as part of the 2009-2010 programmes of work of the Working Party on SMEs and
Entrepreneurship (WPSMEE) of the Committee on Industry, Innovation an and Entrepreneurship
(CIIE) and of the Local Economic and Employment Development Committee (LEED). These
independent reviews are undertaken by the OECD Secretariat at the request of OECD member
and non-member country governments, and the analysis and recommendations are agreed by
Working Party and Committee delegates.
This book’s purpose is to set out the main analysis and recommendations of the SME and
entrepreneurship policy review of Poland, requested by the Polish Ministry of Economy. It
presents the OECD’s assessments of the current state of SME and entrepreneurship performance
in Poland, its framework conditions and business environment, the existing set of SME and
entrepreneurship policies and programmes, the role of local tailoring of policies and programmes
and the coherence between policies and programmes at national and local levels, and discusses
the policy recommendations that follow. It is intended both to support policy and programme
development in Poland in order to further strengthen the critical SME and entrepreneurship
sector and to provide inspiration to policy makers in other countries faced with similar
challenges.
A Steering-Group comprised of Austria, Denmark, New Zealand and the United States
guided the preparation of the Review. A Draft Report was submitted for peer-review to the
Working Party on SMEs and Entrepreneurship (WPSMEE) on 28 October 2009 at its 36th
Session. The two countries playing the role of examiners were: Spain (Mrs. Paloma Fernández
Peña, Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade) and the Unites States (Mr. Randy Mitchell, US
Department of Commerce).
The publication was prepared under the supervision of Marie-Florence Estimé, Deputy
Director of the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development (CFE). The main
authors are Paul Atkinson (Senior Research Fellow at Groupe d’Économie Mondiale de
Sciences-Po, Paris, France), LoisStevenson (Visiting Research Fellow in Cairo for Canada’s
International Development Research Centre [IDRC]) and JonathanPotter (Senior Economist,
Local Economic and Employment Development Division, CFE, OECD). The following consultants
provided material for the local dimension chapter: Dr. Patries Boekholt (Technopolis BV,
Amsterdam, Netherlands), Professor AndyPike (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Kingdom), and Professor David Smallbone (Kingston University, United Kingdom).
AlessandraProto, Policy Analyst, CFE, OECD, also provided material and participated in the
management of the local component of the review. Helpful assistance on the enterprise
performance diagnostic information and policy information was provided by Dr.KarolinaNessel
(European School, Kraków, Poland). Jorge GálvezMéndez (Policy Analyst, OECD) provided
research assistance for the publication.
OECD STUDIES ON SMEs AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: POLAND © OECD 2010 3
FOREWORD
The OECD Secretariat would like to express its sincere thanks to the Polish authorities, in
particular the Ministry of Economy and the Polish Agency for Enterprise Development, for their
active, intense and fruitful co-operation and support, all of which led to the successful
preparation of this book.
Sergio Arzeni
Director, OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship
Head, OECD LEED Programme
4 OECD STUDIES ON SMEs AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: POLAND © OECD 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Chapter 1. SME and Entrepreneurship Performance in Poland Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Size and structure of the SME sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
SME sector performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Entrepreneurship in Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Regional and local variations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Fundamental structural and enterprise-level challenges in Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Chapter 2. SME Framework Conditions and the Business Environment in Poland. . . . 61
From transition to convergence: strategic framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Overview and barriers to SMEs and entrepreneurship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Human resources and entrepreneurial capabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Access to financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Social security and tax systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Product market conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Business law and horizontal regulatory issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Research, development and technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Chapter 3. SME and Entrepreneurship Policies and Programmes in Poland. . . . . . . . . . 111
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
The SME and entrepreneurship policy agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
The SME and entrepreneurship policy structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
The SME and entrepreneurship-related support structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Policies, programmes and measures in support of SMEs and entrepreneurship. . . 124
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Chapter 4. The Local Dimension to SME and Entrepreneurship Policy in Poland . . . . . 175
The local context for SME and entrepreneurship policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Meeting local policy needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Coherence between national and local policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
OECD STUDIES ON SMEs AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: POLAND © OECD 2010 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Chapter 5. SME and Entrepreneurship Policy Assessment and Recommendations
for Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Successful national development requires strong enterprises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Bring back an explicit framework for policy action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Reduce the main barriers to growth and development of SMEs
and entrepreneurship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Use the EUStructural Funds wisely to build capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Streamline policy and support-delivery processes wherever possible . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Better co-ordinate policy support at all levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Reinforce the Polish Agency for Enterprise Development’s focus on supporting
enterprise development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Make programme design and delivery of support more effective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Further strengthen evaluation of SME and entrepreneurship policies
and programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Annex A. Chronology of Major SME and Entrepreneurship
Policy Events and Initiatives in Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Annex B. Main Strategic Documents and SME
and Entrepreneurship-Related Policies Since 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Tables
1.1.Distribution of active enterprises and employment by size class, Poland, 2007. . . 24
1.2.Distribution of enterprises and employment by size class in the EU27, 2007 . . . . . 24
1.3.Sectoral distribution of non-agricultural SMEs, Poland, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4.Legal forms of SMEs in Poland, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.5.Enterprise entry and exit dynamics, Poland, 2001-07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.6.New firm survival rates, Poland, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.7.Job creation impacts of new and surviving enterprises, Poland, 2003-08. . . . . . . . . 32
1.8.Growth in employment, turnover and value added, Poland, 2003-07. . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.9.Value-added per employee by enterprise size class, Poland, 2003-07. . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.10.Export performance by size of firm, Poland, 2001-07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.11.Comparison of selected innovation indicators for Poland and the EU27, 2007-08. . . 36
1.12.SME contribution to innovation by size of enterprise, Poland, 2006-07 . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.13.Employed persons by employment status, Poland, 1997, 2002 and2007 . . . . . . . . . 39
1.14.Poland’s performance on entrepreneurial activity indicators, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.15.Poland’s image of entrepreneurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.16.Incidence of high-growth in Polish manufacturing firms, 2003-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.17.Regional variation in the performance of SMEs in Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.18.Changes in number of SMEs and SME investment outlays by region,
Poland, 2003-07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.1.Financial overview of Poland’s National Cohesion Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.2.Selected economic performance indicators, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6 OECD STUDIES ON SMEs AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: POLAND © OECD 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.3.Barriers to Polish enterprise development by size of enterprise
in order of priority, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.4.Human Capital Operational Programme for Poland: Financial overview, 2006 . . . . 71
2.5.Expenditure on education, Poland and selected countries, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.6.Participation in adult learning, Poland and selected countries, 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.7.Continuing vocational training, Poland and selected countries, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.8.Main European destinations for migrating Polish labour, 2005-07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.9.Evolution of the structure of the Polish financial system, 1998-2008. . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.10.Stocks and holders of financial instruments, Poland, end2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.11.The Warsaw Stock Exchange, 2000-07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.12.Doing Business in Poland, 2007-09. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.13.Innovative Economy Operational Programme: Financial overview, 2007-13 . . . . . . 104
3.1.Summary of national-level SME and entrepreneurship policies,
programmes and measures in Poland, 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1.Regional variation in ROP resources in Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.1.Government spending on support for SMEs, Poland, 2005 and2007-13. . . . . . . . . . 207
Figures
1.1.Registered and active enterprises, Poland, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.2.Distribution of enterprises by employment size class,
OECD member countries, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.3.Distribution of employment by enterprise size class,
OECD member countries, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4.SME contribution to Polish GDP, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.5.Density of SMEs in the non-financial business economy, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.6.Sector distribution of non-agricultural SME employment, Poland, 2006 . . . . . . . . . 27
1.7.Growth in number of SMEs and SME employment, Poland, 2002-07. . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.8.Annual growth rates in SMEs and SME employment, Poland, 2003-07. . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.9.Growth in SME employment by size of enterprise, Poland, 2003-07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.10.Annual enterprise entries and exits, Poland, 2001-07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.11.SME contribution to employment, turnover and value added,
Poland, 2003 and2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.12.Ranking of countries on the European Innovation Scoreboard2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.13.Female and male shares of employment and non-agricultural
self-employment, Poland, 1997, 2002 and2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.14.Male and female self-employment rates, Poland, 1997, 2002 and2007 . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.15.Regional distribution of SMEs, employment, revenue, investment outlays,
Poland, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.16.Density of SMEs and newly registered enterprises per 1000inhabitants
by region, Poland, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.17.Newly-started enterprises and exits by region, Poland, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.18.Employees per enterprise by region, Poland, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.19.Private sector share of registered enterprises by size and by region, Poland, 2006 . . 52
2.1.Employment rates by educational level, Poland and selected countries, 2007 . . . . 66
2.2.Employment rates by age, Poland and OECD countries, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.3.Barriers to enterprise development according to Polish SMEs, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.4.Factors that positively affect the development of Polish SMEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.5.Factors that negatively affect the development of Polish SMEs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
OECD STUDIES ON SMEs AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: POLAND © OECD 2010 7
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2.6.Comparative educational performance, Poland and selected countries, 2006 . . . . 72
2.7.Adult learning participation rate by socio-economic characteristics, 2002. . . . . . . 76
2.8.Employed professional and technical migrants by country of residence,
2000 or2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.9.Credit to households and corporates, Poland, 2003-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.10.Venture capital investment, Poland and selected countries, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.11.Tax wedge across OECD countries, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.12.Taxes by level of government, Poland and OECD countries, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.13.The taxation of corporate profits, Poland and selected countries, 2006. . . . . . . . . . 86
2.14.Trade integration: Total exports and imports, Poland
and selected countries, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.15.FDI inflows to OECD countries, average2003-08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.16.Activity of affiliates under foreign control, Poland and selected countries,
2004 and2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.17.Product market regulation scores by domain, Poland and selected
countries, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.18.Main components of the Competition Law Indicator, Poland
and OECD countries, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.19.The minimum wage relative to the median wage, Poland and selected
countries, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.20.Strictness of employment protection legislation, Poland and OECD
countries, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.21.Time required to comply with VAT obligations, OECD countries, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.22.R&D intensity, Poland and selected countries, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.23.R&D expenditure, OECD and selected countries, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.24.Human resources in science and technology occupations, OECD
and selected countries, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.25.Researchers, Poland and selected countries, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.26.Firms collaborating in innovation with higher education institutions by size,
Poland and selected countries, 2004-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.27.Business funded R&D in the higher education and government sectors,
Poland and OECD countries, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.28.Broadband subscribers per 100inhabitants, Poland and OECD countries, 2008 . . . 103
2.29.Broadband penetration by size class, Poland and selected countries, 2006. . . . . . . 103
3.1.SME, entrepreneurship and innovation support structure in Poland
at the national level, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.2.Intersection of SME, entrepreneurship and innovation policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.1.Institutions involved in the management of Poland’s Regional Operational
Programmes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.2.EUROP resources2007-13 percapita, Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
8 OECD STUDIES ON SMEs AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: POLAND © OECD 2010
BASIC STATISTICS ABOUT POLAND (2008)
LAND AND PEOPLE
Area (sq. km) 322575 Distribution of the national population
Arable land (% of total area) (2007) 59 (in% of total population, 2005)
Population (thousands, 2009) 38135 Urban regions 22.77
Population growth rate (2009) –0.17 Intermediate regions 39.47
Unemployment rate (Aug. 2009) 10.8 Rural regions 37.76
GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC FINANCES
Bicameral Parliamentary System General government balance (% GDP) –3.9
Sejm membership (lower house) 460 Gross general government debt (% GDP) 47.2
Senate membership (upper house) 100
Number of political parties in Sejm (2009) 5
ECONOMY
GDP (PLNbillion, current prices) 1271.7 Value added by activity (as % of total value added)
GDP (USD billion, at PPP) 673.1 Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing 3.7
GDP per capita (USD at PPP) 17660 Industry and construction 32.0
Gross fixed capital formation (%GDP) 22.0 Trade and services 45.4
Inflation rate2000-08 2.7 Government and other activities 18.9
FOREIGN TRADE
Current account (USD billion) –29 Trade balance (USD billion) (2007) –20.67
Current account (% GDP) –5.5 Goods –25.38
Services 4.71
SMES AND INNOVATION
Share of SMEs in total firm population (2006) 99.8 Product innovators (2006)
Industry 99.5 SMEs 10.1
Services 99.9 Large firms 34.2
Share of SME employment in total empl. (2006) 68.9 Process innovators (2006)
Industry 60.3 SMEs 9.9
Services 68.9 Large firms 29.5
Share of SME value added (2006) 48.4 Non-technological innovators (2006)
Industry 36.5 SMEs 14.7
Services 64.5 Large firms 53.4
Sources: OECD databases; OECD (2008), OECD Economic Surveys: Poland2008, OECD Publishing:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-pol-2008-en; and Eurostat.