OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2005

214 Pages·2005·4.347 MB·English

by  OECD

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OECD Science, Technology and Industry
Scoreboard 2 OECD Science,
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The OECD Science, Technology and Industry (STI) Scoreboard – the seventh in a series spanning Technology
over a decade – explores the growing interaction between knowledge and globalisation at
the centre of the ongoing transformation of OECD economies. As innovation becomes a key
and Industry
determinant for long-run economic growth and social well-being, the STI Scoreboard provides
a comprehensive picture of countries’ performance in the areas of science, technology,
globalisation and industry. The STI Scoreboard brings together over 200 figures, many of which Scoreboard
are new to this edition, to help examine emerging policy issues including the international mobility
of researchers and scientists, the increasing pace of innovation as measured by patenting, the
growth of the information economy, the changing role of multinational enterprises, new patterns
in trade competitiveness, and the emergence of key international players outside the OECD area,
notably China.
The STI Scoreboard has become a widely used reference which combines statistical rigour
with easy access and readability. The key findings are presented as bullet points alongside graphs
highlighting the relative performance of countries. In addition, brief technical notes provide further
methodological detail on the indicators, along with links to useful references and data sources.
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The STI Scoreboard 2005 is also available on line and provides easy access to individual sections, D
a more elaborate data appendix and links to the databases used. The Web version also gives users S
“clickable” access to the ExcelTM spreadsheets containing the data used in charts and figures. c
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ISBN 92-64-01055-6 -:HSTCQE=UVUZZU:
92 2005 07 1 P
2005 2005

OECD Science,
Technology
and Industry Scoreboard
2005
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
9264010556
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to
address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at
the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and
concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an
ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy
experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate
domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of
the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD.
OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and
research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and
standards agreed by its members.
This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The
opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official
views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.
Publié en français sous le titre:
Science, technique et industrie
TABLEAU DE BORD DE L’OCDE 2005
© OECD 2005
No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. Applications should be sent to
OECD Publishing: [email protected] or by fax [phone]. Permission to photocopy a portion of this work should be addressed to the Centre
français d'exploitation du droit de copie, 20, rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris, France ([email protected]).
FOREWORD
Foreword
T
he OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard2005 brings together the latest
internationally comparable data to explore the growing interaction between knowledge and
globalisation at the heart of the ongoing transformation of OECD economies. It draws mainly on
OECD databases, indicators and methodology developed by the Directorate for Science, Technology
and Industry and focuses on:
● R&D and innovation: investment in knowledge, the financing and performance of research
activities, linkages in innovation systems, science and engineering publications.
● Human resources in science and technology: university graduates, R&D personnel, the
international mobility of scientists.
● Patents: “triadic” patent families, patents in new technological fields, cross-border ownership of
inventions.
● ICT: resources and infrastructure for the information economy, the diffusion and use of Internet
technologies and electronic business, the contribution of the ICT sector to economic activity and
international trade.
● Knowledge flows and the global enterprise: key channels of economic integration and
technology diffusion, including foreign investment, the role of foreign-owned affiliates, as well as
the contribution of multinationals to productivity.
● The impact of knowledge on productive activities: comparison of OECD economies in terms of
income, productivity and industrial performance, the growing importance of technology and
knowledge-intensive industries, the interaction between services and manufacturing, and the
changing nature of manufacturing.
The 2005edition is the seventh in a biennial series that started over a decade ago and has
become a widely used reference for benchmarking the innovative performance of OECD countries.
With each edition, a continued effort is made to offer new or improved official measures for
international comparisons in key areas of policy interest. The Scoreboard favours using a wide
range of indicators to map the complexity of innovative activities, and refrains from producing an
overall ranking of countries derived from a unique, synthetic value.
This volume was prepared by the Economic Analysis and Statistics Division of the OECD
Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. Vladimir López-Bassols served as overall
co-ordinator of the publication, Sandrine Kergroach provided statistical assistance and Julie
Branco-Marinho, Beatrice Jeffries and Paula Venditti provided secretarial support. Laudeline Auriol,
Frédéric Bourassa, Agnès Cimper, Chiara Criscuolo, Hélène Dernis, Isabelle Desnoyers-James,
Mosahid Khan, Laurent Moussiegt, Karsten Olsen, Xavier Reif, Sheridan Roberts, Martin Schaaper,
Cristina Serra-Vallejo, Sharon Standish, Brigitte van Beuzekom, Desirée van Welsum, Colin Webb
and Alison Young all contributed to the publication. Alessandra Colecchia, Thomas Hatzichronoglou,
Sam Paltridge, Dirk Pilat and Andrew Wyckoff offered guidance and commented on the draft. Joseph
Loux supervised the publication process.
OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY SCOREBOARD 2005 – ISBN 92-64-01055-6 – © OECD 2005 3
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
A. R&D and innovation: creating and diffusing knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A.1. Investment in knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
A.2. Trends in domestic R&D expenditure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
A.3. R&D financing and performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
A.4. R&D in non-OECD economies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
A.5. Business R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
A.6. Business R&D by size classes of firms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
A.7. Business R&D by industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
A.8. Health-related R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
A.9. R&D linkages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A.10. Internationalisation of manufacturing R&D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
A.11. Government R&D budgets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
A.12. Tax treatment of R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
A.13. Innovation in small and medium-sized firms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
A.14. Scientific articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
A.15. Venture capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
B. Human resources in science and technology: knowledge and skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
B.1. Flows of university graduates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
B.2. International mobility of doctoral students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
B.3. S&E doctorates and postdoctorates to foreign citizens in the United States . . . . . . . . . 50
B.4. Employment of tertiary-level graduates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
B.5. Human resources in science and technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
B.6. International mobility of the highly skilled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
B.7. R&D personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
B.8. Researchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
B.9. Foreign scholars in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
B.10. Human resources in S&T in non-OECD economies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
C. Patents: protecting and commercialising knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
C.1. Triadic patent families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
C.2. Patent intensity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
C.3. Patent applications to the European Patent Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
C.4. ICT-related patents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
C.5. Biotechnology patents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
C.6. Foreign ownership of domestic inventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
C.7. Domestic ownership of inventions made abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
C.8. International co-operation in patenting activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
C.9. Internationalisation of ICT-related inventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
C.10. Internationalisation of biotechnology inventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
C.11. Geographic concentration of patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
D. ICT: an enabler for the knowledge society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
D.1. Investment in ICT equipment and software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
D.2. ICT occupations and skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
D.3. Telecommunications networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
D.4. Internet hosts and domain names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
D.5. Internet subscribers and secure servers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
D.6. Broadband and security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
D.7. ICT access by households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
D.8. Use of the Internet by individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
D.9. Internet use by businesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
D.10. Electronic commerce volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
D.11. Internet commerce activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
D.12. Telecommunication pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
D.13. ICT in non-OECD economies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
D.14. Size and growth of the ICT sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
D.15. Contribution of the ICT sector to employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
D.16. International trade in ICT goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
D.17. R&D in selected ICT industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
E. Knowledge flows and the global enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
E.1. Trends in international trade and investment flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
E.2. International trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
E.3. Exposure to international trade competition by industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
E.4. Intra-firm trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
E.5. Foreign direct investment flows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
E.6. Activity of affiliates under foreign control in manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
E.7. Activity of affiliates under foreign control in services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
E.8. Trends in the employment of foreign affiliates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
E.9. Share of turnover under foreign control in selected manufacturing and services sectors. 148
E.10. The contribution of multinationals to value added and labour productivity . . . . . . . . . 150
E.11. The contribution of multinationals to productivity growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
E.12. Technological balance of payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
F. The impact of knowledge on productive activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
F.1. Income and productivity levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
F.2. Labour productivity growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
F.3. Growth accounts for OECD countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
F.4. Labour productivity growth by industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
F.5. Technology- and knowledge-intensive industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
F.6. The structure of OECD economies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
F.7. International trade by technology intensity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
F.8. Exports from high- and medium-high-technology industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
F.9. Contributions to the manufacturing trade balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
F.10. The interdependence of services and manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
F.11. The changing nature of manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Annex A.Classification of manufacturing industries based on technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Annex B. Main OECD databases used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Annex C.Statistical tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6 OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY SCOREBOARD 2005 – ISBN 92-64-01055-6 – © OECD 2005
ISBN 92-64-01055-6
OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2005
© OECD 2005
Executive Summary
OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY SCOREBOARD 2005 – ISBN 92-64-01055-6 – © OECD 2005 7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
T
he long-term trend towards a knowledge-based economy continues. Science,
technology and innovation have become key factors contributing to economic growth in
both advanced and developing economies. This seventh edition of the OECD Science,
Technology and Industry Scoreboard focuses on the growing globalisation of knowledge. This
is not a new phenomenon perse, but it has become more pervasive, mainly driven by the
use of information and communication technology (ICT). In the knowledge economy,
information circulates at the international level through trade in goods and services, direct
investment and technology flows, and the movement of people. Firms use ICTs to organise
transnational networks in response to international competition and the increasing need
for strategic interaction. As a result, multinational firms are a primary vehicle of the ever-
spreading process of globalisation.
New technologies and their implementation in productive activities are changing the
economic structure and contributing to productivity increases in OECD economies. Some
examples of recent trends include:
● New channels for knowledge generation, diffusion, protection and application.
● New interactions owing to the increasing importance of networks, linkages,
partnerships and mobility.
● New global actors from non-OECD countries.
This publication brings together a wide range of charts and analyses relative to emerging
policy issues including the changing nature of research activities, the international
mobility of researchers and scientists, the increasing pace of innovation as measured by
patenting, the growth of the information economy, the important role of multinational
enterprises, and new patterns in trade competitiveness. It also focuses on the emergence
of key international players outside the OECD area, notably China. A selection of the most
notable facts and figures in each of these areas is presented below:
R&D and innovation: creating and diffusing
knowledge
● Investment in knowledge (comprising expenditure on R&D, software and higher
education) in the OECD area reached around 5.2% of GDP in2001, compared to around
6.9% for investment in machinery and equipment.
● In2003, Sweden had the highest R&D intensity (4% of GDP), followed by Finland, Japan
and Iceland (all over 3%).
● China has become the third largest R&D performer behind the United States and Japan
(mainly owing to rapid growth in researchers’ salaries).
● Small and medium-sized enterprises (fewer than 250employees) play an important role
in innovation but only account for around 30% of total R&D expenditure.
8 OECD SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY SCOREBOARD 2005 – ISBN 92-64-01055-6 – © OECD 2005