OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2014.

480 Pages·2015·4.052 MB·English

by  OECD

OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2014
In the face of uneven recovery from the economic crisis, growing social inequalities and persistent
environmental and social challenges, governments look to place science, technology and innovation (STI)
at the core of their sustainable growth agenda.
The OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2014 reviews key trends in STI policies and performance OECD Science, Technology
in more than 45 economies, including OECD countries and major emerging economies. Following an overview
of the recent STI global landscape, key current policy issues are discussed across a series of thematic
and Industry Outlook 2014
profi les. Country profi les report the STI performance of individual countries and the most recent national policy
developments.
The STI Outlook draws on a unique policy survey conducted by the OECD every two years with more than
45 countries and the latest OECD work on STI policy analysis and measurement.
Contents
Executive summary
Part I. Overall innovation performance and policies trends
Part I reader’s guide
Chapter 1. The future of STI policies
Part II. Main trends in STI policy: STI policy profi les
Chapter 2. Governance
Chapter 3. Globalisation of innovation policies
Chapter 4. Facing new social and environmental challenges
Chapter 5. Innovation in fi rms
O
E
Chapter 6. Universities and public research
C
D
Chapter 7. Networks, clusters and transfers
S
Chapter 8. Skills for innovation c
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n
Part III. Assessing STI performance: STI country profi les c
e
Country profi les reader’s guide , T
e
Chapter 9. STI country profi les c
h
n
Annex A. Methodological annex o
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OECD Science,
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Outlook
2014
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FOREWORD
Foreword
T
he OECD Science,Technology and Industry Outlook2014 is the tenth in a biennial series
designedtoreviewkeytrendsinscience,technologyandinnovation(STI)inOECDcountriesanda
number of important non-member economies: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, India,
Indonesia, Latvia, Lithuania,Malaysia, the People’s Republic of China, theRussianFederation and
SouthAfrica.ItsaimistoinformpolicymakersresponsibleforSTIpolicies,businessrepresentatives
andanalystsaboutrecentandanticipatedchangesintheglobalpatternsofscience,technologyand
innovationandtounderstandcurrentandpossiblefutureimplicationsfornationalSTIpoliciesboth
atglobalandnationallevel.
The STI Outlook2014 considers the future of STI policies in light of the recent and fragile
economic recovery, growing fiscal pressure, globalisation and major global and societal challenges
(green growth, ageing societies, inclusive development). The first chapter presents an overall
assessment of recent developments and trends in science, technology and innovation and in
countries’ STI policies. It provides, in a series of thematic STI policy profiles, a cross-country
comparison of specific STI policy orientations, instruments and governance in the OECDarea and
beyond. The STI country profiles offer insight into national innovation systems: their structural
characteristics, their STI performance benchmarked against selected harmonised indicators and
recent important national STI policy developments.The focus of the publication is on national STI
prioritiesandinitiativesintroducedbetween2012and2014.
TheSTIOutlook2014drawsontheOECD’smostrecentempiricalandanalyticalworkinareas
related to innovation and innovation policy. It makes use of member and non-member country
responses to the biennial STI Outlook policy questionnaire. It builds on a statistical framework of
over 300 STI-related indicators based on the OECD’s long-term efforts to build a system of
internationally comparable metrics to monitor STI and STI policy and on recent efforts to develop
someexperimentalSTIindicators.
Finally, the STI Outlook2014 is one of the first pillars of the OECD-World Bank Innovation
Policy Platform (IPP), a web-based interactive space that provides access to open data, learning
resourcesandopportunitiesforcollectivelearningoninnovationpolicy.
OECDSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDINDUSTRYOUTLOOK2014©OECD2014 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgements
T
he STI Outlook is prepared under the aegis of the OECD Committee for Scientific and
Technological Policy (CSTP) with input from its working parties. CSTP Delegates
contributed significantly through their responses to the biennial STI Outlook policy
questionnaireandtheircommentsonthedraftchapters.
The2014STIOutlookisacollectiveeffortandtakesahorizontalapproach,co-ordinatedby
the Country Studies and Outlook Division (CSO) of the OECD Directorate for Science,
TechnologyandIndustry(DSTI).ItisproducedundertheguidanceofDominiqueGuellec.
SandrineKergroachservedastheoverallco-ordinatorandNilsdeJagerastheadministrative
co-ordinator.
PartI, “Overall innovation performance and policy trends”, was prepared
by SandrineKergroachundertheguidanceofDominiqueGuellec,withassistancefromNils
de Jager and Chiara Petroli. Mario Cervantes provided input based on work currently
conducted by the OECDWorkingParty onInnovation andTechnologyPolicy (TIP). Caroline
Paunov (inclusive innovation) and Dimitrios Pontikakis (OECD Country Reviews on
Innovation Policy) contributed in their respective areas of expertise. Koen de Backer (open
innovation,globalvaluechains)providedinputonareasrelatedtotheprogrammeofworkof
the Committee on Industry, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CIIE). Laurent Bernat
(cybersecurity)andElettraRonchi(ageing)providedinputonthebasisofworkconductedby
the Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy (ICCP).
Chapter1was reviewed by and received valuable comments from GiuliaAjmone Marsan,
MarioCervantes,DominiqueGuellec,MichaelKeenan,CarolinePaunov,DimitriosPontikakis
andGangZhang.
Chapter2, “STI policy profiles: Governance”, was prepared by Mario Cervantes,
MichaelKeenan, Sandrine Kergroach, Fabio Manca, Dimitrios Pontikakis and Tomomi
Watanabe,basedonworkcurrentlyconductedbytheTIPandexperiencegainedthrough
theOECDCountryReviewsonInnovationPolicy.
Chapter3,“STIpolicyprofiles:Globalisationofinnovationpolicies”,waspreparedby
KoendeBackeronareasrelatedtotheprogrammeofworkoftheCIIE,byRichardScottand
StephanVincent-LancrinoftheCentreforEducationalResearchandInnovation(CERI),and
by Dimitrios Pontikakis for experience obtained from the OECD Country Reviews on
InnovationPolicy.
Chapter4,“STIpolicyprofiles:Facingnewsocialandenvironmentalchallenges”,was
preparedbyMarioCervantesandCarolinePaunovonthebasisofTIPactivitiesandOECD
activitiesoninclusiveinnovation.
Chapter5,“STIpolicyprofiles:Innovationinfirms”,waspreparedbyMarioCervantes,
JinJooHam,NilsdeJager,MichaelKeenan,SandrineKergroachandDanielKupkabasedon
work conducted by theTIP, the OECDWorking Party on National Experts of Science and
OECDSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDINDUSTRYOUTLOOK2014©OECD2014 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TechnologyIndicators(NESTI)andexperiencegainedthroughtheOECDCountryReviews
on Innovation Policy. Marco Marchese, Jonathan Potter andVirginia Robano of the OECD
Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development (CFE) prepared the STI policy
profile on start-ups and entrepreneurship. Thanks to Jacek Warda for his input and
feedback on R&D tax incentives. Thanks also to Chiara Criscuolo and Fernando
Galindo-Ruedafortheircomments.
Chapter6, “STI policy profiles: Universities and public research”, was prepared by
GiuliaAjmone-Marsan, Mario Cervantes, Sandrine Kergroach andDaniel Kupka based on
workcurrentlyconductedbytheTIPandtheOECDWorkingPartyonResearchInstitutions
andHumanResources(RIHR).ThankstoEsterBasriforherinputandcomments.
Chapter7, “STI policy profiles: Networks, clusters and transfers”, was prepared by
DominiqueGuellec,SandrineKergroachandCarolinePaunov,basedonworkconductedby
theTIP.AnneCarblancandPiotrStryszowskipreparedtheSTIpolicyprofileonthedigital
economybasedonworkoftheICCP.ThankstoMarioCervantesforhisfeedback.
Chapter8,“STIpolicyprofiles:Skillsforinnovation”,waspreparedbySandrineKergroach
and Chiara Petroli on areas related to the programme of work of the TIP/RIHR, by
AsakoOkamuraonthework ofNESTIandby RichardScottandStephanVincent-Lancrin
fortheexpertiseofCERI.ThankstoLaudelineAuriolandFernandoGalindo-Ruedafortheir
comments.
Chapter9, “STI country profiles: Assessing STI performance”, was co-ordinated by
Gang Zhang. The country profiles were designed by Dominique Guellec and
SandrineKergroach. Sandrine Kergroach supervised the implementation of the statistical
(IPP.Stat) and policy information (STI Outlook Policy Database) infrastructure in co-ordination
withMichaelKeenanfortheInnovationPolicyPlatform(IPP)(www.innovationpolicyplatform.org).
Country profiles were prepared by Giulia Ajmone-Marsan, Andres Barreneche,
DominiqueGuellec,MichaelKeenan,SandrineKergroach,DanielKupka,CarolinePaunov,
ChiaraPetroli, Dimitrios Pontikakis, Xiaoyong Shi and Gang Zhang based on information
obtainedfromtheSTIOutlookpolicyquestionnaireaswellasTIPactivitiesandtheOECD
Country Reviews on Innovation Policy.The profiles were reviewed by DominiqueGuellec
andpeer-reviewedbyGiuliaAjmone-Marsan,JacquelineAllan,KoendeBacker,SarahBox,
Mario Cervantes, Kathleen Dhondt, Gernot Hutschenreiter, Michael Keenan,
CarolinePaunov,DimitriosPontikakisandGangZhang,allofDSTI.
ThankstoDirkPilatandAndrewWyckofffortheirvaluablecommentsontheoverall
publication.
LauraVictoriaGarcía,ChristadeJagerandChiaraPetroliprovidedresearchassistance
inprocessingthe2014countryresponses.ThankstoJulienChicot,NaoyaOno,Inmaculada
Perianez-Forte, Chiara Petroli andTomomi Watanabe for their pivotal work on the STI
Outlook Policy Database. And thanks to Chiara Petroli and LihanWei for their support in
preparingtheSTIOutlookpolicyquestionnaire2014.
Brunella Boselli and Guillaume Kpodar provided statistical support. Thanks to
Silvia Appelt, Frédéric Bourassa, Hélène Dernis, Isabelle Desnoyers-James,
FernandoGalindo-Rueda, Pedro Herrera-Gimenez, Elif Koksal-Oudot,Valentine Millot,
ChristinaSerra-Vallejo,BrigitteVanBeuzekomandFabienVergerforstatisticalinput.Thanks
to Karine Lepron and Samuel Pinto-Ribeiro for IT support. Joseph Loux supervised the
productionprocess.
6 OECDSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDINDUSTRYOUTLOOK2014©OECD2014
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Table of contents
Acronyms ................................................................. 11
Executivesummary......................................................... 15
PartI
Overallinnovationperformanceandpolicytrends
Reader’sguide ............................................................. 21
Theactors ............................................................. 21
Input/outputandoutcome ............................................... 22
Thecontext:Macroeconomic,frameworkandglobalconditionsforinnovation.. 22
Chapter1.Thefutureofscience,technologyandinnovationpolicies.............. 23
Introduction:ThefutureofSTIpolicies..................................... 24
Recovery:Anewdealforstipolicies ....................................... 25
Globalisation:Thegrowingcomplexityofinnovationpolicies ................. 36
Environmentalandsocialissuescreatechallengesandopportunities .......... 47
Lookinginsidetheglobalresearchsystem.................................. 54
Businessinnovationwillbethedriverofasustainableeconomicrecovery...... 63
PublicR&Distargetingexcellenceandopenness............................ 75
Notes.................................................................. 80
References ............................................................. 81
PartII
MaintrendsinSTIpolicy
Chapter2.STIpolicyprofiles:Governance...................................... 89
Nationalstrategiesforscience,technologyandinnovation ................... 90
Systeminnovation ...................................................... 98
Strategicpublic/privatepartnerships ...................................... 102
ImpactassessmentinSTIpolicies......................................... 106
Annex2.A. ComparativetableofnationalSTIstrategiesorplans,
OECDcountriesandsomemajornon-OECDeconomies,2014....... 110
OECDSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDINDUSTRYOUTLOOK2014©OECD2014 7
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Chapter3.STIpolicyprofiles:Globalisationofinnovationpolicies................. 125
Attractinginternationalscienceandtechnologyinvestmentsbyfirms ......... 126
Internationalisationofpublicresearch..................................... 129
Cross-borderscience,technologyandinnovationgovernancearrangements .... 135
Chapter4.STIpolicyprofiles:Facingnewsocialandenvironmentalchallenges..... 141
Greeninnovation ....................................................... 142
Innovationforsocialchallenges........................................... 148
Chapter5.STIpolicyprofiles:Innovationinfirms............................... 151
PolicymixforbusinessR&Dandinnovation ................................ 152
GovernmentfinancingofbusinessR&Dandinnovation...................... 156
TaxincentivesforR&Dandinnovation..................................... 164
Financinginnovativeentrepreneurship .................................... 174
Start-upsandinnovativeentrepreneurship................................. 177
Newindustrialpolicies .................................................. 181
Stimulatingdemandforinnovation........................................ 187
Chapter6.STIpolicyprofiles:Universitiesandpublicresearch ................... 193
Publicresearchmissionsandorientation................................... 194
Financingpublicresearch ................................................ 202
Openscience........................................................... 208
Commercialisationofpublicresearch...................................... 211
Chapter7.STIpolicyprofiles:Networks,clustersandtransfers................... 217
Innovationandthedigitaleconomy ....................................... 218
Clusterpolicyandsmartspecialisation .................................... 221
Patentpolicies.......................................................... 226
Intellectualpropertymarkets............................................. 230
Chapter8.STIpolicyprofiles:Skillsforinnovation .............................. 235
Strengtheningeducationandskillsforinnovation........................... 236
Labourmarketpoliciesforthehighlyskilled................................ 242
Buildingascienceandinnovationculture .................................. 249
PartIII
AssessingSTIperformance
Chapter9.STIcountryprofiles................................................ 257
STIcountryprofilesreader’sguide......................................... 258
Abbreviationsusedinthecountryprofiles.................................. 259
Synthetictable ......................................................... 260
References ............................................................. 262
Argentina.............................................................. 264
Australia............................................................... 268
Austria ................................................................ 272
Belgium ............................................................... 276
Brazil.................................................................. 280
Canada................................................................ 284
8 OECDSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDINDUSTRYOUTLOOK2014©OECD2014
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Chile .................................................................. 288
China ................................................................. 292
Colombia .............................................................. 296
CostaRica.............................................................. 300
CzechRepublic ......................................................... 304
Denmark .............................................................. 308
Estonia ................................................................ 312
Finland................................................................ 316
France................................................................. 320
Germany............................................................... 324
Greece................................................................. 328
Hungary ............................................................... 332
Iceland ................................................................ 336
India .................................................................. 340
Indonesia.............................................................. 344
Ireland ................................................................ 348
Israel.................................................................. 352
Italy................................................................... 356
Japan.................................................................. 360
Korea.................................................................. 364
Latvia ................................................................. 368
Lithuania .............................................................. 372
Luxembourg............................................................ 376
Malaysia............................................................... 380
Mexico ................................................................ 384
TheNetherlands........................................................ 388
NewZealand ........................................................... 392
Norway................................................................ 396
Poland................................................................. 400
Portugal ............................................................... 404
RussianFederation...................................................... 408
SlovakRepublic......................................................... 412
Slovenia ............................................................... 416
SouthAfrica............................................................ 420
Spain.................................................................. 424
Sweden................................................................ 428
Switzerland ............................................................ 432
Turkey................................................................. 436
UnitedKingdom ........................................................ 440
UnitedStates........................................................... 444
EuropeanUnion ........................................................ 448
Annex9.A.Methodologicalannextothe2014OECDSTIOutlookcountryprofiles... 452
OECDSCIENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDINDUSTRYOUTLOOK2014©OECD2014 9