OECD e-government studies Egypt 2012

250 Pages·2013·3.265 MB·English

by  OECD

OECD e-Government studies
EGyPt
Contents
OECD e-Government studies
Assessment and proposals for action
Chapter 1. Introduction
EGyPt
Chapter 2. The e-government context in Egypt
Chapter 3. Challenges to e-government
Chapter 4. E-government leadership in Egypt
Chapter 5. Implementation of e-government
Chapter 6. E-government service delivery architecture
Chapter 7. Outputs and outcomes of e-government
Chapter 8. New ways forward: Using ICTs for openness
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42 2012 13 1 P

OECD e-Government
Studies:
Egypt
2012
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3
FOREWORD –

Foreword
The Arab Spring and the rise of new social and democratic movements
throughout large parts of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have
given a new impetus for the use of ICTs and e-government to foster
participation and engagement, as well as to increase transparency and
restore trust in government. These are crucial issues, and numerous
initiatives involving or emerging from civil society have already been
established to support these new instances.
In parallel, OECD member countries are currently revising their ICT
priorities, boosting e-government’s strategic role to increase efficiency and
effectiveness within the public sector, and foster productivity, national
competitiveness and economic growth. As such, the review strengthens the
ground for mutually beneficial and constructive policy dialogue among
OECD member countries, Egypt and the entire MENA region on good
practices in the field of government use of existing and new technologies.
By committing to the first full-fledged OECD E-Government Review of
a MENA country, Egypt demonstrates the strategic understanding of the
benefits of being reviewed by peers. This review aims to support the on-
going efforts of the government of Egypt to assess its use of ICTs in the
public sector. The significance of the report goes beyond Egypt and the
MENA region. It contributes directly to Egypt’s commitments under the
Deauville partnership and the vision outlined in the OECD Strategy on
Development.
The review was carried out within the context of the MENA-OECD
Governance Programme and by applying the analytical framework of the
OECD E-Government Project. Peer reviewers from Italy, Mexico and the
United Kingdom assisted with the drafting of the report. As is customary,
the main findings of the report were submitted for review to the OECD
Network on E-Government of the Public Governance Committee. The draft
review was also presented in the annual meeting of the MENA-OECD
Working Group on Open and Innovative Government.
OECD E-GOVERNMENT STUDIES: EGYPT © OECD 2013
4
– FOREWORD

Building on Egypt’s observer status to the OECD Public Governance
Committee, discussions on the review started in 2010. The review began in
June 2011, and its focus was revised in collaboration with the Egyptian
government to take into account the national political developments and
Egypt’s re-orientation in the use of ICT.
The review recognises the important actions undertaken by Egypt, and
the progresses achieved. It points at ways in which the government could
further strengthen its work on e-government, by: i) strengthening the focus
on the added value of the use of ICTs, ii) improving and institutionalising e-
government strategy and co-ordination, iii) consolidating implementation
capacities, and iv) using ICTs to support Open Government.
The insights and recommendations of the review can prove timely and
of strategic importance in addressing the challenges and opportunities posed
to Egypt by the ongoing democratic transition process, by highlighting how
the use of ICTs in the public sector can increase the impact of reforms and
the social and economic benefits they can yield.
OECD E-GOVERNMENT STUDIES: EGYPT © OECD 2013
5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS –

Acknowledgements
Under the strategic direction of Martin Forst and Edwin Lau, and under
the co-ordination and supervision by Alessandro Bellantoni and Barbara-
Chiara Ubaldi, the review was written by Adam Mollerup with contributions
by Karine Badr, Alessandro Bellantoni and Barbara-Chiara Ubaldi. Strategic
alignment with the MENA-OECD Governance Programme was ensured by
Carlos Conde. Administrative assistance was provided by Sarah Michelson
and Anne-Lise Faron. Melissa Peerless, Jennifer Allain and Lia Beyeler
assisted in the preparation of the report. The report benefited from valuable
comments from Sana Al-Attar, Miriam Allam, János Bertók, Elodie Beth,
Marco Daglio, Arthur Mickoleit, Paloma Olabe and other colleagues.
Very special thanks go to the three peer reviewers: Fabio Pistella (Italy),
Darren Scates (United Kingdom) and Carlos Viniegra (Mexico).
The OECD would like to thank the government of Egypt, especially the
Ministry of State for Administrative Development, for the co-ordination and
assistance in providing information and facilitating interviews with relevant
stakeholders.
The review was funded by the Italian government through the Italian -
Egyptian Debt for Development Swap Programme, in agreement with the
Ministry of Planning and International Co-operation of Egypt.

OECD E-GOVERNMENT STUDIES: EGYPT © OECD 2013

7
TABLE OF CONTENTS –

Table of contents

Assessment and proposals for action ............................................................... 13
Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................... 31
The Arab Spring and the new role of ICTs ..................................................... 32
Structure of the report ..................................................................................... 38
Notes ............................................................................................................... 39
References ....................................................................................................... 40
Chapter 2 The e-government context in Egypt .............................................. 43
The institutional structure in Egypt ................................................................. 44
The history of e-government in Egypt ............................................................ 46
Key drivers for e-government ......................................................................... 48
E-government approaches ............................................................................... 51
Notes ............................................................................................................... 57
References ....................................................................................................... 58
Chapter 3 Challenges to e-government ........................................................... 59
Organisational challenges ............................................................................... 60
Budgetary challenges ...................................................................................... 62
Infrastructural challenges ................................................................................ 65
Regulatory challenges ..................................................................................... 68
Digital divide ................................................................................................... 71
Notes ............................................................................................................... 74
References ....................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 4 E-government leadership in Egypt ................................................ 77
E-government leadership at the political level ................................................ 78
E-government co-ordination and collaboration ............................................... 82
CIOs as e-government co-ordinators ............................................................... 87
Notes ............................................................................................................... 92
References ....................................................................................................... 93

OECD E-GOVERNMENT STUDIES: EGYPT © OECD 2013
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– TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 5 Implementation of e-government .................................................. 95
ICT skills in the public sector ......................................................................... 96
Procurement, public-private partnerships and outsourcing ........................... 103
Awareness and marketing ............................................................................. 112
Monitoring and evaluation ............................................................................ 117
Notes ............................................................................................................. 125
References ..................................................................................................... 126
Chapter 6 E-government service delivery architecture ............................... 129
Service delivery architecture ......................................................................... 130
Common business processes ......................................................................... 131
Service delivery channels .............................................................................. 133
Information sharing and data exchange ......................................................... 138
Notes ............................................................................................................. 145
References ..................................................................................................... 146
Chapter 7 Outputs and outcomes of e-government ..................................... 147
Service maturity ............................................................................................ 148
ICTs for effective policies ............................................................................. 150
Public sector efficiency ................................................................................. 154
Up-take of online services ............................................................................. 156
Notes ............................................................................................................. 166
References ..................................................................................................... 166
Chapter 8 New ways forward: Using ICTs for openness ........................... 169
ICTs for open and inclusive policy making and service delivery ................. 170
Transparency for accountability and integrity ............................................... 182
New technologies to support the elections processes .................................... 188
Notes ............................................................................................................. 196
References ..................................................................................................... 197
Annex A OECD E-government Survey results ............................................ 199
Annex B Methodology .................................................................................... 231
Independence, neutrality and verification of inputs ...................................... 231
Definition of the analytical framework ......................................................... 231
Inputs ............................................................................................................. 232
Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 237
OECD E-GOVERNMENT STUDIES: EGYPT © OECD 2013