OECD compendium of agri-environmental indicators.

185 Pages·2013·2.45 MB·English

by  OECD

OECD Compendium of Agri-environmental
Indicators
Part I. Background and scope of the report
OECD Compendium
Chapter 1. Overview
Chapter 2. Policy and market drivers impacting on the recent and future environmental performance of
agriculture of Agri-environmental
Part II. OECD trends on environmental conditions related to agriculture since 1990
Indicators
Chapter 3. Agricultural production, land use, organic farming and transgenic crops
Chapter 4. Nutrients: Nitrogen and phosphorus balances
Chapter 5. Pesticide sales
Chapter 6. Energy: On-farm energy consumption and production of biofuels from agricultural feedstocks
Chapter 7. Soil: Water and wind erosion
Chapter 8. Water resource withdrawals, irrigated area, and irrigation water application rates
Chapter 9. Water quality: Nitrates, phosphorus and pesticides
Chapter 10. Ammonia emissions: Acidification and eutrophication
Chapter 11. Greenhouse gas emissions: Climate change
Chapter 12. Methyl bromide: Ozone depletion
Chapter 13. Biodiversity: Farmland bird populations and agricultural land cover
Annex A. Use of indicators for policy monitoring and evaluation
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51 2013 01 1 P

OECD Compendium
of Agri-environmental
Indicators
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FOREWORD
Foreword
T
he OECD Compendium of Agri-environmental Indicators provides the latest and most
comprehensive set of agri-environmental indicators (AEIs) across 34OECD countries from1990
to2010. It builds on 20years of OECD work on developing AEIs (see www.oecd.org/tad/
sustainable-agriculture/agri-environmentalindicators.htm). The AEIs in the report seek to:
describethecurrentstateandtrendsofenvironmentalconditionsinagriculture;highlightwhere“hot
spots”areemerging;comparetrendsinperformanceacrosstimeandbetweencountries;andprovide
a set of indicators and database which can be drawn on for: policy monitoring and evaluation;
projectingfuturetrends;andfordevelopinggreengrowthindicators.
Thereportrecognisestheformidableproblemsinvolvedindevelopingacomparativesetofagri-
environmental data. In most countries gathering such data only began in the early1990s.
Methodologiestomeasuretheenvironmentalperformanceofagriculturearenotwell-establishedin
allcases.Nationalaveragedataoftenconcealsignificantrangesreflectinglocalsite-specificvalues.
Avastamountofdataispotentiallyofinterestbuttheattempthere,eventhoughpartial,istofocus
onthosethatareofusetopolicymakers.
Buteven given these caveats this report provides a wealth of data and information for policy
makers,researchersandstakeholderswantingtoknow,exploreandanalyseagriculture’simpacton
the environment, whether through modelling efforts, or through simply looking at time or cross-
country series data. Moreover, the project has striven to develop broadly agreed methodologies of
measurementthatcanbeusedatthenational,localorfarmlevels.
TheprojectwascarriedoutundertheauspicesoftheOECDJointWorkingPartyonAgriculture
and the Environment (JWPAE), of the Committee for Agriculture and the Environment Policy
Committee.TheJWPAEapprovedthereportforpublicationinJanuary2013.
The OECD wishes to acknowledge the contribution of member countries in the preparation of
thisreport,especiallythroughexpertcommentonthetextandprovisionofdatainthestudy.OECD
would also like to thank Eurostat who helped in variously providing information, especially
JohanSelenius and AnnemiekKremer, as well as the European Bird Census Council, and the
Secretariats of the UNEconomic Commission for Europe, UNEnvironment Programme and the
UNFrameworkConventiononClimateChange.
TheprincipalauthorsofthisreportwereJulienHardelinandKevinParris,botheconomistsin
the Environment Division of the Trade and Agriculture Directorate headed by DaleAndrew
(KevinParris has now retired from the OECD).Within the Secretariat, many colleagues from the
Trade and Agriculture Directorate and the Environment Directorate contributed to the report, in
particular, FrançoiseBénicourt, EricEspinasse, FranoIlicic, JussiLankoski, TheresaPoincet,
VéroniquedeSaint-Martin,NouraTakrouri-JollyandTetsuyaUetake.Valuableassistancewasalso
providedbytheOECDTranslationServiceandthePublicAffairsandCommunicationsDirectorate,
plusanumberofformerOECDcolleagues,includingWilfridLeggandEvelyneMisak.
OECDCOMPENDIUMOFAGRI-ENVIRONMENTALINDICATORS©OECD2013 3

TABLEOFCONTENTS
Table of contents
Executivesummary......................................................... 11
PARTI
Backgroundandscopeofthereport
Chapter1. Overview......................................................... 15
1.1. Agri-environmentalperformanceinspecificareas ......................... 17
1.2. FutureoutlookfortheenvironmentalperformanceofOECDagriculture ...... 27
1.3. ReadersguidetotheOECDCompendiumofAgri-environmentalIndicators ... 28
References................................................................. 33
Annex1.A1. Coverageofagri-environmentalindicatorsintheOECD
compendiumofagri-environmentalindicators ........................ 34
Annex1.A2. IndicatorsassessedaccordingtotheOECDIndicatorCriteria........... 35
Chapter2. Policyandmarketdriversimpactingontherecentandfuture
environmentalperformanceofagriculture........................... 39
2.1. Context:Theroleofagricultureintheeconomyandtheenvironment ........ 40
2.2. Policyandmarketdriversaffectingrecenttrendsintheenvironmental
performanceofagriculture ............................................. 42
2.3. Futureoutlookfortheenvironmentalperformanceofagriculture............ 46
References................................................................. 49
PARTII
OECDtrendsonenvironmentalconditionsrelatedtoagriculturesince1990
Chapter3. Agriculturalproduction,landuse,organicfarming
andtransgeniccrops .............................................. 53
3.1. Policycontext......................................................... 54
3.2. Indicators ............................................................ 55
3.3. Maintrends .......................................................... 56
References................................................................. 66
Chapter4. Nutrients:Nitrogenandphosphorusbalances........................ 67
4.1. Policycontext......................................................... 68
4.2. Indicators ............................................................ 68
4.3. Maintrends .......................................................... 70
References................................................................. 78
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Chapter5. Pesticidesales.................................................... 79
5.1. Policycontext......................................................... 80
5.2. Indicators ............................................................ 80
5.3. Maintrends .......................................................... 82
References................................................................. 86
Chapter6. Energy:On-farmenergyconsumptionandproductionofbiofuels
fromagriculturalfeedstocks........................................ 87
6.1. Policycontext......................................................... 88
6.2. Indicators ............................................................ 89
6.3. Maintrends .......................................................... 90
References................................................................. 95
Chapter7. Soil:Waterandwinderosion....................................... 97
7.1. Policycontext......................................................... 98
7.2. Indicators ............................................................ 98
7.3. Maintrends .......................................................... 102
References................................................................. 103
Chapter8. Waterresourcewithdrawals,irrigatedarea,
andirrigationwaterapplicationrates ............................... 105
8.1. Policycontext......................................................... 106
8.2. Indicators ............................................................ 106
8.3. Maintrends .......................................................... 108
References................................................................. 115
Chapter9. Waterquality:Nitrates,phosphorusandpesticides................... 117
9.1. Policycontext......................................................... 118
9.2. Indicators ............................................................ 118
9.3. Maintrends .......................................................... 120
References................................................................. 129
Chapter10. Ammoniaemissions:Acidificationandeutrophication ............... 131
10.1. Policycontext......................................................... 132
10.2. Indicators ............................................................ 133
10.3. Maintrends .......................................................... 134
References................................................................. 139
Chapter11. Greenhousegasemissions:Climatechange ......................... 141
11.1. Policycontext......................................................... 142
11.2. Indicators ............................................................ 143
11.3. Maintrends .......................................................... 148
References................................................................. 149
Chapter12. Methylbromide:Ozonedepletion .................................. 151
12.1. Policycontext......................................................... 152
12.2. Indicators ............................................................ 152
12.3. Maintrends .......................................................... 154
References................................................................. 155
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
Chapter13. Biodiversity:Farmlandbirdpopulationsandagriculturallandcover.... 157
13.1. Policycontext......................................................... 158
13.2. Indicators ............................................................ 160
13.3. Maintrends .......................................................... 162
References................................................................. 168
AnnexA.Useofindicatorsforpolicymonitoringandevaluation.................. 171
Tables
1.1. Primaryagricultureintheeconomyandtheenvironment,
OECDcountries,2008-10 ............................................... 18
2.1. Theroleofprimaryagricultureintheeconomyandtheenvironment,
OECDcountries,2008-10 ............................................... 41
3.1. Transgeniccrops,OECDandothermajorproducingcountries,1996-2011 ..... 65
6.1. Bioethanolproduction,OECDcountries,1990-2011......................... 93
6.2. Biodieselproduction,OECDcountries,1990-2011 .......................... 94
10.1. Totalemissionsofacidifyingpollutants,OECDcountries,1990-2010.......... 136
10.2. Ammoniaemission2010ceilingsundertheConventiononLong-Range
TransboundaryAirPollution,OECDcountries,1990-2010.................... 138
11.1. Grossgreenhousegasemissions,OECDcountries,1990-2010................ 147
12.1. Methylbromideuse,worldandOECDcountries,1991-2010.................. 153
A.1. Aselectionofagri-environmentalindicatorsusedfortheevaluation
andmonitoringoftheRuralDevelopmentPolicyintheEuropeanUnion ...... 175
A.2. Useofagri-environmentalindicatorsinrecentOECDCountryEnvironmental
PerformanceReviewsandEconomicSurveys ................................. 176
Figures
0.1. Keyagri-environmentalindicators,OECDaverage,1990-2010................ 11
1.1. Linkagesbetweenpolicies,agriculturaldrivingforcesandthestateandimpact
ofagricultureontheenvironmentandhumanwelfare ..................... 29
2.1. GrossDomesticProductstructureforagriculture,OECDcountries,2009....... 40
2.2. Agriculturalsupportandthecompositionofsupport,
OECDcountries,1986-2011 ............................................. 42
2.3. Levelandcompositionofagriculturalproducersupport,
OECDcountries,1995-2011 ............................................. 44
2.4. Worldmilkprice,dairycattlenumbers,milkproductionandnitrogensurplus,
NewZealand,1990-2010................................................ 45
2.5. Nominalworldagriculturalcommoditypriceprojections
for2012-21relativeto2009-11and2002-11................................ 46
2.6. Agriculturalproductionvolumeprojections,OECDcountries,2000-21 ........ 47
3.1. Agriculturalproductionvolumeindex,OECDcountries,1990-2010 ........... 57
3.2. Cropproductionvolumeindex,OECDcountries,1990-2010.................. 58
3.3. Livestockproductionvolumeindex,OECDcountries,1990-2010.............. 59
3.4. Agriculturalproductionvolumeindex,Australia,CanadaandSpain,1990-2010... 60
3.5. Agriculturallandarea,OECDcountries,1990-2010 ......................... 61
3.6. Agriculturallanduseinthenationallandarea,OECDcountries,2008-10...... 62
3.7. Agriculturalproductionvolumeindexandagriculturallandarea,
OECDcountries,1990-2010 ............................................. 63
3.8. Agriculturallandareaundercertifiedorganicfarmmanagement,
OECDcountries,2002-10 ............................................... 64
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4.1. Mainelementsinthegrossnitrogenandphosphorusbalancecalculation ....... 69
4.2. Nitrogenbalancevolume,OECDcountries,1990-2009 ...................... 71
4.3. Nitrogenbalanceperhectareofagriculturalland,OECDcountries,1990-2009... 72
4.4. Phosphorusbalancevolume,OECDcountries,1990-2009.................... 73
4.5. Phosphorusbalanceperhectareofagriculturalland,OECDcountries,1990-2009.. 74
4.6. Nitrogenbalanceandagriculturalproductionvolume,
OECDcountries,1990-2009 ............................................. 75
4.7. Phosphorusbalanceandagriculturalproductionvolume,
OECDcountries,1990-2009 ............................................. 76
4.8. Spatialdistributionofnitrogenbalances,CanadaandPoland,1991-2009...... 77
5.1. Pesticidesales,OECDcountries,1990-2010................................ 83
5.2. Pesticidesalesindex,OECDcountries,1990-2010 .......................... 84
5.3. Pesticidesalesandcropproductionvolume,OECDcountries,1990-2010 ...... 85
6.1. Directon-farmenergyconsumption,OECDcountries,1990-2010............. 91
6.2. Bioethanolproduction,OECDcountries,2008-10........................... 92
6.3. Biodieselproduction,OECDcountries,2008-10 ............................ 92
7.1. Agriculturallandareaclassifiedashavingmoderatetoseverewater
erosionrisk,OECDcountries,1990-2010 .................................. 99
7.2. Trendsinagriculturallandareaclassifiedashavingmoderatetosevere
watererosionrisk,OECDcountries,1990-2010............................. 100
7.3. Agriculturallandareaclassifiedashavingmoderatetosevere
winderosionrisk,OECDcountries,1995-2010 ............................. 101
7.4. Trendsinagriculturallandareaclassifiedashavingmoderatetosevere
winderosionrisk,OECDcountries,1991-2010 ............................. 102
8.1. Agriculturalwaterwithdrawals,OECDcountries,1990-2010................. 109
8.2. Irrigatedarea,OECDcountries,1990-2010................................. 110
8.3. Irrigationwaterapplicationrates,OECDcountries,1990-2010 ............... 112
9.1. Agricultureemissionsofnitratesandphosphorusinsurfacewater,
OECDcountries,2000-09 ............................................... 122
9.2. Trendsinagriculture’semissionsofnitratesandphosphorusinsurfacewater,
OECDcountries,1995-2009 ............................................. 122
9.3. Agricultureemissionsofnitratesandphosphorusincoastalwater,
OECDcountries,2000-09 ............................................... 123
9.4. Trendsinagriculture’semissionsofnitratesandphosphorusincoastalwaters,
OECDcountries,1995-2009 ............................................. 123
9.5. Agriculturalareasthatexceedrecommendeddrinkingwaterlimits
fornitratesandphosphorousinsurfacewater,OECDcountries,2000-10...... 124
9.6. Agriculturalareasthatexceedrecommendeddrinkingwaterlimits
fornitratesingroundwater,OECDcountries,2000-10....................... 125
9.7. Agriculturalareasexceedingnationaldrinkingwaterlimits
fornitratesingroundwater,Austria,1990-2010 ............................ 125
9.8. Agriculturalareaswhereoneormorepesticidesarepresentinsurfacewater
andgroundwater,OECDcountries,2000-10 ............................... 126
9.9. Agriculturalareaswherepesticideconcentrationsinsurfacewater
andgroundwaterexceedrecommendednationaldrinkingwaterlimits,
OECDcountries,2000-10 ............................................... 126
9.10. Agriculturalareaswhereoneormorepesticidesarepresent
insurfacewaterandwherepesticideconcentrationsingroundwater
exceedrecommendednationaldrinkingwaterlimits,Austria,1997-2010...... 128
8 OECDCOMPENDIUMOFAGRI-ENVIRONMENTALINDICATORS©OECD2013