Odour-mediated host-seeking behaviour of the Afro-tropical malaria vector Anopheles gambiaeGiles

208 Pages·2012·6.67 MB·English

Odour-mediated host-seeking behaviour
of the Afro-tropical malaria vector
Anopheles gambiae Giles
Promotor: dr. J.C. van Lenteren
Hoogleraar in de Entomologie,
in het bijzonder de Oecologie der Insekten
Co-promotor: dr. ir. W. Takken
Universitair docent Medische en Veterinaire Entomologie
A/tJ'oêïoi, £°5£.
Bart G.J. Knols
Odour-mediated host-seeking behaviour
of the Afro-tropical malaria vector
Anopheles gambiae Giles
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor
in de landbouw- en milieuwetenschappen
op gezag van de rector magnificus,
Dr. C.M. Karssen,
in het openbaar te verdedigen
op vrijdag 23 februari 1996
des namiddags te half twee in de Aula
van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen.
»soi ^££150
CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG
Knols, Bart Geert Jan
Odour-mediated host-seeking behaviour of the Afro-tropical malaria vector
Anopheles gambiae Giles / Bart Geert Jan Knols. - [S.l. : s.n.]. - 111.
Thesis Wageningen. - With ref. - With summary in Dutch.
ISBN 90-5485-487-1
Subject headings: Mosquitoes / host-seeking behaviour / malaria
BIBLIOTHEEK
LANDBOUVvOJNIVER5IT£îT
WAGENINGEN
The research described in this thesis was carried out at the Department of
Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands and The
National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania and was funded by the
European Community as part of the project 'Behavioural studies on malaria
vectors' under contract numbers TS3-CT92-0101 and TS3-CT91-0032.
Copyright 1996 Bart G.J. Knols.
Cover photograph: The African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. feeding
on a human arm (copyright Berry Geerligs, DUOTONE, Wageningen, The
Netherlands).
Stellingen
1. Voor een juiste interpretatie van het gastheerzoekgedrag van de Afrikaanse
malariavektor Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto dient dit bestudeerd te worden
binnen een multipartite kontext.
Dit proefschrift.
2. Het nauwkeurig observeren van het gedrag van muggen rond een gastheer
kan informatie verschaffen omtrent de origine van kairomonen en eventueel de
breedte van het gastheerspectrum.
Dit proefschrift.
3. Het gezegde 'van een mug een olifant maken' is wellicht van toepassing op
de interpretatie van de behaalde resultaten met het malaria-vaccin SPf66 in een
holo-endemisch gebied in Tanzania.
Alonso, P.L. et al., 1994. Lancet, 344, 1175-1181.
D'Alessandro, U. et al., 1995. Lancet, 346, 462-467.
4. Het voorstel tot het introduceren van transgene muggen in Afrika typeert
het gemak waarmee technologieën die in het Westen de toets der
maatschappelijke kritiek niet zouden weerstaan worden toegepast in
ontwikkelingslanden.
Hancock, G., 1989. Lords of Poverty. Macmillan, London.
5. Aangezien vektor-bestrijding middels het gebruik van pyrethroiden op
klamboes niet wezenlijk verschilt van het gebruik van persistente middelen als
DDT op wanden is de ontdekking van muggen-resistentie ertegen niet
opzienbarend en zal resistentie slechts toenemen.
Vulule, J.M. et al., 1994. Med. Vet. Entomol, 8, 71-75.
Magesa, S.M. et al., 1994. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org., 72, 737-7'40.
6. Het voortbestaan van nationale parken in Afrikaanse landen kan slechts dan
worden gegarandeerd wanneer de lokale bevolking direkt economisch belang
heeft bij de instandhouding ervan.
7. Het vernietigen van enorme hoeveelheden ivoor door de Keniaanse overheid
is een zinloze mediastunt; de ban op de handel in ivoor zal het uitsterven van
de Afrikaanse olifant (Loxodonta africana L.) juist bespoedigen.
Bonner, R., 1993. At the hand of man, peril and hope for Africa's wildlife. Simon &
Schuster, London.
8. Het toevoegen van een Nederlandstalige samenvatting aan een Engelstalig
proefschrift is overbodig.
9. Het schijfje citroen in een glas witbier blijft de indruk wekken gezond bezig
te zijn.
10. Werken voor de armen is een snelle manier om rijk te worden.
11. De term 'muggezifter' is sympathiek jegens malaria-entomologen.
Stellingen behorend bij het proefschrift 'Odour-mediated host-seeking
behaviour of the Afro-tropical malaria vector Anopheles gambiae Giles',
Bart G.J. Knols Wageningen, 23 Februari 1996
Table of contents
Preface 7
1. General introduction 11
Part I: Selection of biting sites by mosquitoes on man:
a new approach to kairomone identification.
2. Selection of biting sites on man by four mosquito
vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) of disease 53
3. Influence of human breath on selection of biting sites
by the malaria mosquito Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann
(Diptera: Culicidae) 69
Part II: Odour-mediated host-seeking behaviour and
kairomone identification: a laboratory approach.
A trapping system for testing olfactory responses of the
malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles (Diptera:
Culicidae) in a windtunnel 79
Olfactory responses of female Anopheles gambiae s.s.
Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) to human breath or Limburger
cheese in a windtunnel bioassay 89
Behavioural and electrophysiological responses of
female malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera:
Culicidae) to Limburger cheese volatiles 105
table of contents
Part III: Host attractiveness and odour-mediated
host-seeking behaviour of mosquitoes: a field approach.
7. Differential attractiveness of isolated humans
to mosquitoes in Tanzania 127
8. Species-specific attraction of Anopheles mosquitoes
(Diptera: Culicidae) to different humans in South-East
Tanzania 135
9. Electric nets for studying odour-mediated host-seeking
behaviour of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) 143
10. The response of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and An. funestus
(Diptera: Culicidae) to tents baited with human odour or
carbon dioxide in South East Tanzania 161
11. General discussion and conclusions 175
List of publications 195
Summary 197
Samenvatting 205
Curriculum vitae 213
Preface
During the days that I was down with malaria deep in the Tanzanian
bush, staring at the ceiling during sleepless nights, and hoping that the drugs I
had taken would still be effective against the parasites in my body, I
experienced what grave effect this disease has on the well-being of man in
Africa. The scenes I sometimes witnessed in Tanzanian hospitals are
unforgettable and made clear that the outlook for malaria control is grim. No
matter how small the contribution of the research presented in this thesis to
malaria control would be, these moments have always strongly motivated me,
regardless of how difficult the work sometimes was.
Besides this, there have been many people that, through discussions,
cooperation and friendship, induced a similar effect in me. For almost two
years, I had the pleasure to collaborate with Ruurd de Jong and our mutual
enthusiasm for this subject led to some extraordinary findings. Letizia Mattiacci,
you were often part of all this and your cheerfulness always created a great
atmosphere.
For more than eight years my co-promotor, Dr. Willem Takken, has
created endless opportunities for me to become a 'fully grown'
medical/veterinary entomologist. Willem, through your efforts I got my first
job in Zambia and subsequently the opportunity to do a PhD for which I will
always be most grateful.
I sincerely thank Prof. Joop van Lenteren, first of all for accepting to be
my promotor. Joop, our contacts were always brief but fruitful, and it was
great that you found time to see our work in the Kilombero valley last year.
Various people provided invaluable assistance during my laboratory work
in Wageningen. Leo Koopman, Frans van Aggelen and André Gidding
conscientiously reared (and fed!) mosquitoes. Ineke Buunk, your help in
organising international travel, visa, and filling forms that were abracadabra to
me will always be highly appreciated. Ans Klunder and Truus de Vries are also
acknowledged for their secretarial help. Gerrit van den Brink, Gerard
Schuurman, Barend Tollenaar and Gert Nieuwboer displayed some excellent
craftsmanship in constructing the windtunnel and electric nets. Piet Kostense
made some brilliant drawings of some of these gadgets. My sincere gratitude
goes to all other OBP staff for their support in whatever way during my stay
at the Binnenhaven.
Of the scientific staff, some people were more directly involved in my
preface
work. Richard Stouthamer often had useful suggestions to improve the quality
of manuscripts and Joop van Loon had a most valuable input in chapter 6 of
this thesis. More recently Jocelijn Meijerink and Marieta Braks have had
significant and stimulating inputs in the line of research and atmosphere in the
'mosquito group'. During the past three years several MSc students participated
in my work and have made major contributions to it, for which I am most
grateful. A special word of thanks to all other scientific staff, in particular PhD
students, for being excellent company on those typical Friday afternoons from
17.00 hrs onwards.
My research was part of a European Community funded project and was
linked to research groups in England, Italy and Tanzania. Drs. Alan Cork,
Rosemary Robinson and David Hall of the Natural Resources Institute,
Chatham, are gratefully acknowledged for their hospitality and fruitful
collaboration. Alan, your work has been an enormous contribution to this
thesis and despite your incredible workload you were always there to do
chemical analyses or discuss results. Useful discussions were held with Drs.
John Brady, Gabriella Gibson and Carlo Costantini of Imperial College,
London, and Prof. Mario Coluzzi of the Instituto di Parassitologia, Rome,
during our annual meetings. Dr. Alessandra della Torre from the latter institute
had a major input in chapter 10 by doing PCR analyses on hundreds of
mosquitoes. Drs. Barend Mons and Marc de Bruyker coordinated the project
at EC headquarters in Brussels and are thanked for providing institutional
support and guidelines.
In Tanzania all research was carried out in collaboration with the
National Institute for Medical Research. First and foremost I want to thank the
Director General Prof. Wen Kilama for allowing me to do research at the
institute's stations in Muheza and Ifakara. In Muheza the former Director Dr.
Yohanna Matola and in Ifakara the Director Dr. Andrew Kitua are
acknowledged for their hospitality and support. Dr. Edith Lyimo and Ikupa
Akim played a significant role in making me (and Leonard) feel at home in
Ifakara. Thank you both for your hospitality during the many times we gate
crashed hungry and exhausted. Many of the staff of the Ifakara centre and
Ubwari field station (Muheza) contributed in one or the other way to our work
or social well-being for which you are all thanked. Special thanks to Dr. K.
Njunwa, head of Ubwari field station and Tony and Dorothy Wilkes. Tony,