OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE BIOLOGY: an annual review, volume 56

519 Pages·2018·78.767 MB·English

Hawkins
Oceanography Evans
Dale
Firth
and Hughes
Smith
Oceanography
Marine Biology
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Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review remains one of the most cited sources in marine L g

science and oceanography. The ever increasing interest in work in oceanography and marine biology R r
and its relevance to global environmental issues, especially global climate change and its impacts, E a
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creates a demand for authoritative reviews summarizing the results of recent research. OMBAR has p
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catered to this demand since its foundation more than 50 years ago. It is an essential reference for E h AN ANNUAL REVIEW
research workers and students in all fields of marine science, and the series volumes find a place in the W
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libraries of not only marine laboratories and institutes but also universities.

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Following the favourable reception and complimentary reviews accorded to all the volumes, Volume 56
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continues to regard the marine sciences—with all their various aspects—as a unity. Physical, chemical,
and biological aspects of marine science are dealt with by experts actively engaged in these fields, and d Volume 56
every chapter is peer-reviewed by other experts working actively in the specific areas of interest.
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The series is an essential reference text for researchers and students in all fields of marine science and
related subjects, and it finds a place in libraries of universities, marine laboratories, research institutes a
and government departments. It is consistently among the highest ranking series in terms of impact r Editors
factor in the marine biology category of the citation indices compiled by the Institute for Scientific i
Information/Web of Science. n S. J. HAWKINS
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• Explores the implications of long-term climate change for biogeography and ecological A. J. EVANS

processes in the Southern Ocean B
A.C. DALE
• Updates knowledge of symbiotic polychaetes in light of the last 20 years of research i
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L. B. FIRTH
• Considers the adaptions and environments of Antarctic marine biodiversity l
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D. J. HUGHES
• Examines the false hope of cetacean conservation g
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• Looks at the impacts and environmental risks of oil spills of marine invertebrates, algae I. P. SMITH
and seagrass
Founder Editor
Two chapters in this volume are available to read Open Access, online.
HAROLD BARNES
[URL to be confirmed]
Marine and Aquatic Science VOLUME 56
ISBN 978-1-138-31862-5
9 781138 318625
9781138318625_cover.indd All Pages 9/17/18 9:12 AM
Oceanography and
Marine Biology
An Annual Review
Volume 56

OCEANOGRAPHY
and
MARINE BIOLOGY
AN ANNUAL REVIEW
Volume 56
Editors
S. J. Hawkins
Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton,
National Oceanography Centre, UK
and
The Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
A. J. Evans
Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton,
National Oceanography Centre, UK
and
The Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
A. C. Dale
Scottish Association for Marine Science, Argyll, UK
L. B. Firth
School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, UK
I. P. Smith
School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
International Standard Serial Number: 0078-3218
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2018 by S.J. Hawkins, A.J. Evans, A.C. Dale, L.B. Firth, and I.P. Smith
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Contents
Preface vii
Implications of Long-Term Climate Change for Biogeography and Ecological Processes in
the Southern Ocean 1
Christopher D. McQuaid
Protected Areas: The False Hope for Cetacean Conservation? 73
Eunice H. Pinn
Antarctic Marine Biodiversity: Adaptations, Environments and Responses to Change 105
Lloyd S. Peck
The Carbon Dioxide Vents of Ischia, Italy, A Natural System to Assess Impacts of Ocean
Acidification on Marine Ecosystems: An Overview of Research and Comparisons with
Other Vent Systems 237
Shawna Andrea Foo, Maria Byrne, Elena Ricevuto & Maria Cristina Gambi
Impacts and Environmental Risks of Oil Spills on Marine Invertebrates, Algae and
Seagrass: A Global Review from an Australian Perspective 311
John K. Keesing, Adam Gartner, Mark Westera, Graham J. Edgar, Joanne Myers,
Nick J. Hardman-Mountford & Mark Bailey
Symbiotic Polychaetes Revisited: An Update of the Known Species and Relationships
(1998–2017) 371
Daniel Martin & Temir A. Britayev
Author Index 449
Subject Index 499
v

Preface
The 56th volume of Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review (OMBAR) contains
six reviews that cover a range of topics, reflecting the wide readership of the series. OMBAR
welcomes suggestions from potential authors for topics that could form the basis of appropriate
reviews. Contributions from physical, chemical and biological oceanographers that seek to inform
both oceanographers and marine biologists are especially welcome. Because the annual publication
schedule constrains the timetable for submission, evaluation and acceptance of manuscripts, potential
contributors are advised to contact the editors at an early stage of manuscript preparation. Contact
details are listed on the title page of this volume.
The editors gratefully acknowledge the willingness and speed with which authors complied with
the editors’ suggestions and requests and the efficiency of CRC Press, especially Jennifer Blaise,
Alice Oven and Marsha Hecht, in ensuring the timely appearance of this volume. The editors also
thank Dr. Anaelle Lemasson of the Marine Biological Association, Plymouth for her help with
proofreading.
vii

Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 2018, 56, 1-72
© S. J. Hawkins, A. J. Evans, A. C. Dale, L. B. Firth, and I. P. Smith, Editors
Taylor & Francis
IMPLICATIONS OF LONG-TERM CLIMATE
CHANGE FOR BIOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGICAL
PROCESSES IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN
CHRISTOPHER D. MCQUAID*
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
*Corresponding author: Christopher D. McQuaid
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Understanding the long-term consequences of climate change for Southern Ocean ecosystems is
important because this is one of the last remaining wildernesses on the planet and because the
Southern Ocean is a major driver of global climate. The Southern Ocean is roughly the size of
Africa and experiences exceptional seasonality. Its many habitats include the permanently open
ocean, sea ice, frontal systems and neritic waters, and different zonal (east-west) and meridional
(north-south) regions are on different trajectories in terms of climate, sea ice cover and biological
populations. The Western Antarctic Peninsula has experienced substantial warming, loss of sea ice
and declining Adélie penguin populations, while eastern Antarctica has cooled, shown increased
ice cover and increasing numbers of Adélies. In the ocean itself, warming seems to be concentrated
north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and at depth rather than in surface waters. Densities of
Antarctic krill are correlated with ice cover in the previous winter and in the south-west Atlantic
have decreased over the last century while salps have shown increasing numbers south of the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Even in this example, the mechanisms involved are uncertain,
making predictions difficult.
The historic loss of an enormous biomass of consumers through fisheries, led to top-down
ecological effects including competitive release among predators. These pelagic food webs are,
however, strongly physically forced, making them particularly vulnerable to changes in environmental
conditions. The size and species composition of the primary producers affect food chain length and
the efficiency of the biological pump. Critically, the primary producer community is profoundly
shaped by factors influencing the availability of light (e.g. season, ice melt and water column
stability), micro and macronutrients. Changes in these will have deeply important bottom-up effects,
and this brings us to defining biogeography. In these pelagic systems, biogeographic provinces
are defined by the frontal systems that delineate sharp discontinuities in conditions in the water
column and the taxa that dominate primary production. Because these are not geographically fixed,
changes in biogeography in this context describe the expansion, contraction or simple displacement
of biomes. The associated food webs revolve around a small number of key species that differ among
habitats and biomes. They are not simple, exhibit considerable flexibility and include a number
of taxa, particularly the cephalopods, that are difficult to sample and remain poorly studied. A
major difficulty in understanding how climate change is likely to manifest is the brevity of relevant
datasets. We have few physical or biological benchmarks to use in separating short-term noise from
long-term signal. As a physical example, Southern Ocean fronts can exhibit short-term meridional
1