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Marine and Aquatic Science Hughes Hughes Smith A O N c A e N a N U n A o L g Ever-increasing interest in oceanography and marine biology and their relevance R r to global environmental issues creates a demand for authoritative reviews E a V summarising the results of recent research. Oceanography and Marine I p E Biology: An Annual Review has catered to this demand since its founding by h W the late Harold Barnes more than 50 years ago. Its objectives are to consider, y annually, the basic areas of marine research, returning to them when appropriate a in future volumes; to deal with subjects of special and topical importance; and n to add new subjects as they arise. d The favourable reception accorded to all the volumes shows that the series M is fulfilling a very real need: reviews and sales have been gratifying. The fifty- a second volume follows closely the objectives and style of the earlier volumes, r continuing to regard the marine sciences—with all their various aspects—as a i n unity. Physical, chemical, and biological aspects of marine science are dealt e with by experts actively engaged in these fields. B The series is an essential reference text for researchers and students in all i o fields of marine science and related subjects, and it finds a place in libraries of l not only marine stations and institutes, but also universities. It is consistently o among the highest-ranking impact factors for the marine biology category of g y the citation indices compiled by the Institute for Scientific Information. VOLUME 52 K22210 OCEANOGRAPHY and MARINE BIOLOGY AN ANNUAL REVIEW Volume 52 OCEANOGRAPHY and MARINE BIOLOGY AN ANNUAL REVIEW Volume 52 Editors R. N. Hughes Bangor University Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom [email protected] D. J. Hughes Scottish Association for Marine Science Oban, Argyll, United Kingdom [email protected] I. P. Smith School of Life Sciences College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow United Kingdom [email protected] International Standard Serial Number: 0078-3218 CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by R.N. Hughes, D.J. Hughes, and I.P. Smith CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140206 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-2066-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface vii Pair- Formation in Coral Reef Fishes: An Ecological Perspective 1 Simon J. Brandl & David R. Bellwood The Ecosystem Roles of Parrotfishes on Tropical Reefs 81 Roberta M. Bonaldo, Andrew S. Hoey & David R. Bellwood Limits to Understanding and Managing Outbreaks of Crown- of- Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster spp.) 133 Morgan S. Pratchett, Ciemon F. Caballes, Jairo A. Rivera- Posada & Hugh P.A. Sweatman The Ecology of Ghost Crabs 201 Serena Lucrezi & Thomas A. Schlacher Citizen Scientists and Marine Research: Volunteer Participants, Their Contributions, and Projection for the Future 257 Martin Thiel, Miguel Angel Penna- Díaz, Guillermo Luna- Jorquera, Sonia Salas, Javier Sellanes & Wolfgang Stotz The Claw Hypothesis: A New Perspective on the Role of Biogenic Sulphur in the Regulation of Global Climate 315 Tamara K. Green & Angela D. Hatton v Preface The 52nd volume of OMBAR contains six reviews ranging in subject matter from aspects of coral reef ecology and autecology of ghost crabs, through the possible role of biogenic sulphur in climate control, to the potential of ‘citizen scientists’ in large- scale monitoring programmes. Together, the reviews reflect an editorial policy of presenting diverse topics to a broadly based readership. OMBAR welcomes suggestions from potential authors for topics that could form the basis of appropriate reviews. Contributions from physical, chemical, and biological oceanographers that seek to inform both oceanographers and marine biologists are especially welcome. Because the annual publication schedule constrains the timetable for submission, evaluation, and acceptance of manuscripts, potential contributors are advised to contact the editors at an early stage of manuscript preparation. Contact details are listed on the title page of this volume. The editors gratefully acknowledge the willingness and speed with which authors complied with the editors’ suggestions and requests and the efficiency of CRC Press, especially Marsha Hecht, Jill Jurgensen, and John Sulzycki, in ensuring the timely appearance of this volume. vii