Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 45 (Oceanography and Marine Biology)

566 Pages·2007·21.26 MB·English

by  R. N. Gibson

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Boca Raton London New York
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© 2007 by R.N. Gibson, R.J.A. Atkinson and J.D.M. Gordon
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Contents
Preface vii
Inherent optical properties of non-spherical marine-like particles — from theory
to observation 1
Wilhelmina R. Clavano, Emmanuel Boss & Lee Karp-Boss
Global ecology of the giant kelp Macrocystis: from ecotypes to ecosystems 39
Michael H. Graham, Julio A. Vásquez & Alejandro H. Buschmann
Habitat coupling by mid-latitude, subtidal, marine mysids: import-subsidised
omnivores 89
Peter A. Jumars
Use of diversity estimations in the study of sedimentary benthic communities 139
Robert S. Carney
Coral reefs of the Andaman Sea — an integrated perspective 173
Barbara E. Brown
The Humboldt Current system of northern and central Chile — oceanographic
processes, ecological interactions and socioeconomic feedback 195
Martin Thiel, Erasmo C. Macaya, Enzo Acuña, Wolf E. Arntz, Horacio Bastias, Katherina
Brokordt, Patricio A. Camus, Juan Carlos Castilla, Leonardo R. Castro, Maritza Cortés,
Clement P. Dumont, Ruben Escribano, Miriam Fernandez, Jhon A. Gajardo, Carlos F. Gaymer,
Ivan Gomez, Andrés E. González, Humberto E. González, Pilar A. Haye, Juan-Enrique Illanes,
Jose Luis Iriarte, Domingo A. Lancellotti, Guillermo Luna-Jorquera, Carolina Luxoro,
Patricio H. Manriquez, Víctor Marín, Praxedes Muñoz, Sergio A. Navarrete, Eduardo Perez,
Elie Poulin, Javier Sellanes, Hector Hito Sepúlveda, Wolfgang Stotz, Fadia Tala, Andrew Thomas,
Cristian A. Vargas, Julio A. Vasquez & Alonso Vega
Loss, status and trends for coastal marine habitats of Europe 345
Laura Airoldi & Michael W. Beck
Climate change and Australian marine life 407
E.S. Poloczanska, R.C. Babcock, A. Butler, A.J. Hobday, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, T.J. Kunz,
R. Matear, D. Milton, T.A. Okey & A.J. Richardson
Author Index 479
Systematic Index 535
Subject Index 541
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Preface
The forty-fifth volume of this series contains eight reviews written by an international array of
authors; as usual, the reviews range widely in subject and taxonomic and geographic coverage.
The editors welcome suggestions from potential authors for topics they consider could form the
basis of future appropriate contributions. Because an annual publication schedule necessarily places
constraints on the timetable for submission, evaluation and acceptance of manuscripts, potential
contributors are advised to make contact with the editors at an early stage of preparation. Contact
details are listed on the title page of this volume.
The editors gratefully acknowledge the willingness and speed with which authors complied
with the editors’ suggestions, requests and questions and the efficiency of Taylor & Francis in
ensuring the timely appearance of this volume.
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Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 2007, 45, 1-38
© R. N. Gibson, R. J. A. Atkinson, and J. D. M. Gordon, Editors
Taylor & Francis
INHERENT OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-SPHERICAL
MARINE-LIKE PARTICLES — FROM THEORY
TO OBSERVATION
WILHELMINA R. CLAVANO1, EMMANUEL BOSS2 & LEE KARP-BOSS2
1School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Cornell University, 453 Hollister Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S.
E-mail: [email protected]
2School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine,
5706 Aubert Hall, Orono, Maine 04469, U.S.
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract In situ measurements of inherent optical properties (IOPs) of aquatic particles show
great promise in studies of particle dynamics. Successful application of such methods requires an
understanding of the optical properties of particles. Most models of IOPs of marine particles assume
that particles are spheres, yet most of the particles that contribute significantly to the IOPs are non-
spherical. Only a few studies have examined optical properties of non-spherical aquatic particles.
The state-of-the-art knowledge regarding IOPs of non-spherical particles is reviewed here and exact
and approximate solutions are applied to model IOPs of marine-like particles. A comparison of
model results for monodispersions of randomly oriented spheroids to results obtained for equal-
volume spheres shows a strong dependence of the biases in the IOPs on particle size and shape,
with the greater deviation occurring for particles much larger than the wavelength. Similarly, biases
in the IOPs of polydispersions of spheroids are greater, and can be higher than a factor of two,
when populations of particles are enriched with large particles. These results suggest that shape
plays a significant role in determining the IOPs of marine particles, encouraging further laboratory
and modelling studies on the effects of particle shape on their optical properties.
Introduction
Recent advances in optical sensor technology have opened new opportunities to study biogeochem-
ical processes in aquatic environments at spatial and temporal scales that were not possible before.
Optical sensors are capable of sampling at frequencies that match the sub-metre and sub-second
sampling scales of physical variables such as temperature and salinity and can be used in a variety
of ocean-observing platforms including moorings, drifter buoys, and autonomous vehicles. In situ
measurements of inherent optical properties (IOPs) such as absorption, scattering, attenuation and
fluorescence reveal information on the presence, concentration and composition of particulate and
dissolved material in the ocean. Variables such as organic carbon, chlorophyll-a, dissolved organic
material, nitrate and total suspended matter, among others, are now estimated routinely from IOPs
(e.g., Twardowski et al. 2005). Retrieval of seawater constituents from in situ (bulk) IOP measure-
ments is not a straightforward problem — aquatic systems are complex mixtures of particulate and
dissolved material, of which each component has specific absorption, scattering and fluorescence
characteristics. In situ IOP measurements provide a measure of the sum of the different properties
of all individual components present in the water column. Interpretation of optical data and its
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