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Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 45 (Oceanography and Marine Biology) PDF

566 Pages·2007·21.26 MB·English
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50931_C000.fm Page i Thursday, May 10, 2007 8:40 PM 50931_C000.fm Page ii Thursday, May 10, 2007 8:40 PM 50931_C000.fm Page iii Thursday, May 10, 2007 8:40 PM Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 50931_C000.fm Page iv Thursday, May 10, 2007 8:40 PM International Standard Serial Number: 0078-3218 CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2007 by R.N. Gibson, R.J.A. Atkinson and J.D.M. Gordon CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-5093-6 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any informa- tion storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For orga- nizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 50931_C000.fm Page v Thursday, May 10, 2007 8:40 PM Contents Preface vii Inherent optical properties of non-spherical marine-like particles — from theory to observation 1 Wilhelmina R. Clavano, Emmanuel Boss & Lee Karp-Boss Global ecology of the giant kelp Macrocystis: from ecotypes to ecosystems 39 Michael H. Graham, Julio A. Vásquez & Alejandro H. Buschmann Habitat coupling by mid-latitude, subtidal, marine mysids: import-subsidised omnivores 89 Peter A. Jumars Use of diversity estimations in the study of sedimentary benthic communities 139 Robert S. Carney Coral reefs of the Andaman Sea — an integrated perspective 173 Barbara E. Brown The Humboldt Current system of northern and central Chile — oceanographic processes, ecological interactions and socioeconomic feedback 195 Martin Thiel, Erasmo C. Macaya, Enzo Acuña, Wolf E. Arntz, Horacio Bastias, Katherina Brokordt, Patricio A. Camus, Juan Carlos Castilla, Leonardo R. Castro, Maritza Cortés, Clement P. Dumont, Ruben Escribano, Miriam Fernandez, Jhon A. Gajardo, Carlos F. Gaymer, Ivan Gomez, Andrés E. González, Humberto E. González, Pilar A. Haye, Juan-Enrique Illanes, Jose Luis Iriarte, Domingo A. Lancellotti, Guillermo Luna-Jorquera, Carolina Luxoro, Patricio H. Manriquez, Víctor Marín, Praxedes Muñoz, Sergio A. Navarrete, Eduardo Perez, Elie Poulin, Javier Sellanes, Hector Hito Sepúlveda, Wolfgang Stotz, Fadia Tala, Andrew Thomas, Cristian A. Vargas, Julio A. Vasquez & Alonso Vega Loss, status and trends for coastal marine habitats of Europe 345 Laura Airoldi & Michael W. Beck Climate change and Australian marine life 407 E.S. Poloczanska, R.C. Babcock, A. Butler, A.J. Hobday, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, T.J. Kunz, R. Matear, D. Milton, T.A. Okey & A.J. Richardson Author Index 479 Systematic Index 535 Subject Index 541 50931_C000.fm Page vi Thursday, May 10, 2007 8:40 PM 50931_C000.fm Page vii Thursday, May 10, 2007 8:40 PM Preface The forty-fifth volume of this series contains eight reviews written by an international array of authors; as usual, the reviews range widely in subject and taxonomic and geographic coverage. The editors welcome suggestions from potential authors for topics they consider could form the basis of future appropriate contributions. Because an annual publication schedule necessarily places constraints on the timetable for submission, evaluation and acceptance of manuscripts, potential contributors are advised to make contact with the editors at an early stage of preparation. Contact details are listed on the title page of this volume. The editors gratefully acknowledge the willingness and speed with which authors complied with the editors’ suggestions, requests and questions and the efficiency of Taylor & Francis in ensuring the timely appearance of this volume. 50931_C000.fm Page viii Thursday, May 10, 2007 8:40 PM 50931_C001.fm Page 1 Thursday, May 10, 2007 8:38 PM Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 2007, 45, 1-38 © R. N. Gibson, R. J. A. Atkinson, and J. D. M. Gordon, Editors Taylor & Francis INHERENT OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-SPHERICAL MARINE-LIKE PARTICLES — FROM THEORY TO OBSERVATION WILHELMINA R. CLAVANO1, EMMANUEL BOSS2 & LEE KARP-BOSS2 1School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 453 Hollister Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, U.S. E-mail: [email protected] 2School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, 5706 Aubert Hall, Orono, Maine 04469, U.S. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract In situ measurements of inherent optical properties (IOPs) of aquatic particles show great promise in studies of particle dynamics. Successful application of such methods requires an understanding of the optical properties of particles. Most models of IOPs of marine particles assume that particles are spheres, yet most of the particles that contribute significantly to the IOPs are non- spherical. Only a few studies have examined optical properties of non-spherical aquatic particles. The state-of-the-art knowledge regarding IOPs of non-spherical particles is reviewed here and exact and approximate solutions are applied to model IOPs of marine-like particles. A comparison of model results for monodispersions of randomly oriented spheroids to results obtained for equal- volume spheres shows a strong dependence of the biases in the IOPs on particle size and shape, with the greater deviation occurring for particles much larger than the wavelength. Similarly, biases in the IOPs of polydispersions of spheroids are greater, and can be higher than a factor of two, when populations of particles are enriched with large particles. These results suggest that shape plays a significant role in determining the IOPs of marine particles, encouraging further laboratory and modelling studies on the effects of particle shape on their optical properties. Introduction Recent advances in optical sensor technology have opened new opportunities to study biogeochem- ical processes in aquatic environments at spatial and temporal scales that were not possible before. Optical sensors are capable of sampling at frequencies that match the sub-metre and sub-second sampling scales of physical variables such as temperature and salinity and can be used in a variety of ocean-observing platforms including moorings, drifter buoys, and autonomous vehicles. In situ measurements of inherent optical properties (IOPs) such as absorption, scattering, attenuation and fluorescence reveal information on the presence, concentration and composition of particulate and dissolved material in the ocean. Variables such as organic carbon, chlorophyll-a, dissolved organic material, nitrate and total suspended matter, among others, are now estimated routinely from IOPs (e.g., Twardowski et al. 2005). Retrieval of seawater constituents from in situ (bulk) IOP measure- ments is not a straightforward problem — aquatic systems are complex mixtures of particulate and dissolved material, of which each component has specific absorption, scattering and fluorescence characteristics. In situ IOP measurements provide a measure of the sum of the different properties of all individual components present in the water column. Interpretation of optical data and its 1

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Reflecting increased interest in the field and its relevance in global environmental issues, Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 45 provides authoritative reviews that summarize results of recent research in basic areas of marine research, exploring topics of special and topica
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