Oceanography and Marine Biology, An Annual Review, Volume 40: An Annual Review: Volume 40 (Oceanography and Marine Biology)

693 Pages·2002·10.08 MB·English

by  R. N. Gibson

OCEANOGRAPHY
and
MARINE BIOLOGY
AN ANNUAL REVIEW
Volume 40
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OCEANOGRAPHY
and
MARINE BIOLOGY
AN ANNUAL REVIEW
Volume 40
Editors
R. N. Gibson
and
Margaret Barnes
The Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory
Oban, Argyll, Scotland
e-mail: [email protected]
R. J. A. Atkinson
University Marine Biological Station
Millport, Isle of Cumbrae, Scotland
e-mail: [email protected]
Founded by Harold Barnes
First published 2002
by Taylor & Francis
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Taylor & Francis Inc,
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.
© 2002 R. N. Gibson, Margaret Barnes & R. J. A. Atkinson
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Every effort has been made to ensure that the advice and information in this book is true
and accurate at the time of going to press. However, neither the publisher nor the
authors can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that
may be made. In the case of drug administration, any medical procedure or the use of
technical equipment mentioned within this book, you are strongly advised to consult the
manufacturer’s guidelines.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 0-203-18059-3 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-23179-1 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-415-25462-0 (Print Edition)
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Erratum to Vol. 39 viii
A review of sea-level research from tide gauges during the
World Ocean Circulation Experiment 1
P. L. Woodworth, C. Le Provost, L. J. Rickards, G. T. Mitchum & M. Merrifield
Coastal and shelf-sea modelling in the European context 37
J. E. Jones
Biogeochemistry of Antarctic sea ice 143
David N. Thomas & Gerhard S. Dieckmann
Accumulation and fate of phytodetritus on the sea floor 171
Stace E. Beaulieu
Impact of changes in flow of freshwater on the Estuarine and open
coastal habitats and the associated organisms 233
Bronwyn M. Gillanders & Michael J. Kingsford
A riot of species in an environmental calm: the paradox of
the species-rich deep-sea floor 311
Paul V. R. Snelgrove & Craig R. Smith
Status and management of world sea urchin fisheries 343
N. L. Andrew, Y. Agatsuma, E. Ballesteros, A. G. Bazhin, E. P. Creaser,
D. K. A. Barnes, L. W. Botsford, A. Bradbury, A. Campbell, J. D. Dixon,
S. Einarsson, P. K. Gerring, K. Hebert, M. Hunter, S. B. Hur, C. R. Johnson,
M. A. Juinio-Meñez, P. Kalvass, R. J. Miller, C. A. Moreno, J. S. Palleiro,
D. Rivas, S. M. L. Robinson, S. C. Schroeter, R. S. Steneck, R. L. Vadas,
D. A. Woodby & Z. Xiaoqi
Temporal and spatial large-scale effects of eutrophication
and oxygen deficiency on benthic fauna in Scandinavian
waters–a review
Karin Karlson, Rutger Rosenberg & Erik Bonsdorff 427
Mammals in intertidal and maritime ecosystems: interactions,
impacts and implications 491
P. G. Moore
v
CONTENTS
Author index 609
Systematic index 671
Subject index 680
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vi
PREFACE
The fortieth volume of this series contains nine reviews written by an international array of
authors that, as usual, range widely in subject and taxonomic and geographic coverage. The
majority of articles were solicited but the editors always welcome suggestions from potential
authors for topics they consider could form the basis of appropriate contributions. Because
an annual publication schedule necessarily places constraints on the timetable for submis-
sion, evaluation and acceptance of manuscripts, potential contributors are advised to make
contact at an early stage of preparation so that the delay between submission and publication
is minimised.
The appearance of this volume is a milestone in two senses. First, it represents an
affirmation of the success of the series that has appeared annually for the last forty years and
its continued appearance is a tribute to the vision of its founder, the late Harold Barnes.
Secondly, it is the last volume with which Margaret Barnes will be associated as Editor. The
series was first published in 1963 and initially she was involved with the “Review” in an
unofficial capacity but following Harold’s untimely death in 1978, she ensured the uninter-
rupted continuation of the series by assuming the editorship herself. Since then a further 23
volumes have appeared under her guidance, latterly in collaboration with an expanded
editorial team. The many authors with whom she has corresponded over the years will
acknowledge her eye for consistency and detail as well as her courtesy in her dealings with
them. The world of marine science is greatly in her debt for her longstanding contribution.
The editors again gratefully acknowledge the willingness and speed with which authors
complied with the editors’ suggestions, requests and questions and the efficiency of the copy
editor and publishers in ensuring the regular annual appearance of each volume.
vii
ERRATUM TO VOL. 39
Kupriyanova, E. K., Nishi, E., ten Hove, H. A. & Rzhavsky, A. V. 2000. Life-historypatterns
in serpulimorph polychaetes: ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Oceanography and
Marine Biology: an Annual Review, 39, 1–101.
Figure 13 published in the above article was incorrectly printed and should be replaced by
the one below.
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viii
OceanoSgEraAph-Ly EanVdE MLa rRinEe SBEioAloRgCy:H a nF ARnOnuMal RTeIvDieEw G20A02U, G40E, S1–35
© R. N. Gibson, Margaret Barnes and R. J. A. Atkinson, Editors
Taylor & Francis
A REVIEW OF SEA-LEVEL RESEARCH FROM
TIDE GAUGES DURING THE WORLD OCEAN
CIRCULATION EXPERIMENT
P. L. WOODWORTH1, C. LE PROVOST2, L. J. RICKARDS3,
G. T. MITCHUM4 & M. MERRIFIELD5
1Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, Bidston Observatory, Birkenhead CH43 7RA, UK
e-mail: [email protected]
2Laboratoire d’Océanographie et de Géophysique Spatiale, GRGS/Observatoire
Midi Pyrenées, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
3British Oceanographic Data Centre, Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory,
Bidston Observatory, Birkenhead CH43 7RA, UK
4Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Florida, 140 Seventh Avenue
South, St Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA
5University of Hawaii Sea Level Center, Department of Oceanography,
University of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
Abstract This paper reviews the developments in tide gauge networks during the World
Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) and provides an overview of the resulting contributions
to the scientific aims of the programme. The 1990s saw the rapid development of the satellite
radar altimetry technique (results from which have been reviewed elsewhere), which played
the major role in the measurement of ocean circulation variability during WOCE. This paper
describes the complementary roles of altimetric and conventional in situ methods of sea-level
recording by gauges which have evolved during the programme. In addition, it highlights those
areas of research in which tide gauges (or bottom pressure recorders) have played a particularly
important role. A final section looks to the future “age of altimetry” wherein the sea level and
ocean circulation community must strive to construct an efficient, unified, global tide gauge-
plus-altimetry system for application to a range of scientific objectives.
Introduction
The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) of the World Climate Research Pro-
gramme (WCRP) has been the largest, international oceanographic experiment conducted to
date. Its proposal during the mid-1980s was constructed to take into consideration the
newly-developed capability for satellites to make near-global measurements of the ocean. In
addition, agreements between almost 30 nations resulted in the most comprehensive set of
deep-ocean hydrographic measurements so far, together with enhanced global capabilities
for monitoring conventional in situ physical and chemical parameters.
The first phase of WOCE, its field programme, lasted from 1990–97 and results from the
first phase have already provided a wealth of new insight into the ocean (Siedler et al. 2001).
1